Wikipedia

Komeito

(Redirected fromNew Komeito Party)
For the earlier incarnation of this political party, seeKōmeitō (1962–1998).

Komeito(Công minh đảng,Kōmeitō),formerlyNew Komeito(NKP) and commonly referred to as simplyKomei,is apolitical party in Japanfounded by members of the Buddhist movementSoka Gakkaiin 1964.[16][17]It is generally consideredcentristandconservative.Since 2012, it has served in government as the junior coalition partner of the nationalist and conservative governments led by theLiberal Democratic Party.[18]

Komeito
Công minh đảng
LeaderTetsuo Saito
Deputy LeadersToshiko Takeya
Kazuyoshi Akaba
Shigeki Sato
Secretary-GeneralMakoto Nishida
Councilors LeaderMasaaki Taniai
Founded7 November 1998;26 years ago(1998-11-07)
Merger ofKōmeitō (1962)
New Peace Party
Reform Club[ja]
Headquarters17 Minamimoto-machi,Shinjuku,Tokyo160-0012
NewspaperKomei Shimbun
Membership(2024)450,000[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre[B][4]
ReligionBuddhism(Soka Gakkai)[5](de facto)
Colors
  • Pink
  • Blue[a][b]
SloganĐại chúng と cộng に[c][6]
('With the Public')
Councillors
27 / 248
Representatives
24 / 465
Prefectural assembly members
206 / 2,644
Municipal assembly members[7]
2,667 / 29,135
Website
^A:Komeito embracesmarket liberalismto some extent, but it also emphasizessocial welfare,[8]and officially puts forward "Humanitarian socialism" as its main ideology.[9]
^B:Komeito is also sometimes described ascentre-left[12]orright-wing.[15]

Keiichi Ishiihas been the president of the party since 28 September 2024.[19]Komeito currently has 24 elected Deputies in the JapaneseHouse of Representatives.

History

edit
See also:Kōmeitō (1962–1998)

Opposition before 1993

edit

Komeito began as the Political Federation for Clean Government in 1961, but held its inaugural convention as Komeito on 17 November 1964.[20][21]The three characters công minh đảng have the approximate meanings of "public/government" ( công kō), "light/brightness" ( minh mei), and "political party" ( đảng tō). The combination "kōmei" ( công minh ) is usually taken to mean "justice".[22][additional citation(s) needed] Komeito's predecessor party,Kōmeitō,was formed in 1962, but it had begun in 1954 as the Kōmei Political League. It lasted until it merged with the NKP in 1998.[23]

In 1957, a group of Young Men's Division members campaigning for a Soka Gakkai candidate in an Osaka Upper House by-election were arrested for distributing money, cigarettes, and caramels at supporters' residences, in violation of election law, and on July 3 of that year, at the beginning of an event memorialized as the "Osaka Incident,"Daisaku Ikedawas arrested in Osaka. He was taken into custody in his capacity as Soka Gakkai's Youth Division Chief of Staff for overseeing activities that constituted violations of election law. He spent two weeks in jail and appeared in court forty-eight times before he was cleared of all charges in January 1962.[24]

In 1968, fourteen of its members were convicted of forging absentee ballots in Shinjuku, and eight were sentenced to prison forelectoral fraud.In the 1960s it was widely criticized for violating theseparation of church and state,and in February 1970 all three major Japanese newspapers printed editorials demanding that the party reorganize. It eventually broke apart based on promises to segregate from Soka Gakkai.[25][26][27]

In the 1980s,Shimbun Akahatadiscovered that many Soka Gakkai members were rewarding acquaintances with presents in return for Komeito votes and thatOkinawaresidents had changed their addresses to elect Komeito politicians.[28]

