Wikipedia

Nellie Bly

For the fictional character, see"Frankie and Johnny".

Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman(bornElizabeth Jane Cochran;May 5, 1864 – January 27, 1922), better known by her pen nameNellie Bly,was an American journalist who was widely known for her record-breakingtrip around the worldin 72 days in emulation ofJules Verne's fictional characterPhileas Foggand anexposéin which she worked undercover to report on a mental institution from within.[1]She pioneered her field and launched a new kind ofinvestigative journalism.[2]

Nellie Bly
Cochran at 26 years old, c. 1890
Cochran at 26 years old,c. 1890
BornElizabeth Jane Cochran
(1864-05-05)May 5, 1864
Burrell Township, Pennsylvania,U.S.
DiedJanuary 27, 1922(1922-01-27)(aged 57)
New York City,U.S.
Pen nameElly Cochran, Elizabeth Jane Cochrane, and most commonly known as Nellie Bly as her pen-name
Occupation
LanguageEnglish
Notable awardsNational Women's Hall of Fame(1998)
Spouse
​
​
(m.1895; died 1904)​
Signature
Signature reads: "Nellie Bly"

Early life

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Elizabeth Jane Cochran was born May 5, 1864,[3]in "Cochran's Mills", now part ofBurrell Township, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania.[4][5][6]Her father, Michael Cochran, born about 1810, started as a laborer and mill worker before buying the local mill and most of the land surrounding his family farmhouse. He later became a merchant, postmaster, and associate justice at Cochran's Mills (named after him) in Pennsylvania. Michael married twice. He had 10 children with his first wife, Catherine Murphy, and five more children, including Elizabeth Cochran, his thirteenth daughter, with his second wife, Mary Jane Kennedy.[7]Michael Cochran died in 1870, when Elizabeth was 6.[8]

As a young girl, Elizabeth often was called "Pink" because she so frequently wore that color. As she became a teenager, she wanted to portray herself as more sophisticated, and she dropped the nickname and changed her surname to "Cochrane".[9]In 1879, she enrolled at Indiana Normal School (nowIndiana University of Pennsylvania) for one term but was forced to drop out due to lack of funds.[10]In 1880, Cochrane's mother moved her family toAllegheny City,which was later annexed by theCity of Pittsburgh.[11]

Career

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Portrait of a 21-year-old Bly in Mexico

Pittsburgh Dispatch

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In 1885, a column in thePittsburgh Dispatchtitled "What Girls Are Good For" stated that girls were principally for birthing children and keeping house. This prompted Elizabeth to write a response under the pseudonym "Lonely Orphan Girl".[12][11][13]The editor, George Madden, was impressed with her passion and ran an advertisement asking the author to identify herself. When Cochran introduced herself to the editor, he offered her the opportunity to write a piece for the newspaper, again under the pseudonym "Lonely Orphan Girl".[13]Her first article for theDispatch,titled "The Girl Puzzle", argued that not all women would marry and that what was needed were better jobs for women.[14]

Her second article, "Mad Marriages", was about howdivorceaffected women. In it, she argued for reform of divorce laws.[15][failed verification]"Mad Marriages" was published under the byline of Nellie Bly, rather than "Lonely Orphan Girl" because, at the time,[14]it was customary for female journalists to use pen names to conceal their gender so that readers would not discredit them. The editor chose "Nellie Bly", after the African-American title character in the popular song "Nelly Bly" byStephen Foster.[16]Cochrane originally intended that her pseudonym be "Nelly Bly", but her editor wrote "Nellie" by mistake, and the error stuck.[17]Madden was impressed again and offered her a full-time job.[11]

As a writer, Nellie Bly focused her early work for thePittsburgh Dispatchon the lives of working women, writing a series of investigative articles on female factory workers. However, the newspaper soon received complaints from factory owners about her writing, and she was reassigned towomen's pagesto cover fashion, society, and gardening, the usual role for female journalists, and she became dissatisfied. Still only 21, she was determined "to do something no girl has done before."[18]She then traveled to Mexico to serve as aforeign correspondent,spending nearly half a year reporting on the lives and customs of theMexican people.Her dispatches later were published in book form asSix Months in Mexico.[15]In one report, she protested the imprisonment of a local journalist for criticizing the Mexican government, then a dictatorship underPorfirio Díaz.[19]When Mexican authorities learned of Bly's report, they threatened her with arrest, prompting her to flee the country. Safely home, she accused Díaz of being a tyrannical czar suppressing the Mexican people andcontrolling the press.[11]

