Nara(Nại lương thị,Nara-shi,[naꜜɾa])is the capital city ofNara Prefecture,Japan.As of 2022[update],Nara has an estimated population of 367,353 according to World Population Review, making it the largest city in Nara Prefecture and sixth-largest in theKansai regionofHonshu.Nara is acore citylocated in the northern part of Nara Prefecture bordering theKyoto Prefecture.
Nara
Nại lương thị | |
|---|---|
| Nara City | |
From top left:Todai-ji,Toshodai-ji,Yakushi-ji,thesika deerinNara Park,the garden of the former Daijyo-in andKasuga-Taisha | |
 Flag  Seal | |
 Location of Nara inNara Prefecture | |
 | |
  Nara Location in Japan | |
| Coordinates:34°41′04″N135°48′18″E/ 34.68444°N 135.80500°E | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kansai |
| Prefecture | Nara Prefecture |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Gen Nakagawa |
| Area | |
• Total | 276.84 km2(106.89 sq mi) |
| Population (2022) | |
• Total | 367,353[1] |
| Time zone | UTC+09:00(JST) |
| City hall address | 1-1-1 Nijō-ōji, Nara-shi, Nara-ken 630-8580 |
| Website | City of Nara |
| Symbols | |
| Bird | Japanese bush warbler |
| Flower | Narayaezakura |
| Tree | Quercus gilva |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
| Official name | Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara |
| Includes | |
| Criteria | Cultural: (ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) |
| Reference | 870 |
| Inscription | 1998 (22ndSession) |
| Area | 617 ha (1,520 acres) |
| Buffer zone | 1,962.5 ha (4,849 acres) |
Nara was the capital of Japan during theNara periodfrom 710 to 794 as the seat of theEmperorbefore the capital was moved toKyoto.Nara is home to eight major historic temples, shrines, and heritage sites, specificallyTōdai-ji,Saidai-ji,Kōfuku-ji,Kasuga Shrine,Gangō-ji,Yakushi-ji,Tōshōdai-ji,and theHeijō Palace,together withKasugayama Primeval Forest,collectively form theHistoric Monuments of Ancient Nara,aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site.
Etymology
editBy theHeian period,a variety of different characters had been used to represent the name Nara:Nãi lặc,Nãi la,Bình,Bình thành,Danh lương,Nại lương,Nại la,Thường,Kia lương,Kia lặc,Kia la,Do,Nặc lương,Nặc lặc,Ninh,Ninh lặcandNa la.
A number of theories for the origin of the name "Nara" have been proposed, and some of the better-known ones are listed here. The second theory in the list, from the notable folkloristKunio Yanagita(1875–1962), is most widely accepted at present.
- TheNihon Shoki(The Chronicles of Japan,the second oldest book of classical Japanese history) suggests that "Nara" was derived fromnarasu(to flatten, to level). According to this account, in September in the tenth year ofEmperor Sujin,"leading selected soldiers (the rebels) went forward, climbed Nara-yama (hills lying to the north ofHeijō-kyō) and put them in order. Now the imperial forces gathered and flattened trees and plants. Therefore the mountain is called Nara-yama. "Though the narrative itself is regarded as a folk etymology and few researchers regard it as historical, this is the oldest surviving suggestion, and is linguistically similar to the following theory by Yanagita.
- "Flat land" theory (currently most widely accepted): In his 1936 study of placenames,[2]the authorKunio Yanagitastates that "the topographical feature of an area of relatively gentle gradient on the side of a mountain, which is calledtairain eastern Japan andhaein the south ofKyushu,is callednaruin theChūgoku regionandShikoku(central Japan). This word gives rise to the verbnarasu,adverbnarashi,and adjectivenarushi."This is supported by entries in a dialect dictionary[3]for nouns referring to flat areas:naru(found inAida District,Okayama Prefecture andKetaka District,Tottori Prefecture) andnaro(found inKōchi Prefecture); and also by an adjectivenaruiwhich is not standard Japanese, but is found all across central Japan, with meanings of "gentle", "gently sloping", or "easy". Yanagita further comments that the way in which the fact that so many of these placenames are written using the characterBình( "flat" ), or other characters in which it is an element, demonstrates the validity of this theory. Citing a 1795 document,Inaba-shi(Nhân cờ chí)from the province of Inaba, the eastern part of modernTottori,as indicating the readingnarujifor the word đất bằng (standard readingheichi,meaning "level/flat ground/land/country, a plain" ), Yanagita suggests thatnarujiwould have been used as a common noun there until the modern period. Of course, the fact that historically "Nara" was also writtenBìnhorBình thànhas above is further support for this theory.