Anti-LDP coalition government: 1993–1994

edit

Kōmeitō joined the Hosokawa and Hata anti-LDP coalition cabinets in 1993 and 1994. After the collapse of the anti-LDP and anti-JCPgovernments (Phi tự dân ・ phi cộng sản liền lập chính 権) and the electoral and campaign finance reforms of 1994, the Kōmeitō split in December 1994: The "New Kōmei Party"(Công minh tân đảng,Kōmei Shintō)joined theNew Frontier Party(NFP) a few days later in an attempt to unify the splintered opposition.[29]The other group, Kōmei(Công minh),continued to exist as a separate party. After the dissolution of the NFP in December 1997, former Kōmeitō members from the NFP founded two new groups: the "New Peace Party"(Tân đảng bình thản,Shintō Heiwa)and the "Dawn Club"(Sáng sớm クラブ,Reimei Club)in the House of Councillors, but some ex-Kōmeitō politicians such as Shōzō Azuma followed Ichirō Ozawa into theLiberal Party.The Reimei Club merged into the New Peace Party a few weeks later in January 1998. Finally, in November 1998, Kōmei and New Peace Party merged to re-establish Kōmeitō (referred to in English now as "New Komeito" – the party's name is justKōmeitōas before the 1994 split).

TheJapan Echoalleged in 1999 that Soka Gakkai distributed fliers to local branches describing how to abuse thejūminhyōresidence registration system in order to generate a large number of votes for Komeito candidates in specific districts.[30]

Coalition with the Liberal Democratic Party: 1999–2009, 2012–present

edit
Komeito activists canvassing in front ofHimeji Castle

The current conservative, more moderate, and centrist party was formed in 1998, in a merger of Kōmei and the New Peace Party. Since then it has joined coalition with the rulingLiberal Democratic Party(LDP), which needs Komeito to maintain a majority in the Diet (especially in the House of Councillors which the LDP lost majority since 1989), and did well in the 2000 and 2001 parliamentary elections.

The LDP-Liberal coalition expanded to include the New Komeito Party in October 1999.[31]New Komeito has been (and continues to be) a coalition partner in the Government of Japan since 1999 (excluding 2009–2011 when the Democratic Party of Japan was in power). As such, New Komeito supported a (temporary) change to Japan's "no-war constitution"in order for Japan todeploy troopsin support of the2003 invasion of Iraq.[32]

In the2003 Japanese general electionand2004 Japanese House of Councillors election,the NKP did well, thanks to an extremely committed and well-organized voter base coming from Soka Gakkai. The party shares its support base with the LDP, made up of white-collar bureaucrats and rural populations, but also gained support from religious leaders. However, on 27 July 2005, NKP's Secretary-General said that his party would consider forming a coalition government with theDemocratic Party of Japan(DPJ) if the DPJ gained a majority in the House of Representatives. On 8 August 2005, then-Prime Ministerand the president of LDPJunichiro Koizumidissolved theLower Houseand called for a general election, due to the rejection on some of the members of LDP for efforts to privatizeJapan Post.The incumbent LDP-New Komeito coalition won a large majority in the2005 general election.

Natsuo Yamaguchibecame the party's leader on 8 September 2009 after the party and their coalition partner LDP suffered a major defeat in the2009 general election,become part of the opposition for the first time since 1999. New Komeito lost ten seats, including that of party leaderAkihiro Otaand general secretaryKazuo Kitagawa.On 8 September 2009, Yamaguchi replaced Ota as president of New Komeito.[33]

In thegeneral electionon 16 December 2012, the LDP/Komeito coalition secured asupermajorityand came back into government. The former party chief Akihiro Ota (Ohta) is currently Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.[34]The party also gained seats in thegeneral election in 2014.In September 2014 the party changed its English name from New Komeito back to Komeito.[35][36]

In July 2015, Komeito backed Prime MinisterShinzō Abe's push torevise the Constitutionin order to "give Japan's military limited powers to fight in foreign conflicts for the first time sinceWorld War II".[attribution needed]This legislation, supported by theUnited States,would allow the "Self-Defense Forcesto cooperate more closely with the U.S. by providing logistical support and, in certain circumstances, armed backup in international conflicts "and" complements guidelines in a bilateral agreement governing how Japanese andUnited States forceswork together, which was signed by the two nations "earlier in 2015.[37]

On March 11, 2019, a project team of Komeito submitted proposals to Foreign MinisterTaro Konofor an international agreement to regulaterobotic weapons,[38][39]calling on Japan to build global consensus for a "political declaration or a code of conduct, within the framework of theConvention on Certain Conventional Weapons".[40]