Asylum exposé

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Main article:Ten Days in a Mad-House
The New York City Mental Health Hospital on Blackwell's Island, c. 1893
Illustration of Bly being examined by a psychiatrist, fromTen Days in a Mad-House

Burdened again with theater and arts reporting, Bly left thePittsburgh Dispatchin 1887 for New York City. Bly faced rejection after rejection as news editors would not consider hiring a woman.[20]Penniless after four months, she talked her way into the offices ofJoseph Pulitzer's newspaper, theNew York World,and took anundercover assignmentfor which she agreed to feigninsanityto investigate reports ofbrutalityandneglectat theWomen's Lunatic Asylumon Blackwell's Island, now namedRoosevelt Island.[21]

It was not easy for Bly to be admitted to the asylum: she first decided to check herself into a boarding house called "Temporary Homes for Females". She stayed up all night to give herself the wide-eyed look of a disturbed woman and began making accusations that the other boarders were insane. Bly told the assistant matron: "There are so many crazy people about, and one can never tell what they will do."[22]She refused to go to bed and eventually scared so many of the other boarders that the police were called to take her to the nearby courthouse. Once examined by a police officer, a judge, and a doctor, Bly was taken toBellevue Hospitalfor a few days, then after evaluation was sent by boat to Blackwell's Island.[22]

Committed to the asylum, Bly experienced the deplorable conditions firsthand. After ten days, the asylum released Bly atThe World's behest. Her report, published October 9, 1887[23]and later in book form asTen Days in a Mad-House,caused a sensation, prompted the asylum to implement reforms, and brought her lasting fame.[24]Nellie Bly had a significant impact on American culture and shed light on the experiences of marginalized women beyond the bounds of the asylum as she ushered in the era ofstunt girljournalism.[20]

In 1893, Bly used the celebrity status she had gained from her asylum reporting skills to schedule an exclusive interview with the allegedly insane serial killerLizzie Halliday.[25]

United for Libraries Literary Landmark onRoosevelt Islandthat mentions Bly's connection to the island

BiographerBrooke Kroegerargues:

Her two-part series in October 1887 was a sensation, effectively launching the decade of "stunt" or "detective" reporting, a clear precursor to investigative journalism and one of Joseph Pulitzer's innovations that helped give "New Journalism" of the 1880s and 1890s its moniker. The employment of "stunt girls" has often been dismissed as a circulation-boosting gimmick of the sensationalist press. However, the genre also provided women with their first collective opportunity to demonstrate that, as a class, they had the skills necessary for the highest level of general reporting. The stunt girls, with Bly as their prototype, were the first women to enter the journalistic mainstream in the twentieth century.[26]

Around the world and general impact

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Main article:Around the World in Seventy-Two Days
A publicity photograph taken by theNew York Worldnewspaper to promote Bly'saround-the-world voyage

In 1888, Bly suggested to her editor at theNew York Worldthat she take a trip around the world, attempting to turn the fictionalAround the World in Eighty Days(1873) into fact for the first time. A year later, at 9:40 a.m. on November 14, 1889, and with two days' notice,[27][clarification needed]she boarded theAugusta Victoria,a steamer of theHamburg America Line,[28]and began her 24,898 mile (40,070 kilometer) journey.

To sustain interest in the story, theWorldorganized a "Nellie Bly Guessing Match" in which readers were asked to estimate Bly's arrival time to the second, with the Grand Prize consisting at first of a trip to Europe and, later on, spending money for the trip.[29][30]During her travels around the world, Bly went through England, France (where she metJules VerneinAmiens),Brindisi,theSuez Canal,Colombo(inCeylon), theStraits SettlementsofPenangand Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan.

