Wikipedia

Nara Prefecture

Nara Prefecture(Nại lương huyện,Nara-ken)is aprefectureofJapanlocated in theKansai regionofHonshu.[3]As of 2020,Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,321,805[4]and has a geographic area of 3,691square kilometres(1,425sq mi). Nara Prefecture bordersKyoto Prefectureto the north,Osaka Prefectureto the northwest,Wakayama Prefectureto the southwest, andMie Prefectureto the east.

Nara Prefecture
Nại lương huyện
Prefecture
Japanese transcription(s)
•JapaneseNại lương huyện
•RōmajiNara-ken
Tōdai-ji
Cherry blossominMount Yoshino
Kōfuku-ji
Miwa Sōmen
Takamatsuzuka Tomb
Fujinoki Tomb
Daigokuden in Heijyō Palace
Hōryū-ji
Flag of Nara Prefecture
Flag
Official logo of Nara Prefecture
Symbol
Anthem:Nara kenmin no uta
Location of Nara Prefecture
CountryJapan
RegionKansai
IslandHonshu
CapitalNara
SubdivisionsDistricts:7,Municipalities:39
Government
•GovernorMakoto Yamashita
Area
• Total
3,691.09 km2(1,425.14 sq mi)
• Rank40th
Population
(1 December 2020)
• Total
1,321,805
• Rank30th
• Density358.10/km2(927.5/sq mi)
• Dialects
Nara・Okuyoshino
GDP
[1]
• TotalJP¥3,925 billion
US$36.0 billion (2019)
ISO 3166 codeJP-29
Websitewww.pref.nara.jp
Symbols of Japan
BirdJapanese robin(Erithacus akahige)
FishGoldfish(Carassius auratus auratus)[2]
Ayu(Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis)[2]
Amago(Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae)[2]
FlowerNara yae zakura
(Prunus verecundacultivar)
TreeSugi(Cryptomeria japonica)
Hōryū-ji,a World Heritage Site inIkarugaTown,IkomaDistrict, Nara Prefecture

Narais the capital and largest city of Nara Prefecture, with other major cities includingKashihara,Ikoma,andYamatokōriyama.[5]Nara Prefecture is located in the center of theKii Peninsulaon Japan'sPacific Oceancoast, and is one of only eightlandlockedprefectures. Nara Prefecture has the distinction of having moreUNESCO World Heritagelistings than any other prefecture in Japan.[6]

History

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See also:Asuka period,Nara period,andHistoric Sites of Nara Prefecture

Nara Prefecture region is considered one of the oldestregions in Japan,having been in existence for thousands of years, and is widely viewed as the Japanesecradle of civilization.LikeKyoto,Nara was one ofImperial Japan's earliestcapitalcities.[7][8]The current form of Nara Prefecture was officially created in 1887 when it became independent ofOsaka Prefecture.

Historically, Nara Prefecture was also known asYamato-no-kunior Yamato Province.[9]

Up to Nara period

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From the third century to the fourth century, a poorly documented political force existed at the foot ofMount Miwa,east of Nara Basin. It sought unification of most parts in Japan. Since the historical beginning of Japan,Yamatowas its political center.

Ancient capitals of Japan were built on the land of Nara, namelyAsuka-kyō,Fujiwara-kyō(694–710)[10]andHeijō-kyō(most of 710–784).[11]The capital cities of Fujiwara and Heijō are believed to have been modeled after Chinese capitals at the time, incorporating grid layout patterns. The royal court also established relations withSuiand thenTang dynastyChina and sent students to the Middle Kingdom to learn high civilization. By 7th century, Nara accepted the many immigrants including refugees ofBaekjewho had escaped from war disturbances of the southern part of theKorean Peninsula.The first high civilization with royal patronage ofBuddhismflourished in today's Nara city (710–784 AD).