Ideology and policies

edit

A self-proclaimed party of "humanitarian socialism,"[citation needed]Komeito's declared mission is to pioneer "people-centered politics, a politics based on ahumanitarianism,that treats human life with the utmost respect and care ".[41]On 24 April 2019, joint task force efforts with its coalition partner[42][43][44]resulted in the passing of a bill mandating reparations and having the coalition government issue a formal apology to sterilization victims of the defunctEugenic Protection Act,thus to advance human rights awareness in the wake of lawsuits[45][46]related to the history ofeugenics in Japan.[47][48][49][50]

Religious scholar and political analyst Masaru Satō explains that in postwar Japan there were two major parties, theLiberal Democratic Partyrepresenting financial interests and large corporations and theJapan Socialist Partylargely advocating the interests of trade unions and the working class. There was no single party that represented people who belonged to neither, such as shop owners and housewives, among others. Komeito was thus able to capture the support of this constituency.[51]

Relationship withSoka Gakkai

edit

Komeito regards theSoka Gakkaias a "major electoral constituency",[52]having formally separated from the religious group and revised both its platform and regulations in 1970 to reflect a "secular orientation".[53]: 117 Observers continue to describe Komeito as the Soka Gakkai's "political arm",[54][55][56][57]however, and critics contend the relationship violates the separation of religion and politics enshrined in Article 20 of theJapanese Constitution.[58]The leadership and financing of the two groups are currently said to be independent.[53]: 123–27 Both groups report having occasional liaison meetings, characterizing them as informational and "open to the media".[52][59]Numerous Japanese religious groups have established political parties in Japan, but statistics scholar Petter Lindgren states that "None have, however, been more successful than Soka Gakkai."[60]

Domestic policy

edit

Domestically, the party proposals include reduction of the central government andbureaucracy,increased transparency in public affairs, and increased local (prefectural) autonomy with theprivate sectorplaying an increased role. Komeito also supports reducing the consumption tax rate, reducing school fees and offering child allowances.[61]

In accordance with its public affairs transparency platform, it was reported that since September 2016, the Komeito conducted independent analyses for possible environmental contamination of the proposedToyosumarket site.[62]The Komeito officially raised its environmental concerns later regarding Toyosu market during the 5 October 2016 Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly Session. In response, the newly appointed Tokyo Governor,Yuriko Koike,cited possible disciplinary action towards those responsible for the Toyosu project.[63]

Security policy

edit

In contrast with the LDP, Komeito has generally been more cautious about efforts to expand the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF).[64]At its founding, the party adhered to absolute pacifism, rejecting both the constitutionality of the JSDF and the military alliance with the US.[61]Later softening its views, Komeito later backed LDP proposals such as a 2004 vote to dispatch the JSDF to support allied operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, and prime minister'sShinzo Abe's revision of the security laws to expand military powers in July 2015,[37]although it did manage to moderate the policy on the latter.[61][65]

Foreign policy

edit

With regard to foreign policy, the Komeito wishes to eliminatenuclear armsand Japanese involvement inarmed conflictin general. Komeito supports maintaining theJapan's military alliance with the United States.[64]

The party promotes closer relations betweenChina and Japan.According to aForeign Policyarticle in 2021, "Of all parties in the Diet, Komeito enjoys the strongest and most stable relationship with China."[61]Komeito's then leaderYoshikatsu Takeiri's held negotiations Chinese PremierZhou Enlaiin the 1970s played a critical role in the eventual normalization of relations between the People's Republic of China and Japan in 1972.[61]The party has advocated for friendlier policies towards China, and has maintained communications with the country even during moments when the relationships between the two countries have been strained.[61]

The party reportedly advocates for improved ties with China and South Korea in light ofJapan's historical war crimesin both territories. In 2013, the party's chief representative Natsuo Yamaguchi praised Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's decision not to visitYasukuni Shrine,where Japanese war criminals are enshrined.[66]On thecomfort womenissue, in 2016 the party reportedly advocated for removingYoshitaka Sakuradafrom a leadership position after Sakurada denied that the women were forced to work.[67]

Party organ

edit

The party organ of Komeito is theKomei Shinbun.It is published by the Komei Organ Paper Committee,[68][69]and has also published a regional Hokkaido edition in the past.[70]

Leadership

edit

Current leadership

edit

Leadership as of 9 November 2024:[71]

