Wikipedia

Nighthawk (Marvel Comics)

Nighthawkis the name of severalfictionalcharactersappearing inAmerican comic bookspublished byMarvel Comics.There have been several versions of the character: twosupervillains-turned-superheroesfrom the mainstreamMarvel Universecontinuity(Earth-616),Kyle Richmond(who belonged to theSquadron Sinister) andTilda Johnson(the formerDeadly Nightshade); twoS.H.I.E.L.D.agents,Jackson F."Jack"NorrissandJoaquin Pennyworth;five fromalternate universes,who belonged to various incarnations of theSquadron Supreme,includingKyleandNeal RichmondofEarth-712,and anAfrican-Americanversion of Kyle Richmond fromEarth-31916who primarily killswhite supremacistsand mentors Tilda upon travelling to Earth-616; and asimulacrumof Kyle Richmond created byMephistoand programmed by the Power Elite to serve as a member of theSquadron Supreme of America,under the command ofPhil Coulson.

In theMarvel Cinematic Universe(MCU),Scoot McNairyplays impersonator Jackson Norriss in the live-actionshort filmAll Hail the King(2014), withA. J. Bowenplaying the real Jackson Norris in theweb seriesWHIH Newsfront(2016).

Publication history

edit

Kyle Richmond,the original Nighthawk, debuted as asupervillainin the final panel ofThe Avengers#69 (October 1969). This story is the first chapter of a three-issuestory arcby writerRoy ThomasandpencillerSal Buscema.The arc introduced the supervillain team theSquadron Sinister,whose four members were loosely based on heroes inDC Comics'Justice League of America,with Nighthawk based onBatman.[1]

Following this arc, Nighthawk pursues a solo career, next appearing inDaredevil#62 (March 1970). Here, Richmond attempts through underhanded means to tarnish DD's reputation and supplant him. Daredevil tricks Richmond into revealing his criminal activities to the public and, after a battle atop a subway, Nighthawk makes good his escape.

Nighthawk next appears in the superhero team titleThe Defenders#13–14 (May–July 1974), he goes to the titular supergroup for help against his former teammates, and joins the team the following issue.DefenderswriterLen Weinsaid that adding Nighthawk to the group "gave me a character to play with who didn't have a whole lot of previous history... [a] character I could do anything I wanted to without worrying about how it would affect any other titles that character might appear in."[2]

Nighthawk appeared on a regular basis inThe Defendersand a number of other Marvel titles. A long-range story arc inThe Defenders,beginning in 1979, has Nighthawk under criminal investigation. WriterEd Hanniganlater revealed he planned to end this story arc with Nighthawk being put in prison "for good", but his run on the series ended before he could bring this to fruition.[2]

Defenders writerDavid Anthony Kraftsaid, describing Nighthawk's role in the team, "Nighthawk so desperately wanted to be the leader. He would be telling everyone what to do, but no one would listen to him! He may be wealthy and can buy all these toys, buthe still gets no respect!"[2]

Nighthawk apparently sacrifices his life inThe Defenders#106 (cover dated April 1982). The supervillainDead Ringerimpersonateshim inCaptain America#429 (July 1994). In the three-issueminiseriesNighthawk(September–November 1998) Richmond is revealed to be alive, but in acomaandbrain dead.Through supernatural means, he is revived and resumes his crime-fighting career. He co-starred in the 12-issue run ofThe Defendersvol. 2 (March 2001–February 2002) and the miniseriesThe Order#1-6 (April–September 2002). Nighthawk formed a short-lived version of the Defenders, with themutantColossus,theBlazing Skull,andShe-Hulk,as part of the Initiative, depicted in the miniseriesThe Last Defenders#1–6 (May–October 2008).