Nara in the Heian period

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Kōfuku-ji

In 784,Emperor Kanmudecided to relocate the capital toNagaoka-kyōinYamashiro Province,followed by another move in 794 toHeian-kyō,marking the start of theHeian period.The temples in Nara remained powerful beyond the move of political capital, thus giving Nara a synonym of "Nanto" (meaning "South Capital" ) as opposed to Heian-kyō, situated in the north. Close to the end of Heian period,Taira no Shigehira,a son ofTaira no Kiyomori,was ordered by his father to depress the power of various parties, mainlyKōfuku-jiandTōdai-ji,who were backing up an opposition group headed byPrince Mochihito.The movement led to a collision between theTairaand the Nara temples in 1180. This clash eventually led toKōfuku-jiandTōdai-jibeing set on fire, resulting in vast destruction of architectural heritage.

Medieval Nara

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The red autumn leaves in Yoshino

At the rise of theMinamototo its ruling seat and the opening ofKamakura shogunate,Nara enjoyed the support ofMinamoto no Yoritomotoward restoration.Kōfuku-ji,being the "home temple" to theFujiwarasince its foundation, not only regained the power it had before but became ade factoregional chief of Yamato Province. With the reconstruction ofKōfuku-jiandTōdai-ji,a town was growing again near the two temples.

TheNanboku-chō period,starting in 1336, brought more instability to Nara. AsEmperor Go-DaigochoseYoshinoas his base, a power struggle arose in Kōfuku-ji with a group supporting the South and another siding the North court. Likewise, local clans were split into two. Kōfuku-ji recovered its control over the province for a short time at the surrender of the South Court in 1392, while the internal power game of the temple itself opened a way for the local samurai clans to spring up and fight with each other, gradually acquiring their own territories, thus diminishing the influence of Kōfuku-ji overall.

The Sengoku and Edo periods

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The restored turret ofKōriyama Castle

Later, the whole province of Yamato got drawn into the confusion of theSengoku period.Tōdai-ji was once again set on fire in 1567, whenMatsunaga Hisahide,who was later appointed byOda Nobunagato the lord of Yamato Province, fought for supremacy against his former masterMiyoshi family.Followed by short appointments ofTsutsui JunkeiandToyotomi HidenagabyToyotomi Hideyoshito the lord, theTokugawa shogunateultimately ruled the city of Nara directly, and most parts of Yamato province with a few feudal lords allocated atKōriyama,Takatoriand other places. With industry and commerce developing in the 18th century, the economy of the province was incorporated into prosperousOsaka,the commercial capital of Japan at the time.

From the establishment of Nara Prefecture to the present

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A first prefecture (briefly-fuin 1868, but-kenfor most of the time)[12]named Nara was established in theMeiji Restorationin 1868 as successor to the shogunate administration of the shogunate city and shogunate lands in Yamato. After the 1871Abolition of the han system,Nara was merged with other prefectures (from former han, seeList of Han#Yamato Province) and cleared of ex-/enclaves to encompass all of Yamato province. In 1876, Nara was merged intoSakaiwhich in turn became part of Osaka in 1881. In 1887, Nara became independent again, withSaisho Atsushias the first governor.[13][14]The first prefectural assembly of Nara was elected in the same year and opened its first session in 1888 in the gallery of the main hall of Tōdai temple.[14]

In the 1889 Great Meiji mergers which subdivided all (then 45) prefectures into modernmunicipalities,Nara prefecture's 16districtswere subdivided into 154 municipalities: 10townsand 144villages.The firstcityin Nara was only established in 1898 when Nara Town fromSoekami Districtwas made district-independent to becomeNara City(seeList of mergers in Nara PrefectureandList of mergers in Osaka Prefecture).

The economic dependency to Osaka even characterizes today's Nara Prefecture, for many inhabitants commute to Osaka to work or study there.

Geography

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Topographic map of Nara Prefecture
Administrative map of Nara Prefecture
CityTownVillage

Nara Prefecture is part of theKansai,or Kinki, region of Japan, and is located in the middle of theKii Peninsulaon the western half ofHonshu.Nara Prefecture is landlocked. It is bordered to the west byWakayama PrefectureandOsaka Prefecture;on the north byKyoto Prefectureand on the east byMie Prefecture.