Position Name
Permanent Advisors Natsuo Yamaguchi
Keiichi Ishii
Leader Tetsuo Saito
Deputy Leaders Toshiko Takeya
Kazuyoshi Akaba
Shigeki Sato
Secretary General Makoto Nishida
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Kazuyoshi Akaba
Chairman of the Policy Research Council Mitsunari Okamoto
Chairman of the Caucus in the House of Councillors Masaaki Taniai
Election Strategy Committee Chairman Nobuhiro Miura
Diet Affairs Committee Chairman Hidemichi Satō

List of presidents

edit
No. Name
(Birth–death) 		Constituency / title Term of office Image Prime Minister(term) Government/
opposition
Took office Left office
New Komei Party (1994–1998)
1 Kōshirō Ishida
(1930–2006)		 Rep for
Aichi 6th		 5 December 1994 9 December 1994 Murayama1994–96 Opposition
Komei (1994–1998)
1 Tomio Fujii
(1924–2021)		 Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly
forShinjukudistrict		 5 December 1994 18 January 1998 Murayama1994–96 Opposition
Hashimoto1996–98
2 Toshiko Hamayotsu
(1945–2020)		 Cou for
Tokyo at-large		 18 January 1998 7 November 1998
Obuchi1998–2000
New Peace Party (1998)
1 Takenori Kanzaki
(b. 1943)		 Rep for
Fukuoka 1st		 4 January 1998 7 November 1998 Hashimoto1996–98 Opposition
Obuchi1998–2000
Reimei Club (1998)
1 Kazuyoshi Shirahama
(b. 1947)		 Cou for
Osaka at-large		 4 January 1998 18 January 1998 Hashimoto1996–98 Opposition
New Komeito (1998–2014)
1 Takenori Kanzaki
(b. 1943)		 Rep for
Fukuoka 1st
(1983–2005)
Kyushu PR block
(2005–2010)		 7 November 1998 30 September 2006 Obuchi1998–2000 Opposition
until
5 October
1999
(Obuchi First reshuffled cabinet)
Governing coalition
since
5 October
1999
(Obuchi Second reshuffled cabinet)
Mori2000–01
Koizumi2001–06
Abe S.2006–07
2 Akihiro Ota
(b. 1945)		 Rep for
Tokyo 12th		 30 September 2006 8 September 2009
Fukuda Y.2007–08
Asō2008–09
3 Natsuo Yamaguchi
(b. 1952)		 Cou for
Tokyo at-large		 8 September 2009 25 September 2014 Hatoyama Y.2009–10 Opposition
Kan2010–11
Noda2011–12
Abe S.2012–20 Governing coalition
Komeito (2014–present)
1 Natsuo Yamaguchi
(b. 1952)		 Cou for
Tokyo at-large		 25 September 2014 28 September 2024 Abe S.2012–20 Governing coalition
Suga2020–2021
Kishida2021–2024
2 Keiichi Ishii
(b. 1958)		 Rep for
Northern Kanto PR block		 28 September 2024 9 November 2024 Ishiba2024–present
3 Tetsuo Saito
(b. 1952) 		Rep for
Hiroshima 3rd 		9 November 2024 Incumbent

Election results

edit

House of Representatives

edit
House of Representatives
Election Leader No. of
candidates 		Seats Position Constituency votes PR Block votes Status
No. ± Share No. Share No. Share
Komei era
1996 Komei faction 51
42 / 511
 9 8.2% seeNew Frontier Party Opposition
(until 1998)
Governing coalition
(since 1998)
New Komeito era
2000 Takenori Kanzaki 74
31 / 480
 11 6.4% 3rd 1,231,753 2.02% 7,762,032 12.97% Governing coalition
2003 55
34 / 480
 3 7.0% 3rd 886,507 1.49% 8,733,444 14.78% Governing coalition
2005 52
31 / 480
 3 6.4% 3rd 981,105 1.4% 8,987,620 13.3% Governing coalition
2009 Akihiro Ota 51
21 / 480
 10 4.3% 3rd 782,984 1.11% 8,054,007 11.45% Opposition
2012 Natsuo Yamaguchi 54
31 / 480
 10 6.4% 4th 885,881 1.49% 7,116,474 11.90% Governing coalition
Komeito era
2014 Natsuo Yamaguchi 51
35 / 475
 4 7.3% 4th 765,390 1.45% 7,314,236 13.71% Governing coalition
2017 53
29 / 465
 6 6.2% 4th 832,453 1.50% 6,977,712 12.51% Governing coalition
2021 53
32 / 465
 3 6.8% 4th 872,931 1.52% 7,114,282 12.38% Governing coalition
2024 Keiichi Ishii 50
24 / 465
 8 5.2% 6th 730,401 1.35% 5,964,415 10.93% Governing minority