Fictional character biography

edit

Kyle Richmond

edit
Nighthawk
Nighthawk#1 (September 1998), featuring Nighthawk in various costumes.
Art byRichard Case.
Publication information
PublisherMarvel Comics
First appearanceThe Avengers#69 (October 1969)
Created by
In-story information
Alter egoKyle Richmond
SpeciesHuman mutate
Team affiliations
Abilities
  • Superb athlete
  • Mild superhuman strength
  • Enhanced agility and durability from dusk till dawn
  • Jet-powered artificial wing system
  • Artificial claw tips
  • Use of lasers and projectile weapons

Kyle Richmondwas born to two wealthy parents and was brought up by hisgovernesswhile his dad is away. When Kyle's mother died in an accident, his father sent him to boarding school. Due to his family's money, Kyle got into Grayburn College where he became involved with Mindy Williams who helped him focus through his education. One night, Kyle was caught in a drunk-driving crash in which Mindy was killed, and he was kicked out of school and was unable to return. Kyle later became anti-social, and learned that Grayburn College was closed down due to a lack of funds. Kyle Richmond attempted to join the army, but was rejected due to a heart murmur. Afterwards, Kyle received word that his father died in a plane crash and that Kyle has inherited Richmond Enterprises. Kyle turned to finding a cure for his heart murmur and physically training himself.[3]

While drunk, Kyle Richmond concocted analchemyserum that he found in an alchemy volume. The alchemy serum enabled Kyle to gain enhanced strength at night. Kyle took on various sports activities to strengthen his natural abilities where he eventually became Nighthawk. Nighthawk and three othersupervillainsare brought together as theSquadron Sinisterby the cosmic entity theGrandmasterto battle the superhero team theAvengers,which has been forced to act as the champions of the time-traveling conquerorKang the Conqueror.Nighthawk battles the AvengerCaptain America,who outfights the villain. The Avengers eventually defeat the Squadron.[4]

Reunited by thealienNebulon,the villains receive greater power in exchange for the planet Earth, and create a giant laser cannon in theArcticwith a plan to melt thepolar ice capsand flood the entirety of the Earth's surface. Despite being asked to join the venture, Nighthawk asks for the aid of superhero team theDefenders,who prevent the scheme and defeat the villains and Nebulon.[5]

The character suffers several setbacks as a superhero, including being charged withtax evasionandfraudby theUnited Statesgovernment,[6]and arrested by theFBIfor operating as a hero while charges were pending.[7]This stipulation was waived[8]after he was forced to reveal hissecret identity.[9]Nighthawk's cumulative wounds from battle eventually leave himparalyzed.[10]Recovering to the point that he can move atnight,[11]Nighthawk continues to aid the Defenders, until resigning from the team.[12]He is advised he is to be cleared of all charges if a predetermined amount is repaid to the government.[13]

After apparently sacrificing his life to stop an organization bent on decimating the people of theSoviet Union,Richmond turns up alive but comatose. He has avisionof anangelthat facilitates his healing and bestows on him a "second sight", which enables him to see criminal acts before they are committed. In return, he must punish the would-be criminals. Once healed, Richmond becomes Nighthawk once again and fights crime until forced into a confrontation with Daredevil, whom he kills. The "angel" then reveals itself to be the demonMephisto,who transports Nighthawk and Daredevil's corpse toHell,intending to claim Daredevil'ssoul.Nighthawk battles the demons of Hell and manages to revive Daredevil, and together they escape.[14]Asorcererlater purges him of Mephisto's gift.[15]

After an adventure withFantastic Fourmember theThing[16]Nighthawk discovers his abilities are increasing, and learns that his former Squadron Sinister teammateSpeed Demonhas joined the superhero team theNew Thunderbolts.After encountering teammateHyperion,apparently resurrected after being thought dead, and a newDoctor Spectrum(Alice Nugent), Nighthawk briefly joins the New Thunderbolts,[17]but upon discovering he is being used for his fortune, leaves and rejoins the Squadron Sinister.[18]That team learns that the Grandmaster, using an interdimensional source of superhuman abilities, the Wellspring of Power, has been increasing the team-members' powers. After a battle between the Squadron and the New Thunderbolts, Nighthawk and the other members of the Squadron Sinister scatter and escape.[19]

Nighthawk is initially opposed to theSuperhuman Registration Actduring theCivil Warstoryline. Following the death of superheroBlack Goliathat the hands of thecyborg clone of Thoron the Pro-Registration Side, Nighthawk joins the Pro-Registration Side,[20]but is defeated in a skirmish with Anti-Registration heroes Falcon andStorm.[21]

