Wikipedia

Ontario Science Centre

TheOntario Science Centre(OSC;originally theCentennial Museum of Science and Technology) is ascience museumorganization based inToronto,Ontario,Canada. Its original main location, which was permanently closed to the public on June 21, 2024, was located near theDon Valley Parkwayabout 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) northeast ofdowntownonDon Mills Roadin the former city ofNorth York.It was built down the side of a woodedravineformed by one branch of theDon Riverlocated inFlemingdon Park.

Ontario Science Centre
Ontario Science Centre in 2017
Ontario Science Centre is located in Toronto
Ontario Science Centre
Location of the Ontario Science Centre in Toronto
Former name
Centennial Museum of Science and Technology
EstablishedSeptember 26, 1969;55 years ago(1969-09-26)
Location770 Don Mills Road
Toronto,Ontario
M3C 1T3
Coordinates43°43′00″N79°20′18″W/ 43.71667°N 79.33833°W/43.71667; -79.33833
TypeScience centre
AccreditationAssociation of Science and Technology Centers(ASTC)
Visitors900,225[1]
CEOPaul Kortenaar
ChairpersonJohn Carmichael
ArchitectRaymond Moriyama
OwnerGovernment of Ontario
Public transit access
Nearest parkingPaid parking on site
Websitewww.ontariosciencecentre.ca

On April 23, 2023, Premier of OntarioDoug Fordannounced the Ontario government's general plan to replace the Ontario Science Centre with a smaller institution on the Toronto waterfront on theOntario Placesite, which is scheduled to open in 2028.[2][3]The proposal has aroused significant opposition.[2][3][4][5]

An engineering report[6]released on June 21, 2024 found that 2-6% of the roofs were at high risk of collapsing during the winter and recommended repairs, but did not recommend closing the building.[7]The same day, theFord governmentannounced that the site would be closed immediately and permanently, without attempting repairs due to the pending relocation. During construction of the new location, the centre will operate a temporary location and pop-up programming.[8]The decision to close the Don Mills site instead of repairing it was met with significant opposition.[9][7]

History

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Construction and opening

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Planning for the Science Centre started in 1961 during Toronto's massive expansion of the late 1950s and 1960s.[10]In August 1964, Premier of OntarioJohn Robartsannounced the creation of the Centennial Centre of Science and Technology as a Centennial Project.[11]TorontoarchitectRaymond Moriyamawas hired to design the site. Construction started in 1966 with plans to open the Centennial Centre of Science and Technology as part of theCanadian Centennialcelebrations in 1967.[12]

However, construction was not completed in 1967, and the Science Centre did not open to the public until two years later, on September 26, 1969.[13]The official opening was held on the morning of September 27 and attended byVIPs,and was followed by opening to 30,000 invited guests in early afternoon.[11]It opened to the general public on September 28, drawing 9,000 visitors.[11]Itsadvertising sloganat launch was "Come see what would happen ifAlbert EinsteinandWalt Disneyhad gotten together. "[11]

The buildings and design were part of a broader change in Canadian architecture,[14]and remain an example of thebrutaliststyle.[3]

When it first opened, the Science Centre was a pioneer for its hands-on approach to science, along with San Francisco'sExploratoriumand theMichigan Science CenterinDetroit.Unlike a traditional museum, where exhibits are for viewing only, the majority of the exhibits at the Science Centre were interactive, while many others were live demonstrations (e.g. metalworking). The Communications room contained a number of computerized displays, including a very populartic-tac-toegame, run on aPDP-11minicomputer.

By 1974, it hosted about 250,000 students onfield tripsannually.[15]: 82 

Operations from 1990 to 2022

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In 1990, the Ontario Science Centre announced a contract withOmanto design a children's museum. The Ontario Science Centre had agreed to boycottIsraeligoods and services while under contract.[16]The Ontario Science Centre later amended the contract to specify that all goods sold to Oman would be produced in North America.[17]The centre's Director General Mark Abbott was later fired for knowingly signing the original contract.[18]

In 2001, the Centre embarked on a capital project called "Agents of Change", which focused on innovation and renewed about 85% of the Centre's public space, including the creation of seven new experience areas. The Centre received $47.5 million in contributions from the government of Ontario, private sector companies, and individuals. The Agents of Change transformation was completed 2007, culminating with the opening of the Weston Family Innovation Centre and the Teluscape plaza.[19]

In response to theCOVID-19 pandemic in Ontario,the Science Centre received $500,000 from theGovernment of Canadato promoteCOVID-19 vaccineuptake among children and their families.[20]

Facility decay, replacement plans, and closure

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Due to structural decay, the pedestrian bridge was closed by 2023

Due to structural decay, which required closing of the pedestrian bridge leading to the exhibits, ashuttle busline ran from 2023 until the Don Mills site's closure, bringing people from the main entrance to Level 6, the main exhibit area at the bottom of a ravine.[21][22]The detour usedMercedesandFordcustom-builtminibuses.No plans to rebuild or replace the decayed bridge had been announced by the time of the site closure.