House of Councillors

edit
House of Councillors
Election Leader Seats Nationwide
(PR votes since 1983) 		Prefecture Status
Total[d] Contested Number % Number %
Komei era
1995 Tomio Fujii
11 / 252
0 / 126
 Did not participate in election Minority
1998 Toshiko Hamayotsu
22 / 252
9 / 126
 7,748,301 13.80% 1,843,479 3.30% Minority (until 1999)
Governing majority (since 1999)
New Komeito era
2001 Takenori Kanzaki
23 / 247
13 / 121
 8,187,804 14.96% 3,468,664 6.38% Governing majority
2004
24 / 242
11 / 121
 8,621,265 15.41% 2,161,764 3.85% Governing majority
2007 Akihiro Ota
20 / 242
9 / 121
 7,765,329 13.18% 3,534,672 5.96% Governing minority (until 2009)
Minority (since 2009)
2010 Natsuo Yamaguchi
19 / 242
9 / 121
 7,639,432 13.07% 2,265,818 3.88% Minority (until 2012)
Governing minority(since 2012)
2013
20 / 242
11 / 121
 7,568,082 14.22% 2,724,447 5.13% Governing majority
Komeito era
2016 Natsuo Yamaguchi
25 / 242
14 / 121
 7,572,960 13.52% 4,263,422 7.54% Governing majority
2019
28 / 245
14 / 124
 6,536,336 13.05% 3,913,359 7.77% Governing majority
2022
27 / 248
13 / 125
 6,181,432 11.66% 3,600,490 6.77% Governing majority

See also

edit

Literature

edit
  • Ehrhardt, George, Axel Klein, Levi McLaughlin and Steven R. Reed (2014) (Eds.): Kōmeitō – Politics and Religion in Japan. Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley
  • Fisker-Nielsen, Anne Mette (2012),Religion and Politics in Contemporary Japan: Soka Gakkai Youth and Komeito,Routledge

Notes

edit
  1. ^as New Komeito
  2. ^still used on English website
  3. ^Taishū to tomo ni
  4. ^The Upper house is split in two classes, one elected every three years.