During the "Fear Itself"storyline, Nighthawk joinsHoward the Duck,She-Hulk andFrankenstein's Monsterto form the Fearsome Four whenMan-Thingis driven on a rampage. They later discover a plot byPsycho-Manto use Man-Thing's volatile empathy to create a weapon.[22]

Jackson F. "Jack" Norriss

edit
Nighthawk
Publication information
PublisherMarvel Comics
First appearanceThe Incredible Hulk#126 (January 1970)
Created by
In-story information
Alter egoJackson F. Norriss
SpeciesHuman
Team affiliationsS.H.I.E.L.D.

Jackson F. "Jack" Norrissand his wifeBarbaraworked with the original Nighthawk and theDefenders.[volume & issue needed]He later became aS.H.I.E.L.D.file-clerk,[volume & issue needed]and then agent often going by the codename Nighthawk.[volume & issue needed]He then went on to be a TV reporter forInside America.[volume & issue needed]He helped psychiatrist Andrea Sterman uncover a conspiracy involvingRoxxon Oil,theCommission on Superhuman Activities,S.H.I.E.L.D.,Nomad,and the Thunderbolts.[23]

Joaquin Pennyworth

edit
Nighthawk
Publication information
PublisherMarvel Comics
First appearanceThe Last Defenders#1 (May 2008)
Created by
In-story information
Alter egoJoaquin Pennysworth
SpeciesHuman mutate
Team affiliationsDefenders
Abilities
  • Highly trained agent
  • Olympic-level athlete
  • Wears special high tech suit

After Richmond joins the US government'sFifty State Initiativeof registered heroes as Nighthawk,[24]he forms a short-lived Initiative version of the Defenders with themutantColossus,theBlazing Skull,andShe-Hulk.With She-Hulk andWarlord Krang,battling the group theSons of the Serpentand culminating in a confrontation with his old Defenders foeYandroth,Yandroth manipulates time and forces Nighthawk to battle a twisted version of his old team, the Squadron Sinister, before being rescued by a future incarnation of the Defenders. Noting that one of the future members isJoaquin Pennyworth,an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the son of the one-time leader of the Sons of the Serpent, Richmond asks him to commence training to become the new Nighthawk, before retiring himself.[25]

Squadron Supreme of America version

edit

A new version of Kyle Richmond is a member of theSquadron Supreme of America.[26]He is revealed to be asimulacrumcreated byMephistoand programmed by the Power Elite to obeyPhil Coulson.Nighthawk was programmed to be in top physical condition while sporting some doubt and jealousy for his teammates enough for him to brood. In his personal time, he is a U.S. congressman elected to the House of Representatives to represent Washington DC.[27]

In the team's first mission, Nighthawk and the Squadron Supreme of America foughtNamorand the Defenders of the Deep, when they targeted a Roxxon oil platform off the coast of Alaska.[28]

Then, the Squadron Supreme visited another oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico. The Squadron Supreme then made short work of Namor and the Defenders of the Deep.[29]

During theWar of the Realmsstoryline, Kyle was at a congressional hearing when a code red was issued that sent the representatives to the tunnels below. He and the other members of the Squadron Supreme of America were summoned to Washington D.C., where Coulson brought them up to speed withMalekith the Accursed's invasion. Nighthawk and the Squadron Supreme of America fight an army ofRock TrollsandFrost Giants.After the Squadron Supreme caused the Frost Giants to retreat, Coulson sends them to Ohio, which has become a battleground.[27]

Nighthawk was with the Squadron Supreme when they attempted to apprehend Black Panther, when he infiltrated the Pentagon to confront Coulson.[30]