On April 18, 2023,Doug Ford,thepremier of Ontario,announced the provincial government's plan to replace the existing Science Centre with a new facility on the Toronto waterfront. This location would be on the grounds ofOntario Place,a formertheme park.[2][23][3]The relocation plan has triggered widespread backlash from many community and professional groups.[2][3][4]The proposed new location would be substantially smaller than the current one, requiring the Science Centre to downsize[23]and potentially remove certain exhibits.[5]Moreover, the relocation would forceLine 5 Eglinton's yet-to-be-openedScience Centre stationto change its name.[24]

Toronto City Councilstrongly opposes the Ontario provincial demolition plans, and is investigating alternative ways to continue museum operations in the current location.[5]The Architectural Conservancy of Ontario (ACO) and Toronto Society of Architects (TSA) have issued separate statements opposing the demolition of the original buildings.[25]A grassroots group called Save Ontario's Science Centre has held rallies and launched a letter campaign for the Ontario government to reverse its decision.[26]

In December 2023, theAuditor General of Ontarioconcluded that the government's relocation decision "was not fully informed and based on preliminary and incomplete costing information, and had proceeded without full consultation from key stakeholders or a clear plan for the existing site".[27]

On June 21, 2024, theMinistry of Infrastructureannounced that the Science Centre's Don Mills location was to be closed effective immediately. An engineering report[28]made public the same day had concluded that 2-6% of the buildings' roofs had been compromised due to water ingress. The report included a recommendation to restrict access to occupied spaces below the compromised roof panels, followed by reinforcement or replacement by October 31. In addition to the emergency repairs, a full repair to the roofs would require at least two years of additional repairs at a minimum budget of $22 million.[29]Safety concerns about the roof material in question,reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete(RAAC), which constitutes 57% of the Science Centre's roof,[30]had caused the temporary or permanentclosure of hundreds of buildings in the United Kingdom in 2023.[29]Approximately 400 public buildings across Ontario contain the material; the OSC buildings are the only buildings in the province that have been closed over such concerns to date, and no other closures were anticipated at the time of the OSC announcement.[31]

Instead of repairs, theFord governmentsaid it would focus on its previously-announced plans to relocate the centre to Ontario Place, with a scheduled opening date of 2028, and thus close the Don Mills facility immediately. The province said it would seek a temporary location to host the centre, with a current target opening date of January 2026.[8][32]The decision to close the Don Mills site instead of repairing it was met with significant opposition by community leaders, Moriyama Teshima Architects (the architectural firm founded by the Centre's designer), and Ford's political opponents.[7]At least three donors with connections to science and technology, includingGeoffrey Hinton,have made donation offers of up to $1 million to cover the costs of the emergency repairs, while Moriyama Teshima Architects offered to provide consulting services related to the repairs at no charge.[33][34][35]As of July 2, 2024,the province had yet to directly respond to these offers, but released a report on July 11.[36]

As of the October 31st vacancy deadline, most of the exhibits had been packed up and moved to storage facilities in Northern Toronto andGuelph,with some now open at a pop up location at theSherway Gardensmall and a soon to open one at the TorontoHarbourfront Centre.Exhibit animals had been re-homed to theToronto ZooandBlack Creek Pioneer Village.According to workers, repairs are underway at the original building, with heating systems repaired and roof fixes ongoing. With many items still remaining and repairs ongoing, the future of the building and potential for a reopening remains unclear.[37]

Grounds

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Building

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Procter & Gamble Great Hall
OMNIMAX Theatre Entrance
Aerial view of the building

Designed in the early 1960s, the original buildings incorporateBrutalistdesigns. The building complex is made up of three main buildings connected by a series ofbridgesandescalatorsset in a parkland of over 40 hectares (100 acres).[15]: 78 The buildings were constructed while avoiding removal or damage to the mature trees in the area, so that "the buildings seem to fit naturally into their environment".[15]: 78 They follow the natural contours of theDon Riverravine, into which the Centre descends. Ontario's onlyIMAX Dometheatre opened in 1996.[38]

The Great Hall is an event venue at the Ontario Science Centre and is home toCloud,a massive, computer-controlledkinetic sculptureby Toronto installation artistDavid Rokeby,which consists of an array of blue and transparent squares that rotate in various ways to simulate the three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.[39]

For most of the time since opening in 1969, the Science Centre has hosted a demonstrationamateur radiostation.[40]Formerly located in the Hall of Space, the station has since been relocated to Level 4 of the Centre, next to the elevator.[41]The station has thecall sign"VE3OSC",[42]and licensed amateur radio operators volunteer there daily from 10 am to 3 pm.