- The idea that Nara is derived fromDonara(Japanesefor "oak, deciduousQuercusspp. ") is the next most common opinion. This idea was suggested by a linguist, Yoshida Togo.[4]This noun for the plant can be seen as early as inMan'yōshū(7–8th century) andHarima-no-kuni Fudoki(715). The latter book states the place nameNaraharainHarima(around present-dayKasai) derives from thisnaratree, which might support Yoshida's theory. Note that the name of the nearby city ofKashihara(literally "live oak plain" ) contains a semantically similar morpheme (Japanese橿kashi"live oak, evergreenQuercusspp. ").
- Nara could be aloanwordfromOld Korean,related to Middle Koreannarahand ModernKoreannara(나라:"country", "nation", "kingdom" ). This idea was put forward by the linguistMatsuoka Shizuo.[5]American linguistSamuel E. Martinnotes that the earliest attestation of this word in Korean sources—given in an eighth-centuryhyanggatext, in thephonogramicformQuốc ác—should be read asNAL[A-]ak.This is similar to the form implied by the Old Japanese writings of Nara that transcribe the second syllable withLặc(raku), and Martin notes that the city name has been "long suspected of being a borrowing from the Korean word".[6]Kusuhara et al. argues that this hypothesis cannot account for the fact there are many places named Nara, Naru and Naro besides this Nara.[7]
- There is the idea that Nara is akin toTungusicna.[8]In some Tungusic languages such asOrok(and likelyGoguryeo language),nameans earth, land or the like. Some have speculated about a connection between these Tungusic words and Old Japanesenawi,an archaic and somewhat obscure word that appears in the verb phrasesnawi furuandnawi yoru('anearthquakeoccurs, to have an earthquake').[9]
The "flat land" theory is adopted byNihon Kokugo Daijiten(the largest dictionary of Japanese language), various dictionaries for place names,[7][10][11]history books on Nara,[12]and the like today, and it is regarded as the most likely.
History
editPre-Nara and origins
editThere are a number of megalithic tombs orkofunin Nara, includingGosashi Kofun,Hishiage Kofun(ヒシアゲ cổ mồ),Horaisan Kofun(Bảo tới sơn cổ mồ),Konabe Kofun(コナベ cổ mồ),Saki Ishizukayama Kofun(Tá kỷ thạch trủng sơn cổ mồ),Saki Misasagiyama Kofun(Tá kỷ Lăng Sơn cổ mồ),and Uwanabe Kofun(ウワナベ cổ mồ).
By decree of an edict on March 11, 708 AD,Empress Genmeiordered the court to relocate to the new capital, Nara.[13]Once known as Heijō orHeijō-kyō,the city was established as Japan's first permanent capital in 710 CE; it was the seat of government until 784 CE, albeit with a five-year interruption, lasting from 741 to 745 CE.[13][14]Heijō, as the ‘penultimate court’, however, was abandoned by the order ofEmperor Kammuin 784 CE in favor of the temporary site ofNagaoka,and thenHeian-kyō(Kyoto) which retained the status of capital for 1,100 years, until theMeiji Emperormade the final move toEdoin 1869 CE.[15][14][16]This first relocation was due to the court's transformation from an imperial nobility to a force of metropolitan elites and new technique of dynastic shedding which had refashioned the relationship between court, nobility, and country.[15]Moreover, the ancient capital lent its name to Nara period.[14]
As a reactionary expression to the political centralization of China, the city of Nara (Heijō) was modeled after theTangcapital atChang’an.[16]Nara was laid out on a grid—which was based upon theHanden system—whereby the city was divided by four great roads.[14]Likewise, according to Chinese cosmology, the ruler's place was fixed like the pole star. By dominating the capital, the ruler brought heaven to earth.[17]Thus, the south-facing palace centered at the north, bisected the ancient city, instituting ‘Right Capital’ and ‘Left Capital’ zones.[15][17]As Nara came to be acenter of Buddhism in Japanand a prominent pilgrimage site, the city plan incorporated various pre-Heijō and Heijō period temples, of which the Yakushiji and the Todaiji still stand.[15][16]
-
Gosashi tomb
Politics