Nara Prefecture is 78.5 kilometres (48.8 mi) from east to west and 103.6 kilometres (64.4 mi) from north to south.

Most of the prefecture is covered by mountains and forests, leaving an inhabitable area of only 851 square kilometres (329 sq mi). The ratio of inhabitable area to total area is 23%, ranked 43rd among the 47 prefectures in Japan.[15]

Nara Prefecture is bisected by theJapan Median Tectonic Line(MTL) running through its territory east to west, along theYoshino River.On the northern side of the MTL is the so-called Inner Zone, where activefaultsrunning north to south are still shaping the landscape. The Ikoma Mountains in the northwest form the border with Osaka Prefecture. The Nara Basin, which lies to the east of these mountains, contains the highest concentration of population in Nara Prefecture. Further east are the Kasagi Mountains, which separate the Basin from the Yamato Highlands.

South of the MTL is the Outer Zone, comprising the Kii Mountains, which occupy about 60% of the land area of the prefecture. The Ōmine Range is in the center of the Kii Mountains, running north to south, with steep valleys on both sides. The tallest mountain in Nara Prefecture, and indeed in the Kansai region, isMount Hakkyō.To the west, separating Nara Prefecture from Wakayama Prefecture, is the Obako Range, with peaks around 1,300 metres (4,300 ft). To the east, bordering Mie Prefecture, is the Daikō Range, includingMount Ōdaigahara.This mountainous region is also home to aWorld Heritage Site,theSacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range".

About 17% of the total land area of the prefecture is designated asNational Parkland, comprising theYoshino-Kumano National Park,Kongō-Ikoma-Kisen,Kōya-Ryūjin,Murō-Akame-Aoyama,andYamato-AogakiQuasi-National Parks; and theTsukigase-Kōnoyama,Yata,andYoshinogawa-TsuboroPrefectural Natural Parks.[16]

Climate

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Tanzan Shrinein autumn

In the Nara Basin, the climate has inland characteristics, as represented in the bigger temperature variance within the same day, and the difference of summer and winter temperatures. Winter temperatures average about 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F), and 25 to 28 °C (77 to 82 °F) in the summer with highest reaching close to 35 °C (95 °F). There is not a single year over the last decade (since 1990, up to 2007) with more than 10 days of snowfall recorded by Nara Local Meteorological Observatory.

The climate in the rest of the prefecture are mountainous, and especially in the south, with below −5 °C (23 °F) being the extreme minimum in winter. Heavy rainfall is observed in summer. The annual accumulated rainfall ranges as much as 3,000 to 5,000 millimetres (120 to 200 in), which is among the heaviest in Japan.

Spring and fall are temperate. The mountainous region ofYoshinohas been popular both historically and presently for itscherryblossoms in the spring. In the fall, the southern mountains are equally striking with the changing of theoaktrees.[citation needed]

Hōryū-ji at cherry blossom, Ikaruga Town

Municipalities

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See also:List of cities in Nara Prefecture by population

Since 2006, there are 39municipalitiesin Nara Prefecture: twelve [by definition: district-independent]citiesand seven remainingdistrictscontaining 15townsand twelvevillages:

Abbreviation Full name Area (km2) Population District Type Map
Japanese,Romanization
Gojō Năm điều thị,Gojō-shi 291.98 33,283 — City(-shi)
Gose Ngự sở thị,Gose-shi 60.65 26,522 — City(-shi)
Ikoma Sinh câu thị,Ikoma-shi 53.18 120,741 — City(-shi)
Kashiba Hương chi thị,Kashiba-shi 24.23 79,023 — City(-shi)
Kashihara 橿 nguyên thị,Kashihara-shi 39.52 124,829 — City(-shi)
Katsuragi Cát 󠄀 thành thị,Katsuragi-shi 33.73 37,352 — City(-shi)
Nara(capital) Nại lương thị,Nara-shi 276.84 359,666 — City(-shi)
Sakurai Anh giếng thị,Sakurai-shi 98.92 58,386 — City(-shi)
Tenri Thiên lý thị,Tenri-shi 86.37 66,866 — City(-shi)
Uda Vũ đà thị,Uda-shi 247.62 31,274 — City(-shi)
Yamatokōriyama Đại cùng quận sơn thị,Yamato-Kōriyama-shi 42.69 87,541 — City(-shi)
Yamatotakada Đại cùng cao điền thị,Yamato-Takada-shi 16.48 66,400 — City(-shi)
Ando An cư đinh,Ando-chō 4.33 7,523 Ikoma District Town(-chō)
Asuka Ngày mai hương thôn,Asuka-mura 24.08 5,681 Takaichi District Village(-mura)
Heguri Bình đàn đinh,Heguri-chō 23.9 18,774 Ikoma District Town(-chō)
Higashiyoshino Đông cát dã thôn,Higashi-Yoshino-mura 131.6 1,661 Yoshino District Village(-mura)
Ikaruga Chim ngói đinh,Ikaruga-chō 14.27 27,341 Ikoma District Town(-chō)
Kamikitayama Thượng Bắc Sơn thôn,Kami-Kitayama-mura 274.05 486 Yoshino District Village(-mura)
Kanmaki Thượng mục đinh,Kanmaki-chō 6.14 22,807 Kitakatsuragi District Town(-chō)
Kawai Hà hợp đinh,Kawai-chō 8.27 17,831 Kitakatsuragi District Town(-chō)
Kawakami Xuyên thượng thôn,Kawakami-mura 269.26 1,498 Yoshino District Village(-mura)
Kawanishi Xuyên tây đinh,Kawanishi-chō 5.94 8,704 Shiki District Town(-chō)
Kōryō Quảng lăng đinh,Kōryō-chō 16.34 35,021 Kitakatsuragi District Town(-chō)
Kurotaki Hắc lung thôn,Kurotaki-mura 47.71 745 Yoshino District Village(-mura)
Mitsue Ngự trượng thôn,Mitsue-mura 79.63 1,696 Uda District Village(-mura)
Miyake Tam trạch đinh,Miyake-chō 4.07 7,013 Shiki District Town(-chō)
Nosegawa Dã bách xuyên thôn,Nosegawa-mura 155.03 424 Yoshino District Village(-mura)
Ōji Vương chùa đinh,Ōji-chō 7 22,791 Kitakatsuragi District Town(-chō)
Ōyodo Đại điến đinh,Ōyodo-chō 38.06 17,731 Yoshino District Town(-chō)
Sangō Tam hương đinh,Sangō-chō 8.8 23,455 Ikoma District Town(-chō)
Shimoichi Hạ thị đinh,Shimoichi-chō 62.01 5,378 Yoshino District Town(-chō)
Shimokitayama Hạ Bắc Sơn thôn,Shimo-Kitayama-mura 133.53 855 Yoshino District Village(-mura)
Soni Tằng nhĩ thôn,Soni-mura 47.84 1,528 Uda District Village(-mura)
Takatori Cao lấy đinh,Takatori-chō 25.77 6,964 Takaichi District Town(-chō)
Tawaramoto Điền nguyên bản đinh,Tawaramoto-chō 21.09 32,241 Shiki District Town(-chō)
Tenkawa Thiên xuyên thôn,Tenkawa-mura 175.7 1,310 Yoshino District Village(-mura)
Totsukawa Mười tân xuyên thôn,Totsukawa-mura 672.35 3,488 Yoshino District Village(-mura)
Yamazoe Sơn thêm thôn,Yamazoe-mura 66.52 3,701 Yamabe District Village(-mura)
Yoshino Cát dã đinh,Yoshino-chō 95.96 6,337 Yoshino District Town(-chō)
Nara Nại lương huyện,Nara-ken 3,691.09 1,321,805 — Prefecture(-ken)

Kansai Science Cityis located in the northwest.