During theHeroes Rebornstoryline where reality is altered to feature a world without the Avengers, Nighthawk was with the Squadron Supreme of America when they fought the Masters of Doom. Nighthawk engaged his enemyBlack Skull(a version ofRed Skullpossessed by theVenomsymbiote). Following the fight,Blade(whose memories remained intact) confronted Nighthawk to learn more about this reality. He was unable to get any answers.[31]Nighthawk is later called in by police commissioner Luke Cage to deal with a breakout at Ravencroft. Nighthawk defeats most of them easily, but experiences trouble with the Black Skull (whose symbiote wants to return to Nighthawk) and Deadpool (who intends to kill him despite being ordered not to by the breakout's mastermind the Goblin). After defeating the Black Skull and Deadpool, Nighthawk confronts the Goblin, who exposes the former's partnerDr. Gwen Stacy/Nightbirdto Goblin Gas in order to make her kill Nighthawk. While Nighthawk cures Stacy and spares the Goblin, the villain commits suicide while revealing to Nighthawk how the world has changed. Following this, Nighthawk returns to his headquarters to review Ravencroft's surveillance footage and discovers Blade and Captain America helped Lopez escape. Later, Black Panther assumes the Ronin alias and breaks into the Squadron's headquarters to steal their files. After fighting Nighthawk, he escapes and joins Blade's group.[32]Nighthawk was with the Squadron Supreme of America when they discuss their encounters with various heroes and concerns about their world being wrong. Putting aside their differences and without telling President Coulson, they gather clues and rule out suspects before eventually arriving in Wakanda where they confront the Avengers.[33]Nighthawk and the rest of the Squadron Supreme are defeated by the Avengers after a fight with them. When reality is returned to normal, Nighthawk and the Squadron Supreme of America find their memories transferred to their counterparts in the Avengers' reality and struggle to find their place in an unfamiliar world.[34]

During theInfinite Destiniesstoryline, Nighthawk stalksNick Fury Jr.and wants him to bring his world back.[35]He proceeds to captureStarin order to pull it off.[36]Nick Fury Jr. defeats Nighthawk who manages to escape.[37]

As Nighthawk is being driven around by his Life Model Decoy servants while noting that his entire life is a lie, his car is then intercepted by Black Panther who has noted his nocturnal crime-fighting and outdriving the Sun. Black Panther is told by Nightwing that he resigned as the ambassador to Wakanda because "Kyle Richmond never existed" and states that he was just a "straw man" that the devil created while Nighthawk was real. Black Panther notes that they have a mutual dislike of Mephisto for his role in the alternate reality. As Black Panther needs every ally he can kind with Mephisto going Multiversal, Nighthawk takes up Black Panther's offer as Black Panther resigns as Chairman of the Avengers for an undisclosed leave of absence. Later in New York City, Nighthawk crashes the worshiping of the Serpent Society at their old Serpent Solutions headquarters. The rest of the Avengers arrive to find Nighthawk had defeated the Serpent Society. The portal that the Serpent Society summoned opens asMephisto's dog form. Nighthawk mentioned that the serpent was one of Mephisto's forms as he plans to put Mephisto down. After Mephisto makes the Council of Red known to them, the Avengers hold a vote and allow Nighthawk to join the Avengers. He states that they will need a time machine for where they can trigger a confrontation with the Council of Red. He then proceeds to join the Avengers in confronting the Serpent Society after they escaped from police custody and are killing people while making their way across the Brooklyn Bridge.[38]

Tilda Johnson

edit
Main article:Tilda Johnson

After meeting theNighthawk of Earth-31916and helping him defend Chicago from a group of white nationalists called the True Patriots,Tilda Johnsondecides to reform her image as the supervillain Nightshade and train under Nighthawk.[39]Sometime later, they helpHawkeyeandRed Wolfafter they find barrels of epidurium, a synthetic skin used to build Life-Model Decoys, on a truck that was hijacked. They go to an abandoned coal factory where they end up being attacked by armed soldiers led byNick Fury.It's later revealed that Nick Fury, as well asDum Dum Dugan,Gabe Jonesand the other agents, are Life-Model Decoys. They later thwart an attack by gunmen attempting to rob the base. After defeating the gunmen, Tilda decides to join Hawkeye and Red Wolf on the Avengers, saying her goodbyes to Nighthawk.[40]