editA number of scholars have characterized the Nara period as a time of penal and administrative legal order.[18]TheTaihō Codecalled for the establishment of administrative sects underneath the central government, and modeled many of the codes from the Chinese Tang dynasty.[19]The code eventually disbanded, but its contents were largely preserved in theYōrō Codeof 718.[19]
Occupants of the throne during the period gradually shifted their focus from military preparation to religious rites and institutions, in an attempt to strengthen their divine authority over the population.[18]
Religion and temples
editWith the establishment of the new capital,Asuka-dera,the temple of theSoga clan,was relocated within Nara.[20]TheEmperor Shōmuordered the construction ofTōdai-jiTemple (largest wooden building in the world) and the world's largest bronze Buddha statue.[16]The temples of Nara, known collectively as theNanto Shichi Daiji,remained spiritually significant even beyond the move of the political capital toHeian-kyōin 794, thus giving Nara a synonym of Nanto (Nam đều"the southern capital" ).
On December 2, 724 AD, in order to increase the visual "magnificence" of the city, an edict was ordered by the government for the noblemen and the wealthy to renovate the roofs, pillars, and walls of their homes, although at that time this was unfeasible.[13]
Sightseeing in Nara city became popular in the Edo period, during which several visitors' maps of Nara were widely published.[21]During the Meiji Period, the Kofukuji Temple lost some land and its monks were converted into Shinto priests, due to Buddhism being associated with the old shogunate.[22]
-
Tōdai-jiis a Buddhist temple and the world's largest wooden building (8th century) -
Yakushi-jiwas completed in 680 -
Kōfuku-jiwas built in 669 -
Houtokuji (Yagyu Clan Tomb) -
Himuro Shrine,established in 710
Modern Nara
editAlthough Nara was the capital of Japan from 710 to 794, it was not designated a city until 1 February 1898. Nara has since developed from a town of commerce in the Edo and Meiji periods to a modern tourist city, due to its large number of historical temples, landmarks and national monuments. Nara was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in December 1998.[23]The architecture of some shops, ryokans and art galleries has been adapted from traditional merchant houses.[22]
Nara holds traditional festivals every year, including the Neri-Kuyo Eshiki, a spring festival held in Todaiji temple for over 1,000 years; and the Kemari Festival, in which people wear costumes ranging across 700 years and play traditional games).[24]
In 1909,Tatsuno Kingodesigned theNara Hotel,whose architecture combined modern elements with traditional Japanese style.[22]
At a 2022 campaign event in Nara, formerPrime Minister of JapanShinzo Abewasshot and killedwith ahomemade firearmbyTetsuya Yamagami,who resented Abe's ties to theUnification Church.[25][26]
Geography
editThe city of Nara lies in the northern end ofNara Prefecture,directly bordering Kyoto Prefecture to its north. The city is 22.22 km (13.81 mi) from North to South, from East to West.[clarification needed]As a result of the latest merger, effective April 1, 2005, that combined the villages ofTsugeandTsukigasewith the city of Nara, the city now bordersMie Prefecturedirectly to its east. The total area is 276.84 km2(106.89 sq mi).[27]
Nara city, as well as several important settlements (such asKashihara,Yamatokōriyama,Tenri,Yamatotakada,SakuraiandGose[28]), are located in theNara Basin.[29]This makes it the most densely-populated region of Nara Prefecture.[29]
The downtown of Nara is on the east side of the ancientHeijō Palacesite, occupying the northern part of what was called theGekyō(Ngoại kinh),literally the outer capital area. Many of the public offices (e.g. the Municipal office, the Nara Prefectural government, the Nara Police headquarters, etc.) are located onNijō-ōji(Nhị điều đại lộ),while Nara branch offices of major nationwide banks are onSanjō-ōji(Ba điều đại lộ),with both avenues running east–west.