References

edit
  1. ^"Đảng điểm chính"[Party Overview].Komeito.Retrieved28 October2024.
  2. ^George Ehrhardt; Axel Klein; Levi McLaughlin, eds. (2014).Kōmeitō: Politics and Religion in Japan.Institute of East Asian Studies. p. 67.
  3. ^Lucien Ellington, ed. (2009).Japan.ABC-CLIO.p. 168.ISBN9781598841626.... Because of this political strength, the Liberal Democratic Party has in recent years included the moderate to socially conservative Komeito Party in coalition governments.
  4. ^
  5. ^Metraux, Daniel A. (1996), "The Soka Gakkai: Buddhism and the Creation of a Harmonious and Peaceful Society",Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia,State University of New York Press, p. 386
  6. ^"Công minh đảng"[Komeito].komei.or.jp(in Japanese).Retrieved28 July2019....Kết đảng tới nay の スローガン『Đại chúng とともに』 の tinh thần こそ,...
  7. ^Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications,party membership statistics for chief executives and assembly members in prefectures and municipalities:Prefectural and local assembly members and governors/mayors by political party as of 31 December 2023
  8. ^"The hidden power of Komeito on Japanese politics".East Asia Forum.3 December 2021.Retrieved26 January2022.Observers can expect Kishida to avoid difficult debates over security policy, expand social welfare spending, and consider only limited social reforms to satisfy Komeito.
  9. ^Tam đính bản, thế giới đại bách khoa sự điển nội ngôn cập, デジタル đại từ tuyền, tinh tuyển bản nước Nhật ngữ đại từ điển, Nhật Bản đại bách khoa toàn thư (ニッポニカ), đặt lại tân bản thế giới đại bách khoa sự điển, bách khoa sự điển マイペディア,ブリタニカ quốc tế đại bách khoa sự điển tiểu hạng mục sự điển, biết huệ tàng, sơn xuyên Nhật Bản sử tiểu từ điển đặt lại tân bản, vượng văn xã Nhật Bản sử sự điển."Công minh đảng (コウメイトウ)とは? Ý vị や sử い phương".コトバンク(in Japanese).Retrieved30 May2024.Sang 価 học được を duy trì cơ thể mẹ とした nửa đường chính đảng. Nhân gian tính xã hội chủ nghĩa の thật hiện を yết げている. [ đằng giếng chính ・ Igarashi nhân ]{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^"Công minh đảng は an bảo pháp chế の “Xỉ ngăn め” か “Chất xúc tác” か "[Which is the Komeito party "stop" or "catalyst" in security legislation?]. 16 April 2015.Retrieved23 January2021.
  11. ^Paul, Nadeau (26 April 2023)."Cracks in the Machine: The Future of the LDP-Komeito Coalition".Tokyo Review.Retrieved16 June2024.Komeito has often pushed the LDP towards the center-left, particularly on economic issues like issuing stimulus payments to low-income households during the COVID-19 pandemic or measures to offset the impact of the consumption tax hike.
  12. ^[10][11]
  13. ^"Japan: Return of the Right".Frontline.11 January 2013.Retrieved21 February2020.The LDP will be ruling in coalition with another right-wing party—the Komeito.
  14. ^Jeffrey Haynes (2020).Politics of Religion: A Survey."the NKP is a right-wing, conservative party with religious goals."
  15. ^[13][14]
  16. ^Klein, Axel; McLaughlin, Levi (2 September 2020). Pekkanen, Robert J; Pekkanen, Saadia M (eds.)."Kōmeitō: The Party and Its Place in Japanese Politics".The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Politics.doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190050993.001.0001.ISBN9780190050993.Retrieved11 February2021.
  17. ^Matsutani, Minoru (2 December 2008)."Soka Gakkai keeps religious, political machine humming".The Japan Times, Ltd.Retrieved11 May2019.
  18. ^Yoshida, Reiji (18 December 2012)."LDP charges back, vows to regain voter confidence".The Japan Times, Ltd.Retrieved12 May2019.
  19. ^"Ishii to head Komeito in first leadership change in 15 years".The Japan Times.18 September 2024.Retrieved20 September2024.
  20. ^Harano, Jōji (25 November 2014)."Kōmeitō Turns Fifty: A History of Political Twists and Compromises".Nippon.The Nippon Communications Foundation.Retrieved12 May2019.
  21. ^"About Us: History".Komeito.Retrieved12 May2019.
  22. ^"justice - Jisho.org".jisho.org.Retrieved10 July2022.
  23. ^"History | About Us | KOMEITO".komei.or.jp.Retrieved10 July2022.
  24. ^"Commitment to Privacy".Archived fromthe originalon 12 May 2014.Retrieved19 February2015.
  25. ^Kabashima, Ikuo; Steel, Gill (17 August 2012).Changing Politics in Japan.Cornell University Press. p. 38.ISBN978-0801457630.Other smaller parties include Komeito (the party officially became known as New Komeito in 1998), a party that Soka Gakkai formed in 1964 from its precursor, the Komei Political League.