A woodcut image of Nellie Bly's homecoming reception inJersey Cityprinted inFrank Leslie's Illustrated Newson February 8, 1890

Just over seventy-two days after her departure fromHoboken,Bly was back in New York. She had circumnavigated the globe, traveling alone for almost the entire journey.[28]Bly's journey was aworld record,though it only stood for a few months, untilGeorge Francis Traincompleted the journey in 67 days.[31]

Novelist

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After the fanfare of her trip around the world, Bly quit reporting and took a lucrative job writing serial novels for publisherNorman Munro's weeklyNew York Family Story Paper.The first chapters ofEva The Adventuress,based on the real-life trial of Eva Hamilton, appeared in print before Bly returned to New York. Between 1889 and 1895 she wrote eleven novels. As few copies of the paper survived, these novels were thought lost until 2021, when authorDavid Blixtannounced the discovery of 11 lost novels in Munro's British weeklyThe London Story Paper.[32]In 1893, though still writing novels, she returned to reporting for theWorld.

Later work

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Patent for an improved Milk-Can
Bly speaking to a military officer in Poland

In 1895, Bly married millionaire manufacturerRobert Seaman.[33]Bly was 31 and Seaman was 73 when they married.[34]Due to her husband's failing health, she left journalism and succeeded her husband as head of the Iron Clad Manufacturing Co., which made steel containers such as milk cans and boilers. Seaman died in 1904.[35]

That same year, Iron Clad began manufacturing the steel barrel that was the model for the 55-gallonoil drumstill in widespread use in the United States. There have been claims that Bly invented the barrel,[35]but the inventor was registered as Henry Wehrhahn (U.S. Patents 808,327 and 808,413).[36]

Bly was also an inventor in her own right, receivingU.S. patent 697,553for a novel milk can andU.S. patent 703,711for a stacking garbage can, both under her married name of Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman. For a time, she was one of the leading women industrialists in the United States. But her negligence, and embezzlement by a factory manager, resulted in the Iron Clad Manufacturing Co. going bankrupt.[37]

According to biographer Brooke Kroeger:

She ran her company as a model of social welfare, replete with health benefits and recreational facilities. But Bly was hopeless at understanding the financial aspects of her business and ultimately lost everything. Unscrupulous employees bilked the firm of hundreds of thousands of dollars, troubles compounded by protracted and costly bankruptcy litigation.[26]

Back in reporting, she covered theWoman Suffrage Processionof 1913 for theNew York Evening Journal.Her article's headline was "Suffragists Are Men's Superiors" and in its text she accurately predicted that women in the United States would be given the right to vote in 1920.[38]

Bly wrote stories on Europe'sEastern FrontduringWorld War I.[39]Bly was the first woman and one of the first foreigners to visit the war zone between Serbia and Austria. She was arrested when she was mistaken for a British spy.[40]

Death

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Bly's grave in Woodlawn Cemetery

On January 27, 1922, Bly died of pneumonia at St. Mark's Hospital, New York City, aged 57.[26]She was interred atWoodlawn CemeteryinThe Bronx,New York City.[41]

Legacy

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Honors

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In 1998, Bly was inducted into theNational Women's Hall of Fame.[42]

Bly was one of four journalists honored with a US postage stamp in a "Women in Journalism" set in 2002.[43][44]

In 2019, theRoosevelt Island Operating Corporationput out an open call for artists to create a Nellie Bly Memorial art installation onRoosevelt Island.[45]The winning proposal,The Girl PuzzlebyAmanda Matthews,was announced on October 16, 2019.[46]The Girl Puzzleopened to the public in December, 2021.[47]

Nellie Bly depicted as part ofThe Girl PuzzleMonument Honoring Nellie Bly,by artist Amanda Matthews, located in Lighthouse Park on Roosevelt Island in New York City

TheNew York Press Clubconfers an annual Nellie Bly Cub Reporterjournalism awardto acknowledge the best journalistic effort by an individual with three years or fewer of professional experience. In 2020, it was awarded to Claudia Irizarry Aponte, ofTHE CITY.[48]

Theater

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Bly was the subject of the 1946Broadway musicalNellie BlybyJohnny BurkeandJimmy Van Heusen.The show ran for 16 performances.[49]: 310 

During the 1990s, playwright Lynn Schrichte wrote and touredDid You Lie, Nellie Bly?,a one-woman show about Bly.[50]

An opera based on 10 Days in a Madhouse premiered in Philadelphia, PA in September 2023. The music was by Rene Orth and the libretto by Hannah Moscovitch.[51]