Mergers

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Main article:List of mergers in Nara Prefecture

Demographics

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Nara prefecture population pyramid in 2020
Population by districts[17]
District Area Size
(km2)		 Population Density
per km2
Yamato flat inland plain 837.27 1,282 1,531
(Share in %) 22.7% 89.7%
Yamato highland 506.89 56 110
(Share in %) 13.7% 3.9%
Gojō, Yoshino 2,346.84 92 39
(Share in %) 63.6% 6.4%
Total Prefecture 3,691.09 1,430 387
(Share in %) 100.0% 100.0%

According to the 2005 Census of Japan, Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,421,310, which is a decrease of 1.5%, since the year 2000.[18]

The decline continued in 2006, with another decrease of 4,987 people compared to 2005. This includes a natural decrease from previous year of 288 people (11,404 births minus 11,692 deaths) and a decrease due to net domestic migration of 4,627 people outbound from the prefecture, and a decrease of 72 registered foreigners. Net domestic migration has turned into a continuous outbound trend since 1998. The largest destinations of migration in 2005 were the prefectures of Kyoto, Tokyo, and Hyōgo, with respectively a net of 1,130,982 and 451 people moving over. The largest inbound migration was fromNiigata Prefecture,contributing to a net increase of 39 people. 13.7% of its population were reported as under 15, 65.9% between 15 and 64, and 20.4% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 52.5% of the population.[19]

As of 2004, the average density of the prefecture is 387 people per km2.By districts,[20]the Yamato flat inland plain holds as much as about 90% of total population within the approximately 23% size of area in the north-west, including the Nara Basin, representing a density of 1,531 people per km2.To the contrast, the combined districtGojōandYoshino Districtoccupies almost 64% of the land, while only 6% of people lives there, resulting in a density of 39 people km2.

Nara prefecture had the highest rate in Japan of people commuting outbound for work, at 30.9% in 2000. A similar tendency is seen in prefectures such asSaitama,Chiba,andKanagawa,all three of them having over 20% of people commuting for other prefectures.[15]

Politics

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  • A governor and members of prefectural assembly is elected by citizens in accordance with theLocal Autonomy Law.
  • Shōgo Araiwas governor between 2007 and 2023, a formerLDPmember of the national House of Councillors. In theApril 2019 gubernatorial election,he was re-elected to a fourth term with major party support (LDP,DPFP,Kōmeitō) with 47.5% of the vote against former Democratic Diet member and vice-ministerKiyoshige Maekawa(32.3%) and independent physician Minoru Kawashima (20.2%).[21]
  • In 2023,Makoto Yamashitawas elected governor. This was the first timeNippon Ishigained a governor outside of Osaka.[22]
  • As of 2019, there are 43 seats in the Nara Prefectural Assembly, elected in 16 constituencies (4 single-member, 12 multi-member).[23]After the April 2019 assembly election, theLDPis by far the largest party with 21 members while no other party won more than four seats,[24]but its members are split between several parliamentary groups; by group, the composition as of May 2019 was: LDP 10, LDP Nara 9, Sōsei Nara [of independents] 5, Shinsei Nara [mainlyDPFP] 5,JCP4,Nippon Ishin no Kai4,Kōmeitō3, LDP Kizuna 2.[25]
  • There was a clear tendency seen through the results of Lower House election in 2005, that the younger generation executes its voting right much less compared to the older. Only 48.8% of citizens age 20–29 voted, whereas all older generations (grouped by decades) votes more than its younger, reaching the highest voting rate of 86.3% at ages 60–69. The only exception was the 72.1% voting right executed by citizens of 70 or older. The overall average of the prefecture who voted was yet higher, at 70.3%, than that of nationwide average, 67.5%.[26]
  • As of October 2019, Nara's directly elected delegation to theNational Dietis all-LDP,namely:

Economy

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A huge Nara calligraphy brush