  26. ^McCormick, John (2012).Comparative Politics in Transition.Cengage Learning. p. 179.ISBN978-1111832575.
  27. ^Jeffrey HaynesRoutledge Handbook of Religion and PoliticsPage 17 "Talking to young Japanese people one normally gets very little sense of enthusiasm about Buddhism, and few people seem to take seriously the notion that the New Komeito Party is a Buddhist political party. The Komeito or 'Clean Government Party'..."
  28. ^Kira, Yōichi (1986).Jitsuroku: Sōka Gakkai = Nanatsu no daizai(Shohan. ed.). Tōkyō: Shin Nihon Shuppansha.ISBN4406013881.
  29. ^Tun-Jen Cheng, Deborah A. BrownReligious Organizations And Democratization: Case Studies2006 Page 279 "The demise of the Shinshinto into a variety of new splinter parties, including a revived Komeito (now called" New Komeito "), and increasing public dissatisfaction with the LDP-created political chaos. This situation was compounded by the..."
  30. ^Endou, Kôichi (August 1999)."The Kômeitô: A Virus Infecting the Body Politic".Japan Echo.Archived fromthe originalon 26 May 2000.Retrieved28 April2014.
  31. ^Politics of Japan#Political Developments since 2000
  32. ^Kliman, Daniel M. (2006).Japan's Security Strategy in the Post-9/11 World: Embracing a New Realpolitik(Volume 183 of Praeger Security International Series Volume 183 of Washington papers, ISSN 0278-937X ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group.ISBN0275990591.
  33. ^Ito, Masami (8 September 2009)."Ailing New Komeito taps policy chief as new Boss".The Japan Times, Ltd.Retrieved8 August2012.
  34. ^"Akihiro OHTA (The Cabinet) – Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet".kantei.go.jp.Retrieved19 March2018.
  35. ^"New Komeito drops 'New' from its name".Japan Today.28 September 2014.Retrieved28 April2017.
  36. ^"Komeito removes 'New' from party name".The Japan Times, Ltd. Jiji. 25 September 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 30 August 2016.Retrieved2 February2017.
  37. ^abSoble, Jonathan (16 July 2015)."Japan Moves to Allow Military Combat for First Time in 70 Years".The New York Times.Retrieved19 March2018.
  38. ^"Japan's Komeito political party seeks international regulations on robotic weapons".The Japan Times, Ltd. Jiji Press. 11 March 2019.Retrieved21 July2019.
  39. ^Kiyomiya, Ryo (14 March 2019)."Japan to seek global rules on autonomous 'killer robots'".The Asahi Shimbun. Archived fromthe originalon 4 July 2020.Retrieved21 July2019.
  40. ^"Japan's Komeito political party seeks international regulations on robotic weapons".The Japan Times, Ltd. Jiji. 11 March 2019.Retrieved21 July2019.
  41. ^(New Komeito, 2002)
  42. ^"LDP, Komeito mull bill to compensate disabled for forced sterilization under old law".The Mainichi Newspapers. The Mainichi. 21 February 2018.Retrieved21 July2019.
  43. ^"Victims sterilized under Japan's eugenics law to get ¥3.2 million each under state redress plan".The Japan Times, Ltd. Kyodo News. 14 March 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 26 November 2020.Retrieved21 July2019.
  44. ^"Remorse, Apology to Be Clarified in Relief Bill for Sterilization Victims".Nippon Communications Foundation. Jiji Press. 31 October 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 21 July 2019.Retrieved21 July2019.
  45. ^"Lawsuits over Japan's past forced sterilizations prompt ruling bloc to consider compensation ahead of court rulings".The Japan Times, Ltd. Kyodo News. 29 June 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 20 July 2019.Retrieved20 July2019.
  46. ^Siripala, Thisanka."Japan's Forced Sterilization Victims Hit Back With a Wave of Lawsuits".The Diplomat.Retrieved21 July2019.
  47. ^"Diet passes relief bill for the many victims of forced sterilization".The Asahi Shimbun. 24 April 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 20 July 2019.Retrieved20 July2019.
  48. ^"Diet passes bill to pay ¥3.2 million each to victims forcibly sterilized under Japan's eugenics law".The Japan Times, Ltd. Kyodo News. 24 April 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 8 November 2020.Retrieved21 July2019.
  49. ^Rich, Motoko; Inoue, Makiko (25 April 2019)."Japan to Compensate Forcibly Sterilized Patients, Decades After the Fact".The New York Times.Retrieved20 July2019.