Film and television

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Bly has been portrayed in the filmsThe Adventures of Nellie Bly(1981),[52]10 Days in a Madhouse(2015),[53]andEscaping the Madhouse: The Nellie Bly Story(2019).[54]In 2019, theCenter for Investigative ReportingreleasedNellie Bly Makes the News,a short animated biographical film.[55]A fictionalized version of Bly as a mouse named Nellie Brie appears as a central character in the animated children's filmAn American Tail: The Mystery of the Night Monster.[56]

Anne Helmappeared as Nellie Bly in the November 21, 1960,Tales of Wells FargoTV episode "The Killing of Johnny Lash".[citation needed]Julia Duffyappeared as Bly in the July 10, 1983Voyagers!episode "Jack's Back".[citation needed]The character of Lana Winters (Sarah Paulson) inAmerican Horror Story: Asylumis inspired by Bly's experience in the asylum.[57]

Bly was also a subject of Season 2 Episode 5 ofThe West Wingin which First Lady Abbey Bartlet dedicates a memorial in Pennsylvania in honor of Nellie Bly and convinces the president to mention her and other female historic figures during his weekly radio address.[58]

Bly has been the subject of two episodes of theComedy CentralseriesDrunk History.The second-season episode "New York City" featured her undercover exploits in the Blackwell's Island asylum,[59]while the third-season episode "Journalism" retold the story of her race around the world against Elizabeth Bisland.[60]

On May 5, 2015, the Google search engine produced an interactive "Google Doodle" for Bly; for the "Google Doodle"Karen Owrote, composed, and recorded an original song about Bly, and Katy Wu created an animation set to Karen O's music.[61]

Audio drama

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Nellie’s story was adapted into a Doctor Who audio drama by Big Finish Productions, released on 8 September 2021.The Perils of Nellie Blywas the second story in a three story box set, and was written by Sarah Ward.[62]Nellie was portrayed by actress Sydney Feder.[citation needed]

Literature

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Bly has been featured as the protagonist of novels byDavid Blixt,[63]Marshall Goldberg,[64]Dan Jorgensen,[65]Carol McCleary,[66]Pearry Reginald Teo,Maya Rodale,[67]Christine Converse[68]and Louisa Treger[69]David Blixtalso appeared on a March 10, 2021 episode of the podcast Broads You Should Know as a Nellie Bly expert.[70]

A fictionalized account of Bly's around-the-world trip was used in the 2010 comic bookJulie Walker Is The Phantompublished by Moonstone Books (Story:Elizabeth Massie,art: Paul Daly, colors: Stephen Downer).[71]

Bly is one of 100 women featured in the first version of the bookGood Night Stories for Rebel Girlswritten by Elena Favilli & Francesca Cavallo.[72]

Eponyms and namesakes

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The board gameRound the World with Nellie Blycreated in 1890 is named in recognition of her trip.[73]

The Nellie Bly Amusement Park in Brooklyn, New York City, was named after her, taking as its themeAround the World in Eighty Days.The park reopened in 2007[74]under new management, renamed "Adventurers Amusement Park".[75]

A large species oftarantulafromEcuador,Pamphobeteus nellieblyaeSherwoodet al.,2022, was named in her honour by arachnologists.[76]

AfireboatnamedNellie Blyoperated inToronto, Canada,in the first decade of the 20th century.[77]From early in the twentieth century until 1961, thePennsylvania Railroadoperated anexpress trainnamed theNellie Blyon a route between New York andAtlantic City,bypassing Philadelphia.

  • A steam tug named after Bly served as afireboatinToronto,Ontario, Canada.[77]
  • Cover of the 1890 board gameRound the World with Nellie Bly

Works

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Within her lifetime, Nellie Bly published three non-fiction books (compilations of her newspaper reportage) and one novel in book form.

  • Bly, Nellie (1887).Ten Days in a Mad-House.New York: Ian L. Munro.
  • Bly, Nellie (1888).Six Months in Mexico.New York: American Publishers Corporation.
  • Bly, Nellie (1889).The Mystery of Central Park.New York: G. W. Dillingham.
  • Bly, Nellie (1890).Nellie Bly's Book: Around the World in Seventy-two Days.New York: The Pictorial Weeklies Company.