During theSecret Empirestoryline, while Hawkeye joins the Underground resistance followingHydra's takeover in the United States, the rest of the team gather their own resistance army to help the people in rural areas that are being affected by Hydra's cruel treatment. Tilda is revealed to have become the new Nighthawk, after the Nighthawk of Earth-31916 was killed by Hydra soldiers. After several successful victories, the resistance heads to a secret base inSouth Dakotaand prepares for their next attack until Hydra forces raid the base. During the battle, Red Wolf and Tilda have a private conversation, in which both confess their feelings for each other, and they share a kiss. They then head out to help the resistance defeat Hydra.[41]

Powers and abilities

edit

Nighthawk is a superbathletewho, courtesy of an alchemical potion, possesses enhanced strength and increased agility and durability from dusk till dawn. He has also used several costume aids, such as a jet-powered artificial wing system, artificial claw tips,lasersand projectile weapons.

Other versions

edit

Kyle Richmond (Earth-712)

edit

Roy Thomas and pencillerJohn Buscemacreated analternate-universeteam of heroes called theSquadron Supreme,who debut inThe Avengers#85 (February 1971). After an initial skirmish with four Avengers, the teams unite to stop a common threat.[42]The characters (including Nighthawk) were identical in name and appearance to the Squadron Sinister, which caused confusion in Marvel's production department, as the covers ofThe Avengers#85 and #141 (November 1975) "cover-blurbed" appearances by the Squadron Sinister, when in fact it was the Squadron Supreme that appeared in both issues.

The heroic Nighthawk and the Squadron Supreme have another series of skirmishes with the Avengers engineered by the group theSerpent Cartel,but eventually team together and prevent the use of theartifacttheSerpent Crown.[43]The character and his teammates briefly feature in the titleThor,when the evil version ofHyperionattacks the Earth-712 version and then the Thunder God Thor.[44]

Richmond later retires as Nighthawk, feeling that he can better serve the public good as a politician, eventually becoming President of the United States. However, President Richmond is mentally assaulted by the alien entity known as theOver-Mind,who nearly obliterates the real Richmond's mind and then embarks on a campaign of world domination via an artificial duplicate of the President. The real Richmond is rescued by a psychic entity from Earth-616 with ties to that world's Kyle Richmond, and reconstructs his mind to make him temporarily believe that he is the Nighthawk of Earth-616 (then presumed deceased by his teammates in the Defenders). When the other Squadron members, save for Hyperion, are mind-controlled by the Overmind (who itself is later revealed to be a pawn of another alien menace, Null the Living Darkness), Hyperion and Nighthawk recruit the Defenders to help free the Squadron and defeat the alien threat. When the Richmond working with the Overmind is revealed to be artificial, Nighthawk recalls his true identity and rejoins the Squadron Supreme.[45]

The Squadron's Earth lies in shambles after the Overmind's attempt to conquer the world. Led by Hyperion, the Squadron believe they have the knowledge and power to recreate the world and create autopia.Nighthawk resigns in protest, believing that the Squadron should serve and not rule; he also ponders assassinating Hyperion to try to halt the Squadron's plans before they begin. At a joint press conference, Richmond resigns as President of the United States and the Squadron announces its plans to the public; Richmond comes prepared to kill Hyperion, but cannot bring himself to do so. The Squadron assumes control of theUnited Statesand remakes the nation into a virtual utopia. The team implements a series of sweeping changes, including revealing their secret identities; instituting a program ofbehavior modificationin prisons; enforcing a strict gun control policy, and developing medical technology to resurrect the dead.[volume & issue needed]

Predicting a nightmarish outcome to the Squadron's so-called "Utopia Program", Nighthawk attempts in vain to solicit the aid of the Avengers,[46]and then recruits former Squadron foes and newly emerged superhumans to form a team called the Redeemers. They eventually confront the Squadron, and a brutal battle ensues in which several members of both teams are killed, including Nighthawk. A horrified Hyperion realizes Nighthawk was in fact right and ends the battle, and the Squadron disband and release control of the United States to the government.[volume & issue needed]

The Earth-712 Nighthawk lacks superhuman powers but possesses extensive training and uses a variety of advanced weaponry.