The highest point in the city is at the peak of Kaigahira-yama at an altitude of 822.0 m (2,696.85 ft) (Tsugehayama-cho district), and the lowest is in Ikeda-cho district, with an altitude of 56.4 m (185.04 ft).[30]
Climate
editThe climate of Nara Prefecture is generally temperate, although there are notable differences between the north-western basin area and the rest of the prefecture which is more mountainous.
The basin area climate has an inland characteristic, as represented in the higher daily temperature variance, and the difference between summer and winter temperatures. Winter temperatures average approximately 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F), and from 25 to 28 °C (77 to 82 °F) in the summer with highest readings reaching close to 35 °C (95 °F). There has not been a single year since 1990 with more than 10 days of snowfall recorded by Nara Local Meteorological Observatory.
The climate in the rest of the prefecture is that of higher elevations especially in the south, with −5 °C (23 °F) being the extreme minimum in winter. Heavy rainfall is often observed in summer. The annual accumulated rainfall totals as much as 3,000 to 5,000 mm (118.11 to 196.85in), which is among the heaviest in Japan and indeed in the world outside the equatorial zone.
Spring and fall temperatures are temperate and comfortable. The mountainous region of Yoshino has been long popular for viewing cherry blossoms in the spring. In autumn, the southern mountains are also a popular destination for viewing fall foliage.
| Climate data for Nara (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1953–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.9 (66.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
30.5 (86.9) |
33.6 (92.5) |
36.5 (97.7) |
38.1 (100.6) |
39.3 (102.7) |
36.9 (98.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
39.3 (102.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.0 (48.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
27.4 (81.3) |
31.3 (88.3) |
33.0 (91.4) |
28.5 (83.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
11.4 (52.5) |
20.7 (69.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.2 (39.6) |
4.7 (40.5) |
8.0 (46.4) |
13.5 (56.3) |
18.5 (65.3) |
22.2 (72.0) |
26.2 (79.2) |
27.3 (81.1) |
23.2 (73.8) |
17.2 (63.0) |
11.4 (52.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
15.2 (59.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
2.7 (36.9) |
7.7 (45.9) |
13.0 (55.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
2.2 (36.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
1.4 (34.5) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.2 (54.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
7.7 (45.9) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 52.4 (2.06) |
63.1 (2.48) |
105.1 (4.14) |
98.9 (3.89) |
138.5 (5.45) |
184.1 (7.25) |
173.5 (6.83) |
127.9 (5.04) |
159.0 (6.26) |
134.7 (5.30) |
71.2 (2.80) |
56.8 (2.24) |
1,365.1 (53.74) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 1 (0.4) |
3 (1.2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
5 (2.0) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.5 mm) | 7.6 | 8.2 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 13.0 | 12.2 | 9.0 | 11.4 | 10.1 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 120.1 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 70 | 69 | 67 | 65 | 68 | 75 | 76 | 73 | 76 | 77 | 76 | 73 | 72 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 115.2 | 116.8 | 156.4 | 179.0 | 189.5 | 136.6 | 158.8 | 204.4 | 152.8 | 152.1 | 135.1 | 124.4 | 1,821.1 |
| Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[31] | |||||||||||||
Cityscape
edit
Demographics
editAs of April 1, 2017[update],the city has an estimated population of 359,666 and a population density of 1,300 persons per km2.There were 160,242 households residing in Nara.[32]The highest concentration of both households and population, respectively about 46,000 and 125,000, is found along the newer bedtown districts, along theKintetsuline connecting toOsaka.
There were about 3,000 registered foreigners in the city, of which Koreans and Chinese are the two largest groups with about 1,200 and 800 people respectively.