  50. ^Katz, Brigit."Japan Offers Apology and Compensation to Victims of Forced Sterilization".Smithsonian.The Smithsonian.Retrieved20 July2019.
  51. ^Sato, Masaru (2017).A Transforming Force.Japan: Daisanbunmei-sha, Inc. p. 30.
  52. ^ab"About Us: On Politics and Religion".Komeito.Retrieved16 November2016.
  53. ^abAruga, Hiroshi (2000). "Chapter 4: Soka Gakkai and Japanese Politics". In Machacek, David; Wilson, Bryan (eds.).Global Citizens.Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-924039-6.
  54. ^Métraux, Daniel A. (1994).The Soka Gakkai Revolution.Lanham: University Press of America. pp. 42, 55.
  55. ^Corduan, Winfried (22 October 2012).Neighboring Faiths: A Christian Introduction to World Religions.InterVarsity Press. p. 479.ISBN978-0-8308-3970-4.The Komeito severed its organizational ties to SG in 1970, but has nonetheless remaind the political arm of Sokka Gakkai in Japan
  56. ^Palmer, A. (6 December 2012).Buddhist Politics: Japan's Clean Government Party.Springer Science & Business Media. p. 13.ISBN978-94-010-2996-4.even today, the Clean Government Party can hardly be called more than the "political arm" of Soka Gakkai
  57. ^Rich, Motoko; Notoya, Kiuko; Ueno, Hisako (26 October 2024)."For First Time in Decades, Japan Votes in a Knife-Edge Election".The New York Times.New York, United States.Retrieved27 October2024....Komeito, a political affiliate of Soka Gakkai, a Buddhist sect.
  58. ^Okuyama, Michiaki (Spring 2010)."Soka Gakkai As a Challenge to Japanese Society and Politics"(PDF).Politics and Religion.IV(1): 84. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 26 February 2015.After its religious orientation was criticized by journalists and questioned in the Diet around 1970, Komeito declared that it would follow the constitutional principle of the separation between religion and state, officially separating Soka Gakkai and Komeito. But this issue continues even today as one of the targets of criticism against Soka Gakkai and Komeito.
  59. ^Soka Gakkai Annual Report 2015 (Report). Soka Gakkai Public Relations Office. 1 February 2015. p. 72.Hiệp nghị sẽ では, công minh đảng から, đảng の phương châm, thái độ, quyết định chờ について thuyết minh があり, それに đối して học được が ý kiến, muốn vọng を thuật べる. [At the council, Komeito explains the party's policies, attitudes, decisions, etc., and the Gakkai gives opinions and requests.]
  60. ^Lindgren, Petter Y. (2016). "Komeito's security ideals and collective self-defense: betwixt pacifism and compromises".East Asia.33(3): 235.doi:10.1007/s12140-016-9256-8.S2CID148386681.
  61. ^abcdefHarris, Tobias; McLaughlin, Levi (4 November 2021)."The Small Pacifist Party That Could Shape Japan's Future".Foreign Policy.Retrieved22 October2023.
  62. ^"Tokyo gov't investigating underground water at Toyosu fish market site".GPlusMedia Inc. Japan Today. 16 September 2016.Retrieved19 October2017.
  63. ^"Koike vows to punish officials who botched Toyosu market".The Asahi Shimbun Company. 6 October 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 19 October 2017.Retrieved19 October2017.
  64. ^abRyall, Julian (29 October 2021)."Tricky Tokyo-Beijing relations weigh on Japan's political parties as Kishida seeks mandate in lower house election".South China Morning Post.Retrieved7 August2022.
  65. ^Mette Fisker-Nielsen, Anne (1 November 2016)."Has Komeito Abandoned its Principles? Public Perception of the Party's Role in Japan's Security Legislation Debate".The Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus.14(21, #3).
  66. ^"Yamaguchi: PM Abe true to previous administrations on war, 'comfort women' | Komei News (October 19, 2013)".Komeito.Retrieved24 June2024.
  67. ^"Politicians react to LDP legislator's remark that 'comfort women' were prostitutes".Mainichi Daily News.15 January 2016.Retrieved24 June2024.
  68. ^"Công minh (Komei)".NDL-OPAC (National Diet Library – Online Public Access Catalog).National Diet Library of Japan.Retrieved2 July2016.
  69. ^Công minh tin tức. Kōmei shinbun.OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.OCLC45443281.
  70. ^Công minh tin tức Hokkaido bản(Komei Shinbun – Hokkaido ed.). National Diet Library [of Japan]. 1996.Retrieved2 July2016.{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help)
  71. ^"Lâu dài dịch viên sẽ".Komeito(in Japanese).Retrieved11 November2024.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komeito&oldid=1262182920"