Neal Richmond (Earth-712)

edit

When the remnants of the Squadron Supreme returns to their home universe[47]in theone-shotSquadron Supreme: New World Order,they encounter a new Nighthawk, adopted son of Kyle Richmond and biological son of Kyle's foe theHuckster.The Squadron's reality is now dominated by corporations using the Squadron's own Utopia technologies, with the characters eventually reinstatingdemocracy.For years prior to the Squadron Supreme's return, Neal had organized and supervised a resistance force dubbed the "Nighthawks" who battle the Blue Eagles enlisted by the corporate New World Order. Nighthawk later joins the Squadron.[48]

Nighthawk and the Squadron come into conflict with a new government wheninterdimensionalteam theExilesreveal that the government rigged the election with worldwide votefraud.The Squadron and the Exiles depose the new government, and attempt to allow society to progress without superhuman involvement.[49]

This character lacks powers but possesses extensive training and uses a variety of advanced weaponry.

Earth X

edit

InEarth X,Kyle Richmond is an elderly retired superhero. Kyle Richmond's eyes, given by a disguisedMephisto,allow him to see into the future. He dictates what he sees to his colleague,Isaac Christians,so that a record can be kept of what will become of history. The Earth-9997 version lacks powers but possess extensive training and use a variety of advanced weaponry.[50][51]

Ultimate Marvel (Earth-1610)

edit

TheUltimate Marvelalternate universetitleThe Ultimatesfeatures a non-powered version of Nighthawk who is the leader of a version of theDefenders.Nighthawk's only attempt at heroics involves leaping from the shadows at a group of petty criminals – only to break his ankle and be severely beaten.[52]InUltimate Comics: New Ultimates,he and the Defenders are seen to have gained superhuman powers fromLoki.[53]

Kyle Richmond (Earth-31916)

edit

The mature-audienceMarvel MAXimprint showcases the adventures of theEarth-31916version of theSquadron Supreme.This version of Kyle Richmond, anAfrican-American,first appears in the limited seriesSupreme Power,and utilizes hiswealthto train and develop advanced weaponry and devices to aid in his campaign on crime as avigilante.[54]Although the character aids the loose formation of heroes that eventually become theSquadron Supreme,Nighthawk chooses to remain aloof and only interacts with them when necessary. The character also appears in the six-issue miniseriesSupreme Power: Nighthawk,in which he investigates anepidemicofdrug addictioninChicago,and learns it is the work ofserial killerWhiteface. Nighthawk apprehends and executes the criminal, but not before he causes the deaths of the Mayor and his family.[55]

After the 2015 "Secret Wars"storyline, Richmond was transported to the regular Marvel Universe. In 2016 Marvel published a comic featuring the character titledNighthawk,which ran for six issues.[56][57]The character worked on reformingChicagoand targeted racism and police brutality with the aid of ex-supervillainTilda Johnson / Deadly Nightshade.[58][59][60][61]The character also joins the local reality'sSquadron Supreme,assassinating (and resurrecting)Namor.

Nighthawk and Deadly Nightshade later encounterHawkeyeandRed Wolf.[40]He is machine-gunned to death shortly afterwards, and succeeded as Nighthawk by Deadly Nightshade.[41]

In other media

edit

Television

edit
  • The Kyle Richmond incarnation of Nighthawk appears inThe Super Hero Squad Showepisode "Whom Continuity Would Destroy!", voiced byAdam West.[62]
  • The Kyle Richmond incarnation of Nighthawk appears inAvengers Assemble,voiced byAnthony Ruivivar.[63]This version is an alien and tactical strategist who thinks of his team as nothing more than tools; considering himself the architect to Hyperion's hammer. He first appears in a flashback in the episode "Hyperion", in which he and the Squadron Supreme destroy their alien homeworld. In his self-titled episode, Nighthawk disguises himself as S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Kyle Richmond. He and the Squadron Supreme would eventually be defeated by theAvengersand remanded to theVault.[64]

Marvel Cinematic Universe

edit

Several characters inspired by Nighthawk appear in theMarvel Cinematic Universe(MCU)media franchise.

