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Nanto Rokushū

The Six Schools of Nara Buddhism,also known as theRokushūSáu tông (alsoRokushuu/Rokushu), were academicBuddhist sects.These schools came toJapanfromKoreaandChinaduring the late 6th and early 7th centuries.[1][2]All of these schools were controlled by the newly formed Japanese government ofNara.These schools were installed to mimic and expand upon already existing mainland Asian Buddhist thought.[1]

The schools were installed during the reign ofPrince Shōtoku,most likely to increase the power of the expanding government through Buddhist andConfuciandoctrine. Because of the government involvement in religious expansion, government funds were used to construct grand temples, statues, and paintings, most notably the Seven Great Southern Temples of Nara. Most of these sects wanted to be the main Buddhist school of theImperial House of Japanand high officials. Because of this, many of them tried to be appealing to nobility. Many of the themes of these schools delved on advanced level, complicated, almost cryptic,Indian philosophieson the mind and existence. Some of the schools, though, were ideas on the formation and operations of avihara.Due to the location of the temples constructed for these schools they were also called,The Six Southern Schools of Nara Buddhism.[1]Eventually the increasing power of these schools of Buddhism and their influence in politics started to overwhelm the city of Nara. This forcedEmperor Kanmuto relocate the capital, moving it toHeian-kyō(Kyoto). It also directly encouraged the creation of theTendaischool, founded bySaichō,andShingon Buddhism,founded byKūkai.[2]

All six schools sharedGautama Buddha's original teaching of theFour Noble Truths,but differed in their interpretations of ideas such as the interdependency of phenomena, ultimate enlightenment (nirvana), non-self (anātman), and theMiddle Way.[2]

These schools laid the groundwork for the development ofPure Land Buddhismand the emergence of the worship of a distinctly Japanese form ofAmitābha,Amida.[3]

The Six Schools ( sáu tông )

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  1. East Asian Yogācāra(Pháp tướng tông,Hossō-shū)(Mahayana) - Also known as the Vijñānavāda, Cittamatra or Consciousness-only school, this sect studied on mastering theconsciousnessandmind.This is explained as the Indian idea ofYogacarathat was intense drills on use of the mind.[1][4][5]
  2. Satyasiddhi(Thành thật tông,Jōjitsu-shū)- This sect focused on the use ofsutrasin theabhidharma-style.[1][4][6]
  3. Kegon(Hoa nghiêm tông, hoa nghiêm tông,Kegon-shū)(Mahayana): Originating as the ChineseHuayan school,this sect studied theAvataṃsaka Sūtra.These sutras theorized the unobstructed interpenetration of all phenomena, or that all ideas and things can be penetrated and collected into one mind.[1][4][7]
  4. Kusha-shū(Đều xá tông)(Sarvastivada) - Also known as the "Dharma Analysis Treasury school", this sect studied theAbhidharma-kosaofVasubandhu.It focused on abhidharma. This philosophy centers around the idea of that which the "self" is.[1][4][8]
  5. Risshū(Luật tông)(Dharmaguptaka) - This sect studied the teachings of the famous Chinese "Blind Monk"Jianzhen,who taught his followers to strictly observe theprātimokṣaand monastic ordination. They were not so focused on doctrine as they were on the moral structure of their monks and nuns.[1][9]
  6. East Asian Mādhyamaka(Tam luận tông,Sanron-shū)(Mahayana)- Also known as the "Three Treatise School", this sect studied the teachings of a Korean monk namedHyegwan.This school focused on three treatises that explained emptiness, mystical knowledge, and the reality of physical things. It displayed a less strict, rules orientated, path to Buddhism. This school was followed by Prince Shōtoku.[1][4][10]

The Seven Great Temples of the Southern Capital ( nam đều bảy đại chùa )

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Main article:Nanto Shichi Daiji

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcdefghiSchumacher, Mark."Early Schools & Sects of Japanese Buddhism Japan's Asuka & Nara Periods + 552 to 794".Onmark Productions.Retrieved3 February2013.
  2. ^abcMelton, Gordon."Early Schools & Sects of Japanese Buddhism Japan's Asuka & Nara Periods + 552 to 794".ABC-CLIO.Retrieved16 February2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^Rhodes, Robert."The Beginning of Pure Land Buddhism in Japan: From its Introduction through the Nara Period"(PDF).Tokyo University.Retrieved16 February2013.
  4. ^abcde"Oxford University Press".Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism.Oxford University Press.Retrieved3 February2013.
  5. ^Melton, Gordon."Hosso School".ABC-CLIO.Retrieved16 February2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^Melton, Gordon."Jujitsu School".ABC-CLIO.Retrieved16 February2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  7. ^Melton, Gordon."Kegon School".ABC-CLIO.Retrieved16 February2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  8. ^Melton, Gordon."Kusha School".ABC-CLIO.Retrieved16 February2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  9. ^Melton, Gordon."Ritsu School".ABC-CLIO.Retrieved16 February2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^Melton, Gordon."Sanron School".ABC-CLIO.Retrieved16 February2013.[permanent dead link‍]
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