Between 1889 and 1895, Nellie Bly also penned twelve novels forThe New York Family Story Paper.Thought lost, these novels were not collected in book form until their re-discovery in 2021.[78]

  • Eva The Adventuress(1889)
  • New York By Night(1890)
  • Alta Lynn, M.D.(1891)
  • Wayne's Faithful Sweetheart(1891)
  • Little Luckie, or Playing For Hearts(1892)
  • Dolly The Coquette(1892)
  • In Love With A Stranger, or Through Fire And Water To Win Him(1893)
  • The Love Of Three Girls(1893)
  • Little Penny, Child Of The Streets(1893)
  • Pretty Merribelle(1894)
  • Twins & Rivals(1895)

See also

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References

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  1. ^Bernard, Diane (July 28, 2019)."She went undercover to expose an insane asylum's horrors. Now Nellie Bly is getting her due".The Washington Post.
  2. ^"American Experience".PBS.Archivedfrom the original on March 5, 2017.RetrievedSeptember 6,2017.
  3. ^Kroeger 1994,pp. 3 & 5.
  4. ^"Nellie Bly"(PDF).Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera.Archived(PDF)from the original on November 1, 2013.RetrievedJuly 20,2013.
  5. ^"Nellie Bly Historical Marker".Explore PA History.WITF-TV.Archivedfrom the original on April 15, 2016.RetrievedJuly 20,2013.
  6. ^Cridlebaugh, Bruce S."Cochran's Mill Rd over Licks Run".Bridges and Tunnels of Allegheny County and Pittsburgh, PA.Archivedfrom the original on August 28, 2017.RetrievedJuly 20,2013.
  7. ^Kroeger 1994,p. 3.
  8. ^"Nellie Bly Biography".Biography.A&E Television Networks.RetrievedJanuary 27,2021.
  9. ^Kroeger 1994,p. 25.
  10. ^Englert, John; Houser, Regan (1994)."The New American Girl".IUP Magazine.12(4). Indiana University of Pennsylvania: 4–7.Archivedfrom the original on May 1, 2010.RetrievedApril 8,2020.
  11. ^abcdFritz, Arthur."Nellie Bly, (1864–1922)".Nellie Bly Online.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2016.RetrievedApril 7,2014.
  12. ^"Young and Brave: Girls Changing History".National Woman's History Museum.Archivedfrom the original on September 6, 2015.RetrievedApril 7,2014.
  13. ^abJone Johnson Lewis."Nellie Bly".About.Archived fromthe originalon February 11, 2017.RetrievedApril 7,2014.
  14. ^abTodd, Kim(2021).Sensational: the hidden history of America's "girl stunt reporters".New York: Harper. p. 17.ISBN978-0062843616.OCLC1244546167.
  15. ^abSimkin, John (September 1997)."Nellie Bly".Spartacus Educational.Archivedfrom the original on April 3, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 24,2018.
  16. ^Adrian Room (2010).Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins(5th ed.). McFarland. p. 182.ISBN978-0786457632.
  17. ^Kroeger 1994,pp. 43–44.
  18. ^"Nellie on the Fly".The Attic.January 26, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on April 23, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 1,2019.
  19. ^Bly, Nellie (1889)."Chapter XXVI".Six Months in Mexico.New York: American Publishers Corporation – viaWikisource.
  20. ^abLutes, Jean Marie (2002)."Into the Madhouse with Nellie Bly: Girl Stunt Reporting in Late Nineteenth-Century America".American Quarterly.54(2): 217–253.doi:10.1353/aq.2002.0017.ISSN1080-6490.S2CID143667078.
  21. ^Gregory, Alice (May 14, 2014)."Nellie Bly's Lessons in Writing What You Want To".The New Yorker.Archivedfrom the original on July 19, 2019.RetrievedAugust 23,2017.
  22. ^abBly, Nellie (1887).Ten Days in a Mad-House.New York: Ian L. Munro. Archived fromthe originalon February 16, 2004.RetrievedOctober 13,2018– via digital.library.upenn.edu.
  23. ^Bell, Jo (2021).On this day she: putting women back into history, one day at a time.Tania Hershman, Ailsa Holland. London. p. 313.ISBN978-1789462715.OCLC1250378425.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ^DeMain, Bill."Ten Days in a Madhouse: The Woman Who Got Herself Committed".mental floss.Archivedfrom the original on May 14, 2019.RetrievedMay 10,2010.