Collected editions

edit
Title Material collected Published date ISBN
Earth X Trilogy Omnibus: Omega Nighthawk(vol.1) #1-3 andParadise X: Heralds#1-3,Paradise X#0-12,Xen,Devils,A,X,Special Edition,Paradise X: Ragnarok#1-2 March 2019 978-1302916220
Supreme Power: Nighthawk Supreme Power: Nighthawk#1-6 July 2006 978-0785118978
Squadron Supreme: Hyperion Vs. Nighthawk Squadron Supreme: Hyperion Vs. Nighthawk#1-4 July 2007 978-0785124344
Nighthawk: Hate Makes Hate Nighthawk(vol. 2) #1-6 January 2017 978-1302901622

References

edit
  1. ^Interview with Roy Thomas and Jerry Bails inThe Justice League Companion(2003) pp. 72–73
  2. ^abcDeAngelo, Daniel (July 2013). "The Not-Ready-For-Super-Team Players: A History of the Defenders".Back Issue!(65).TwoMorrows Publishing:3–16.
  3. ^The Defenders#32.Marvel Comics.
  4. ^The Avengers#69–71 (October–December 1969).Marvel Comics.
  5. ^The Defenders#13–14 (May–July 1974).Marvel Comics.
  6. ^The Defenders#70 (April 1979).Marvel Comics.
  7. ^The Defenders#81 (March 1980).Marvel Comics.
  8. ^The Defenders#87 (September 1980).Marvel Comics.
  9. ^Marvel Team-Up#101 (January 1981).Marvel Comics.
  10. ^The Defenders#93 (March 1981).Marvel Comics.
  11. ^The Defenders#95 (May 1981).Marvel Comics.
  12. ^The Defenders#98 (Aug. 1981).Marvel Comics.
  13. ^The Defenders#103 (January 1982).Marvel Comics.
  14. ^Nighthawk#1–3 (miniseries; September–November 1998).Marvel Comics.
  15. ^The Defendersvol. 2, #2 (February 2001).Marvel Comics.
  16. ^The Thingvol. 2, #1–3 (January–March 2006).Marvel Comics.
  17. ^New Thunderbolts#15–16 (January–February 2006). Marvel Comics.
  18. ^New Thunderbolts#17–18 (March–April 2006),Thunderbolts#100–101 (May–June 2006).Marvel Comics.
  19. ^Thunderbolts#102–108 (July 2006–January 2007).Marvel Comics.
  20. ^Civil War: Front Line#1–11 (August 2006–January 2007).Marvel Comics.
  21. ^Black Panthervol. 4, #25 (April 2007).Marvel Comics.
  22. ^Fear Itself: Fearsome Four#1–4 (June–September 2011).Marvel Comics.
  23. ^Thunderbolts#49 (April 2001).Marvel Comics.
  24. ^Avengers: The Initiative#1 (June 2007).Marvel Comics.
  25. ^The Last Defenders#1–6 (May–October 2008).Marvel Comics.
  26. ^The Avengers#700 (November 2018).Marvel Comics.
  27. ^abThe Avengersvol. 8 #18 (April 2019).Marvel Comics.
  28. ^The Avengersvol. 8 #10 (November 2018).Marvel Comics.
  29. ^Free Comic Book Day 2019 #Avengers(May 2019).Marvel Comics.
  30. ^The Avengersvol. 8 #21 (July 2019).Marvel Comics.
  31. ^Heroes RebornVol. 2 #1. Marvel Comics.
  32. ^Heroes RebornVol. 2 #5. Marvel Comics.
  33. ^Heroes RebornVol. 2 #7. Marvel Comics.
  34. ^Heroes Return#1. Marvel Comics.
  35. ^Thor Annual#1. Marvel Comics.
  36. ^Miles Morales: Spider-Man Annual#1. Marvel Comics.
  37. ^Avengers Annual#1. Marvel Comics.
  38. ^AvengersVol. 8 #55. Marvel Comics.
  39. ^David Walker (w), Ramon Villalobos (p), Ramon Villalobos (i), Tamra Bonvillain (col), VC's Joe Caramagna (let), Katie Kubert (ed).Nighthawk,vol. 2, no. 1 (25 May 2016). United States:Marvel Comics.
  40. ^abOccupy Avengers#3–4 (January–February 2017).Marvel Comics.
  41. ^abOccupy Avengers#8–9 (June–July 2017).Marvel Comics.