The 2004 total gross prefecture product (GPP) for Nara was ¥3.8 trillion, an 0.1% growth over previous year. The per capita income was ¥2.6 million, which is a 1.3% decrease from previous year. The 2004 total gross prefecture product (GPP) for Nara was ¥3.8 trillion, an 0.1% growth over previous year. Manufacturing has the biggest share in the GPP of Nara with 20.2% of share, followed by services (19.1%) and real estates (16.3%). The share of agriculture including forestry and fishery was a mere 1.0%, only above mining, which is quasi-inexistent in Nara.[27]

  • Tourism is treated by the prefectural government as one of the most important features of Nara, because of its natural environment and historical significance.
  • Nara is famed for itsKaki persimmon.Strawberryand tea are some other popular products of the prefecture, while rice and vegetables, including spinach, tomato, eggplants, and others are the dominant in terms of amount of production.
  • Nara is a center for the production of instruments used in conducting traditional Japanese artforms. Brush and ink (sumi) are the best known products from Nara forcalligraphy.Wooden or bamboo instruments, especially from Takayama area (in Ikoma city) are famous products fortea ceremony.
  • GoldfishfromYamatokōriyamain Nara have been a traditional aquacultural product since the 18th century.
  • Due to its rich history, Nara is also the location of many archeological digs, with many famous ones being located in thevillageofAsuka.

Culture

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Statue at Tōdai-ji

The culture of Nara is tied to the Kansai region in which it is located. However, like each of the other prefectures of Kansai, Nara has unique aspects to its culture, parts of which stem from its long history dating back to the Nara period.

Dialect

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There are large differences in dialect between the north/central region of the prefecture, where Nara city is located, and the Okunoya district in the south. The north/central dialect is close to Osaka's dialect, whilst Okunoya's dialect favours a Tokyo-style accent. The lengthening of vowel sounds in the Okunoya dialect is unseen in other dialects of theKinki region,making it a special feature.

Food culture

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Foods particular to Nara Prefecture include:

Traditional arts

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The following are recognized by theMinister of Economy, Trade and Industryas being traditional arts of Nara:[28][29]

Museums

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Education

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Universities

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Sports

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Konoike Athletic Stadium.

The sports teams listed below are based in Nara.

Association football

Basketball

Tourism

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Manyjinja(Shinto shrines), Buddhist temples, andkofunexist in Nara Prefecture, making it is a centre for tourism. Moreover, manyworld heritagesites, such as the templeTōdai-jiandKasuga Shrine,exist in the capital city of Nara.

World Heritage sites

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World Heritage Sites in Nara