  25. ^Telfer, Tori (2017).Lady Killers: Deadly Women Throughout History.New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 69.
  26. ^abcKroeger 2000.
  27. ^Ruddick 1999,p. 4.
  28. ^abKroeger 1994,p. 146.
  29. ^Ruddick 1999,p. 5.
  30. ^Kroeger 1994,p. 150.
  31. ^"George Francis Train, One of the Few Sane Men in a Mad, Mad World".New England Historical Society.March 2015.
  32. ^Reid, Kerry (February 2, 2021)."Almost 100 Years After Her Death, Nellie Bly Is Back".Chicago Reader.
  33. ^"Nellie Bly | American journalist".Encyclopædia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on August 23, 2017.RetrievedAugust 23,2017.
  34. ^"Nellie Bly, journalist, Dies of Pneumonia".The New York Times.January 28, 1922.Archivedfrom the original on November 15, 2011.RetrievedNovember 29,2011.
  35. ^ab"The Remarkable Nellie Bly".American Oil & Gas Historical Society.Archivedfrom the original on October 4, 2011.RetrievedJuly 20,2013.
  36. ^"Industries – Business History of Oil Drillers, Refiners".Business History.Archivedfrom the original on October 6, 2013.RetrievedJuly 20,2013.
  37. ^Garrison, Jayne."Nellie Bly, Girl Reporter: Daredevil journalist".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on May 8, 2015.RetrievedMay 5,2015.
  38. ^Harvey, Sheridan (2001)."Marching for the Vote: Remembering the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913".American Women.Library of Congress.Archivedfrom the original on February 10, 2013.RetrievedMarch 3,2013.
  39. ^"The remarkable Nellie Bly, inventor of the metal oil drum".Petroleum Age.December 2006. p. 5.
  40. ^Bly, Nellie (January 12, 1915)."American Woman Imprisoned in Austria; Liberated When Identified by Dr. Friedman".Los Angeles Herald.p. 2.RetrievedMay 13,2020.
  41. ^Dunning, Jennifer(February 23, 1979)."Woodlawn, Bronx's Other Hall of Fame".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on January 10, 2018.RetrievedNovember 29,2011.
  42. ^"Elizabeth Jane Cochran – National Women's Hall of Fame".Greatwomen.org. Archived fromthe originalon September 24, 2013.RetrievedJuly 20,2013.
  43. ^"Four Accomplished Journalists Honored on U.S. Postage Stamps".about(Press release). USPS. September 14, 2002. Archived fromthe originalon October 16, 2011.
  44. ^Fletcher, Bertram Julian."Nellie Bly Marguerite Higgins Ethel L. Payne Ida M. Tarbell March Women's History Month Lady Journalists on Postage Stamps".Archivedfrom the original on February 9, 2018.RetrievedFebruary 9,2018.
  45. ^"Nellie Bly Memorial Call for Artists".Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of New York.New York State.RetrievedMarch 2,2021.
  46. ^"Amanda Matthews of Prometheus Art Selected to Create Monument to Journalist Nelly Bly on Roosevelt Island, Press Release".Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of New York.New York State.RetrievedMarch 2,2021.
  47. ^"Monument honoring journalist Nellie Bly opens:" This installation is spiritual "".CBS News.December 11, 2021.RetrievedMarch 24,2022.
  48. ^"New York Press Club Announces its 2020 Journalism Award Winners".nypressclub.org.August 19, 2020.RetrievedNovember 5,2021.
  49. ^Dietz, Dan (2010).Off Broadway Musicals, 1910–2007: Casts, Credits, Songs, Critical Reception and Performance Data of More Than 1,800 Shows.McFarland.ISBN978-0786457311.
  50. ^"Lynn Schrichte".Resourceful Women.Library of Congress.Archivedfrom the original on January 25, 2018.RetrievedJanuary 24,2018.
  51. ^Brodeur, Michael Andor (September 22, 2023)."A reporter feigned madness to expose abuse. Now it's an unnerving opera".Washington Post.RetrievedOctober 1,2023.
  52. ^The Adventures of Nellie BlyatAllMovie
  53. ^"Fearless Feminist Reporter Nellie Bly Hits the Big Screen".Ms. Magazine.November 11, 2015.RetrievedJuly 20,2020.
  54. ^Bentley, Rick (January 17, 2019)."Judith Light hopes 'The Nellie Bly Story' will prompt mental health discussions".Chicago Tribune.RetrievedJuly 20,2020.