  42. ^The Avengers#86 (March 1971).Marvel Comics.
  43. ^The Avengers#141–144 (November 1975–February 1976) & #147–149 (May–July 1976).Marvel Comics.
  44. ^Thor#280 (February 1979).Marvel Comics.
  45. ^The Defenders#112–114 (October–December 1982).Marvel Comics.
  46. ^Captain America#314 (February 1986).Marvel Comics.
  47. ^The Avengersvol. 3, #5–6 (June–July 1998) &Avengers/Squadron Supreme Annual '98.Marvel Comics.
  48. ^Squadron Supreme: New World Order(September 1998).Marvel Comics.
  49. ^Exilesvol. 2,#77–78 (April–May 2006).Marvel Comics.
  50. ^Marvel EncyclopediaVolume 6:Fantastic Four(November 2004).Marvel Comics.
  51. ^Official Handbook to the Marvel Universe:Alternate Universes 2005(September 2005).Marvel Comics.
  52. ^Millar, Mark(w),Hitch, Bryan(a).Ultimatesvol. 2,#6 (August 2002).Marvel Comics.
  53. ^Ultimate Comics: New Ultimates#1 (May 2010).Marvel Comics.
  54. ^Supreme Power#1-18 (January 2003–October 2005).Marvel Comics.
  55. ^Supreme Power: Nighthawk#1–6 (November 2005–April 2006).Marvel Comics.
  56. ^Betancourt, David (September 8, 2016)."What Marvel CancelingNighthawkMeans for Superheroes of Color ".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on October 5, 2016.RetrievedOctober 4,2016.
  57. ^Johnson, Victoria (August 30, 2016)."Marvel'sNighthawkCancelled, Writer David Walker Speaks Out ".Inquisitr.Archivedfrom the original on October 5, 2016.RetrievedOctober 4,2016.
  58. ^Marston, George (May 23, 2016)."Marvel'sNighthawk:A 'Black Superhero in a Country Infected by the Disease of Racism'".Newsarama.Archivedfrom the original on October 5, 2016.RetrievedOctober 4,2016.
  59. ^Narcisse, Evan (May 31, 2016)."Marvel's Version of Batman Comes Back Angrier than Before".Gizmodo.Archivedfrom the original on October 6, 2016.RetrievedOctober 4,2016.
  60. ^Jones, Wil (May 31, 2016)."Marvel's Nighthawk Is a Superhero Who Destroys Racists While Wearing Yeezys".Complex UK.Archivedfrom the original on October 6, 2016.RetrievedOctober 4,2016.
  61. ^Johnson, Jim (May 26, 2016)."Nighthawk#1 ".CBR.Archivedfrom the original on October 5, 2016.RetrievedOctober 4,2016.
  62. ^Parkin, John (July 14, 2010)."TV stars invade Marvel Super Hero Squad".CBR. Archived fromthe originalon May 20, 2011.RetrievedJuly 18,2010.
  63. ^Hope, Stan (2017-02-02)."CW Press | the CW | Frequency |".The CW Press.Archived fromthe originalon 2017-02-02.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017.
  64. ^"Listings: MARVEL'S AVENGERS ASSEMBLE".The Futon Critic. November 9, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  65. ^"First Clip from Marvel's All Hail the King Features a Defenders Easter Egg"[permanent dead link‍].Flickering Myth. January 15, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  66. ^WHIH World News (May 3, 2016).WHIH Breaking News: Attack in Lagos.YouTube.RetrievedMay 4,2016.[dead YouTube link]
  67. ^"Watch:Captain America: Civil War"Attack In Lagos" Viral Clip ".Cosmic Book News. May 3, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on May 6, 2016.RetrievedMay 3,2016.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nighthawk_(Marvel_Comics)&oldid=1271549326"