Landmarks and culture
edit
Buddhist temples
edit- Akishino-dera
- Byakugō-ji
- Daian-ji
- Enjō-ji
- Enshō-ji
- Futai-ji
- Gangō-ji
- Hannya-ji
- Hokke-ji
- Kikō-ji
- Kōfuku-ji
- Ryōsen-ji
- Saidai-ji
- Shin-Yakushi-ji
- Shōryaku-ji
- Tōdai-ji,includingNigatsu-dōandShōsōin
- Tōshōdai-ji
- Yakushi-ji
Shinto shrines
edit
Former imperial palace
editMuseums
edit
- Irie Taikichi Memorial Museum of Photography Nara City
- Nakano Museum of Art
- Nara City Historical Materials Preservation House
- Nara National Museum
- Nara Municipal Buried Cultural Properties Research Centre
- Nara Prefectural Museum of Art
- Neiraku Museum
- Shōhaku Art Museum
- Yamato Bunkakan
Gardens
edit
- Former Daijō-in Gardens(Cũ đại thừa viện sân nhà)
- Isuien Garden
- Kyūseki Teien
- Manyo Botanical Garden, Nara
- Yagyū Iris Garden, Nara(Liễu sinh hoa しょうぶ viên)
- Yoshiki-en
Other
edit- Naramachi
- Nara Hotel
- Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
- Nara Park
- Yagyū
- Zutō(Đầu tháp)
Music
edit- Tipsy night,a rock band from Nara, contributed the theme song for theNaruto: Gekitō Ninja Taisen! 4(Phó の ái してるだれもいない) games
Events
edit
- Gallery
-
Tōdai-ji TempleDaibutsuden Hall, the world's largest wooden building -
Kōfuku-jiin the center of Nara
Deer in Nara
edit
According to the legendary history ofKasuga Shrine,the godTakemikazuchiarrived in Nara on a whitedeerto guard the newly built capital ofHeijō-kyō.[33]Since then, the deer have been regarded as heavenly animals, protecting the city and the country.[33]
Tamesika deer(also known as spotted deer or Japanese deer) roam through the town, especially inNara Park.[27][30][34][35][36]In 2015, there were more than 1,200 sika deer in Nara.[34][35][36]Snack vendors sellsikasenbei(deercrackers) to visitors so they can feed the deer.[34][35][36]Some deer have learned tobowin order to receivesenbeifrom people.[34][35][36]
A 2009 study by Harumi Torii (who is the assistant professor of wildlife management at Nara University of Education,) in which necropsies of deceased shika deer in Nara park were conducted, found that the deer in Nara park were malnourished from not having enough grass to eat, and eating too many rice crackers and other human food. The rice crackers commonly fed to the deer lack fiber and other nutrients deer require, so when the deer eat too many rice crackers it causes the gut microbiome in the deer to become unbalanced, among other problems. 7 out of 8 deer dissected had a “kidney fat index” (which measures how much fat has attached to the kidneys) below 40%, which indicates malnutrition in the deer. And of those 7, some had kidney fat below 10%, which indicates starvation. Compared to male shika deer outside of Nara park, which weigh about 50 kilograms on average, the male shika deer in Nara park only weigh 30 kilograms on average. The color of the femoral marrow in Nara park’s deer was also abnormal, indicating malnourishment. When living deer in Nara park were observed during the study, it was discovered that rice crackers made up about one third of the average deer’s diet in Nara park, with grass making up about two thirds. The deer have become so excessively numerous in Nara park, that there isn’t enough grass in the park for all of them to live entirely on grass, creating a dependency on humans for rice crackers. This lack of grass also causes the deer to resort to eating garbage and plants that they would not normally eat.[37] The deer in Nara park have become overpopulated due to being fed by people frequently, and having few predators. And the deer have caused extensive damage to trees (by feeding on bark,) bamboo (by eating their shoots,) and other plants in the park. Additionally, the deer have become aggressive towards humans in their solicitation of food (which leads to people getting injured by deer,) aggressive towards each other in competition for rice crackers, and have lost their fear of predators in general. For these reasons, tourists may want to consider not feeding the deer in Nara park, and simply observe them instead.[38][39]
- Gallery
-
Deer in Nara Park (2012). -
Deer approaching tourists in Nara Park in summer. -
Deer in Nara Park
Education
editAs of 2005[update],there are 16 high schools and 6 universities located in the city of Nara.
Universities
edit
Nara Women's Universityis one of only two national women's universities in Japan.Nara Institute of Science and Technologyis a graduate research university specializing in biological, information, and materials sciences.
Primary and secondary education
editPublic schools
editPublic elementary and junior high schools are operated by the city of Nara.
Public high schools are operated by the Nara Prefecture.
Private schools
editPrivate high schools in Nara include theTōdaiji Gakuen,a private school founded by the temple in 1926.