  55. ^Reveal 2017.
  56. ^"Nellie Bly".Popular Pittsburgh.February 11, 2015.RetrievedJuly 20,2020.
  57. ^Eidell, Lynsey (October 7, 2015)."All the Real-Life Scary Stories Told on American Horror Story".Glamour.Archivedfrom the original on June 19, 2018.RetrievedJanuary 24,2018.
  58. ^MacIntosh, Selena (July 2011)."Ladyghosts: The West Wing 2.05, 'And It's Surely to Their Credit'".Persephone.Archivedfrom the original on February 5, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 24,2018.
  59. ^"Nellie Bly Goes Undercover at Blackwell's Island".Comedy Central.Comedy Central. July 8, 2014. Archived fromthe originalon January 25, 2018.RetrievedJanuary 24,2018.
  60. ^"Journalism".Comedy Central.Comedy Central. October 20, 2015. Archived fromthe originalon January 25, 2018.RetrievedJanuary 24,2018.
  61. ^"What Girls are Good For: Happy birthday Nellie Bly".May 4, 2015.Archivedfrom the original on May 7, 2015.RetrievedMay 5,2015.
  62. ^"Many happy returns, Peter Davison!".Big Finish.April 13, 2021.RetrievedMay 10,2024.
  63. ^"What Girls Are Good For - A Novel Of Nellie Bly".Next Chapter.September 20, 2019.RetrievedApril 28,2021.
  64. ^"The New Colossus".diversionbooks /ebooks/new-colossus.Archived fromthe originalon April 24, 2014.RetrievedApril 29,2014.
  65. ^Callison, Jill (March 23, 2015)."Author: There's gold in them thar southern Black Hills".USA Today.Archivedfrom the original on January 25, 2018.RetrievedJanuary 24,2018.
  66. ^"Books".Carol McCleary. Archived fromthe originalon May 14, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 24,2018.
  67. ^"The Mad Girls of New York: A Nellie Bly Novel".Maya Rodale.RetrievedJanuary 11,2023.
  68. ^"Bedlam Stories".Archivedfrom the original on October 1, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 24,2013.
  69. ^"Madwoman".
  70. ^Broads You Should Know (2021)."Nellie Bly".
  71. ^"024. Julie Walker: The Phantom (A)".Moonstonebooks.Archivedfrom the original on July 29, 2013.RetrievedJuly 20,2013.
  72. ^Establishment, The (May 22, 2016)."New Book Gives Rebel Girls The Bedtime Tales They Deserve".The Establishment.RetrievedNovember 5,2021.
  73. ^"Round the world with Nellie Bly – The Worlds globe circler".Library of Congress. 1890.Archivedfrom the original on January 25, 2018.RetrievedJanuary 24,2018.
  74. ^"Adventurer's Amusement Park".UltimaterollerCoaster.Archivedfrom the original on July 28, 2015.RetrievedMay 5,2015.
  75. ^"Adventurer's Park Family Entertainment Center – Brooklyn, NY".adventurerspark.Archived fromthe originalon May 3, 2015.RetrievedMay 5,2015.
  76. ^Sherwood, D., Gabriel, R., Brescovit, A. D. & Lucas, S. M. (2022). "On the species of Pamphobeteus Pocock, 1901 deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, with redescriptions of type material, the first record of P. grandis Bertani, Fukushima & Silva, 2008 from Peru, and the description of four new species".Arachnology19(3): 650–674.Online
  77. ^abChris Bateman (2013)."The nautical adventures of the Trillium ferry in Toronto".Blog TO.Archivedfrom the original on August 28, 2018.RetrievedAugust 11,2018.A second fire boat, the Nellie Bly, presumably named after the American journalist famous for her round-the-world trip and exposé piece of US mental health practices, was also involved.'Their combined efforts prevented the fire from spreading,'noted the Star.
  78. ^McKee, Jenn (February 3, 2021)."Ann Arbor Native David Blixt Discovered a Cache of Long Lost Novels by Journalist-Adventurer Nellie Bly".Pulp | Arts Around Ann Arbor.RetrievedNovember 21,2022.

Sources

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Further reading

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Library resourcesabout
Nellie Bly
By Nellie Bly
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nellie_Bly&oldid=1259213848"