Transportation

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Railroad

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Bus

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from Nara and Tenri

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from Yamato Yagi and Gose

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Road

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Expressways and toll roads

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National highways

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Notes

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  1. ^"2020 niên độ quốc dân kinh tế tính toán ( 2015 năm tiêu chuẩn cơ bản ・2008SNA ): Kinh tế xã hội tổng hợp viện nghiên cứu - nội các phủ".Nội các phủ ホームページ(in Japanese).RetrievedMay 18,2023.
  2. ^abc"Cá vàng ・アユ・アマゴを “Nại lương huyện の さかな” に – MSN sản kinh west "[Goldfish, Ayu, and Amago elected "Fish of Nara prefecture".].Sankei Shimbun(in Japanese). June 27, 2012. Archived fromthe originalon June 27, 2012.RetrievedJune 27,2012.
  3. ^Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Nara-ken" inJapan Encyclopedia,p. 699,p. 699, atGoogle Books;"Kansai" atp. 477,p. 477, atGoogle Books.
  4. ^"Đẩy kế dân cư điều tra / nại lương huyện công thức ホームページ".pref.nara.jp.RetrievedJanuary 10,2021.
  5. ^Nussbaum, "Nara" atp. 698,p. 698, atGoogle Books.
  6. ^"Nara".GoJapanGo.Archived fromthe originalon June 27, 2012.RetrievedJune 19,2012.
  7. ^Imamura, Keiji.Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia.University of Hawaii Press. p. 13.
  8. ^Karan, Pradyumna Prasad.Japan in the 21st Century: Environment, Economy, and Society.University Press of Kentucky. p. 237.
  9. ^Nussbaum, "Yamato" atp. 1046,p. 1046, atGoogle Books.
  10. ^Nại lương văn hóa tài viện nghiên cứu (November 8, 2014)."Đằng nguyên cung đại cực điện viện の điều tra ( chim bay đằng nguyên đệ 182 thứ )".Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan.RetrievedSeptember 2,2016.
  11. ^Nại lương thị chôn tàng văn hóa tài điều tra センター (November 2, 2009)."Khai quật phẩm に thấy る nại lương の やきも の と mộ らし".Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan.RetrievedSeptember 2,2016.
  12. ^Nại lương huyện の ra đời ( "The birth of Nara prefecture" ),Nara Prefectural Library, retrieved March 15, 2019.
  13. ^https:// library.pref.nara.jp/sites/default/files/002_s.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  14. ^abNara Prefecture for children:ならけんはいつできた の かな (~ "When was Nara prefecture created?" ),Nara Prefectural Government, retrieved March 15, 2019.
  15. ^ab"Nại lương huyện thống kê tình báo" 100 の chỉ tiêu "(" 100 Indices of Nara "by Nara Statistics Division, Nara Prefecture)"(in Japanese). Archived fromthe originalon February 16, 2007.RetrievedMarch 17,2007.
  16. ^"General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture"(PDF).Ministry of the Environment.April 1, 2012.RetrievedMay 29,2014.
  17. ^Whitepaper on Ecology (Japanese)ArchivedJune 16, 2007, at theWayback Machine.Prefecture of Nara. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  18. ^"Population Census 2005"(in Japanese). Archived fromthe originalon April 15, 2008.RetrievedApril 10,2007.(Including official amendment of March 5, 2007)
  19. ^"Population Statistics of Nara Prefecture 2006"(in Japanese). Archived fromthe originalon January 18, 2008.RetrievedApril 10,2007.
  20. ^Defined by Nara Prefecture for the convenience of statistical analysis. See"Population of each district"ArchivedFebruary 12, 2007, at theWayback Machinefor 2005 figures.
  21. ^NHKSenkyo Web: Results of the 2019 unified local elections, gubernatorial elections,Nara,retrieved 10 October 2019.
  22. ^"Nippon Ishin wins Nara governor election, first outside Osaka".The Asahi Shimbun.RetrievedMay 6,2023.
  23. ^Nara Prefectural Assembly:Nghị viên định số cập び tuyển cử khu(electoral districts and magnitudes)
  24. ^NHKSenkyo Web: Results of the 2019 unified local elections, prefectural assembly elections, Nara,Summary: Seats by party,retrieved 10 October 2019.
  25. ^Nara Prefectural Assembly:Nghị viên danh bộ ( sẽ bè phái )ArchivedOctober 10, 2019, at theWayback Machine(List of members by parliamentary group)
  26. ^"tōhyō ritsu no sui'i( đầu phiếu suất の chuyển dời Evolution in voting rate, Nara Prefecture "(in Japanese). Archived fromthe originalon June 12, 2008.RetrievedApril 10,2007.
  27. ^"Nại lương huyện dân kinh tế tính toán (Nara kenmin keizai keisanNara Prefectural Economy) ".Nara Prefecture.April 9, 2002. Archived fromthe originalon March 14, 2007.RetrievedMarch 28,2007.English page with much less details are availablehereArchivedFebruary 10, 2007, at theWayback Machine.
  28. ^"Nại lương huyện の sản mà giới thiệu"[Introduction to Nara Prefecture's Items] (in Japanese).METI.2004.RetrievedJuly 8,2015.
  29. ^"Nại lương huyện の sản mà"[Nara Prefecture's Items](PDF).METI.RetrievedJuly 8,2015.

References

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34°34′N135°46′E/ 34.567°N 135.767°E/34.567; 135.767

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