Transportation
edit
The main central station of Nara isKintetsu Nara Stationwith JR Nara station some 500m west and much closer to Shin-Omiya station.
Rail
edit- Kintetsu Railway
- Nara Line:Tomio Station–Gakuen-mae Station–Ayameike Station–Yamato-Saidaiji Station–Shin-Ōmiya Station–Kintetsu Nara Station
- Kyoto Line:Takanohara Station–Heijō Station– Yamato-Saidaiji Station
- Kashihara Line:Yamato-Saidaiji Station–Amagatsuji Station–Nishinokyō Station
- Keihanna Line:Gakken Nara-Tomigaoka Station
- West Japan Railway Company
- Kansai Main Line(Yamatoji Line):Narayama Station–Nara Station
- Sakurai Line(Manyō-Mahoroba Line): Nara Station –Kyōbate Station–Obitoke Station
Roads
edit
Sister cities
editInternational
editNara'ssister citiesare:[40]
Canberra,Australia
Gyeongju,Gyeongsangbuk-do,South Korea
Toledo,Province of Toledo,Spain
Versailles,Yvelines,France
Xi'an,Shaanxi,China- Yangzhou,Jiangsu,China
Domestic
edit
Dazaifu,Fukuoka Prefecture,Japan
Kōriyama,Fukushima Prefecture,Japan
Obama,Fukui Prefecture,Japan
Tagajō,Miyagi Prefecture,Japan
Usa,Ōita Prefecture,Japan
In popular culture
editNara is featured in theanimeandmanga,Tonikawa: Fly Me to the Moon.
Nara is the inspiring location for the 2014 albumThis Is All Yoursby English indie rock bandAlt-J
References
edit- ^"Population of Cities in Japan (2022)".
- ^Liễu điền quốc nam (Yanagita, Kunio) (1936): Địa danh の nghiên cứu(The Study of Place Names)Archived2018-01-17 at theWayback Machine,pub. Cổ kim thư viện (Kokon Shoin), pp. 217–219
- ^Đông điều thao (Tōjō, Misao) (1951): Cả nước phương ngôn từ điểnDictionary of Japanese Dialects,Đông Kinh đường xuất bản.
- ^"Cát điền đông ngũ YOSHIDA Tōgo (1907), 『 đại Nhật Bản địa danh sách tra cứu thượng quyển 』 (The Dictionary of Place Names in the Great Japan, Fuzambo, Vol.1), phú sơn phòng, pp.190–191".Archivedfrom the original on 21 February 2014.Retrieved10 February2014.
- ^Tùng cương tĩnh hùng biên MATSUOKA Shizuo ed. (1929), 『 Nhật Bản cổ ngữ đại từ điển 』(The Unabridged Dictionary of Old Japanese),Đao giang thư viện, p.955.Archived2014-02-21 at theWayback MachinePrevious to Matsuoka, KANAZAWA Shôzaburô (1903) pointed out the possibility of influence from Korea. Both were, however, comparingOld Japaneseto Modern Korean, notOld Korean.
- ^Martin, Samuel E.(1 November 1991). "Morphological clues to the relationships of Japanese and Korean". In Baldi, Philip (ed.).Patterns of Change - Change of Patterns.The Hague: De Gruyer Mouton. pp. 496–497.doi:10.1515/9783110871890.ISBN978-3-11-013405-6.Archivedfrom the original on 8 July 2022.Retrieved3 November2020.
- ^abNam nguyên hữu giới ほか KUSUHARA Yūsuke et al. (1981), 『 cổ đại địa danh ngữ nguyên từ điển 』(The Dictionary of Ancient Place Name Etymology),Đông Kinh đường xuất bản, p.232
- ^One of the earliest assumption for this is seen in nại lương thị biên Nara ed. (1937), 『 nại lương thị sử 』(The History of Nara, Nara)., nại lương thị.
- ^Cung eo hiền ほか biên MIYAKOSHI Masaru et al. ed. (2011), 『 toàn 訳 cổ ngữ từ điển 』(The Dictionary of Old Japanese with Complete Translation)Đệ 4 bản, vượng văn xã.
- ^Trì điền mạt tắc ・ hoành điền kiện một biên IKEDA Suenori & YOKOTA Ken'ichi (Eds.) (1981), 『 Nhật Bản lịch sử địa danh đại hệ 30 nại lương huyện の địa danh 』(A Series on Historical Place Names in Japan, Vol. 30, Place Names in Nara Prefecture),Bình phàm xã, p.490
- ^Giác xuyên Nhật Bản địa danh đại từ điển biên soạn ủy ban biên (1990), 『 giác xuyên Nhật Bản địa danh đại từ điển 29 nại lương huyện 』(Kadokawa Unabridged Dictionary of Place Names in Japan, Vol. 29, Nara Prefecture), giác xuyên hiệu sách, p.814
- ^e.g. Trai đằng kiến phu biên SAITŌ Tateo (ed.) (1997), 『 hương thổ tư liệu sự điển: ふるさと の văn hóa di sản. 29( nại lương huyện ) 』(The Dictionary of Native Place Data. Vol. 29. Nara Prefecture.),Nhân văn xã, p.27
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- ^abcdBurnett Hall, Robert (December 1932). "The Yamato Basin, Japan".Annals of the Association of American Geographers.22(4): 243–292.doi:10.1080/00045603209357109.JSTOR2560778.
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- ^abEbrey, Patricia (2014).Modern East Asia: From 1600: A Cultural, Social, and Political History.Boston: Wadsworth.
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- ^ab"Taihō code".Encyclopaedia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 15 October 2020.Retrieved18 October2018.
- ^Ogata, Noboru (13 October 2004)."Asuka in Nara – Gangô-ji Monastery and the Old Town of Nara".Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University.Archivedfrom the original on 31 October 2017.Retrieved18 October2018.
- ^Yamachika, Hiroyoshi."Tourist Maps of Nara in the Edo Period".Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University.Archivedfrom the original on 31 October 2017.Retrieved18 October2018.
- ^abcNara Prefectural Government Tourism Bureau Tourism Promotion Division."Historical Timeline of Nara".Visit Nara.Archivedfrom the original on 17 July 2018.Retrieved18 October2018.
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- ^ab"City Profile of Nara".Nara City. 2 April 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 26 May 2007.Retrieved2 April2007.For more details and latest figures, navigate to the equivalent Japanese page at the official homepage"Nại lương thị thống kê thư “Thống kê なら” bình thành １７ năm bản ( ２００５ năm bản ) - nại lương thị dịch sở ".Archived fromthe originalon 26 September 2007.Retrieved2 April2007.
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- ^abKikuchi 1994.
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- ^Khí tượng sảnh / năm thường trị ( năm ・ nguyệt ごと の trị ).Japan Meteorological Agency.Archivedfrom the original on 21 May 2021.Retrieved19 May2021.
- ^"Official website of Nara city"(in Japanese). Japan: Nara City.Archivedfrom the original on 17 February 2007.Retrieved23 April2017.
- ^abNại lương の シカ の lịch sử[The history of deer in Nara] (in Japanese). Archived fromthe originalon 30 August 2007.Retrieved2 April2007.
- ^abcd"In Nara, Japan, the deer know their place: everywhere".Los Angeles Times.2 April 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 4 November 2014.Retrieved3 September2016.
- ^abcd"Oh, deer! Take the cutest selfie at Japan's Nara Park".The Globe and Mail. 8 October 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2017.Retrieved5 September2017.
- ^abcd"Are There Really Deer Everywhere In Nara Park?".Matcha. 4 April 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 15 September 2016.Retrieved3 September2016.
- ^Thesisnii.ac.jp
- ^"Nại lương công viên の シカは vinh dưỡng không đủ, quan quang khách の せんべい lại り".
- ^"Nại lương の lộc は vinh dưỡng mất cân đối? Lộc せんべい thực えたらイイわけじゃない ( điền trung thuần phu ) - エキスパート".
- ^"“Tỷ muội đô thị” と “Hữu hảo đô thị” ".city.nara.lg.jp.Nara.Archivedfrom the original on 11 June 2020.Retrieved8 April2020.
External links
edit
- Nara City official website
- The Official Nara Travel Guide
- Public junior high schools in Nara
Geographic data related toNaraatOpenStreetMap