Plaza

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Teluscape, an outdoor plaza next to the main entrance with interactive exhibits

Lotic MeanderbyStacy Levyis an outdoor installation in polished and blasted granite and cast glass set into the solar terrace of the Ontario Science Centre. The work depicts the patterns of water as it moves through a stream bed.[43]In 2007, the Ontario Science Centre unveiled the Teluscape Exploration Plaza, providing several interactive exhibits adjacent to the science centre's exterior main entrance.

FUNtain Aquatic Play

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World's largest outdoor hydraulophone, which is publicly accessible 24 hours-a-day

As originally built, the Science Centre had a large fountain area directly in front of the entranceway, located to create a trafficroundabout.The fountain virtually screened views of the building from the street, and provided cooling for the building.[15]: 78 The original water fountain has been rejuvenated to provide a more welcoming and accessible entrance to the Science Centre. The new plaza, named "Teluscape", was designed by Reich + Petch Architects and EDA Collaborative. It opened to the public on September 20, 2006, and is accessible 24 hours a day.

The new fountain is also ahydraulophonedesigned by installation artistSteve Mann.It is ahydraulic-actionpipe organwhich can be played by anyone walking into the space. Blocking the flow of any one of the 57 water jets in the fountain forces the water across to a corresponding organ pipe, where it makes a loud sound as the water is forced out through the speaking mouth of the pipe. The lowest 12 notes in each pipe division of the organ are visible as pipes arranged in a circle. The North Division consists of stoppedhydrapasons(similar todiapasonsbut running on water rather than air), whereas the South Division pipes are open at both ends (sound emerges from the ends rather than from a mouth as with the North pipes). The North organ console consists of 12 water jets, whereas the south console consists of 45 water jets.

The organ is supplied with water from three Pentair pumps, supplying water at a rate of 130 US gallons per minute (8.2 L/s), each by way of a 3 inches (7.6 cm) diameter water line. Air is supplied from three Ingersol Rand four-cylinder air compressors, each having a 25 horsepower (19 kW) motor. Since the instrument runs on both air and water, it may be regarded as a hybrid hydraulophone and pneumatophone, but because it is played by blocking water jets rather than air holes, it is principally a hydraulophone.

The fountain must be shut down and drained to avoid freezing damage during the cold season. On November 21, 2007, the aquatic play facility was temporarily switched from water operation to air operation, effectively becoming perhaps one of the first pneumatic-play facilities, where visitors can frolic in a fountain of air jets. In this mode of operation, the fountain becomes awind instrument.The hydraulophone may not be operational during the winter months.

As of 2023,the hydraulophone has not been operational, due to algae buildup, leaks, and pump problems.

Exhibitions

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Ontario Science Centre Level 6 Hot Zone

The Science Centre has hosted many travelling exhibits since its opening. In 1982, the exhibitionChina: 7,000 Years of Discoverybroke all attendance records and attracted more than 1.5 million visitors.[38]

In 2003, theStrange Matterexhibition opened,[44]and theBody Worlds 2exhibition attracted almost half a million visitors over five months when it came to the Centre in 2005.[38]The exhibitionFacing Marsran in 2008.[45]The Centre hostedHarry Potter: The Exhibition,a collection of props from the film series in 2010.[46]Leonardo da Vinci's Workshop(2011) featured physical models of da Vinci's inventions, built from drawings in his Codices. It also included interactive touch-screen digital reproductions of his Codices, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.[47]Circus: The Exhibitionran in 2012.[48]Game On 2.0,a video game history exhibition, ran March 9 to September 2, 2013.[49]

In June 2014, the Centre welcomedThe Science of Rock 'N' Roll,which explores how advances in science and technology have revolutionized music. The exhibition features eight areas that comprise different interactive components, historical artifacts, informational walls, documentary videos and more.[50]The exhibition was followed byIn Knowledge We Trust(October 4 to December 7, 2014), which explored the role trust plays in making us willing to share or use the knowledge we receive.[51]

During summer 2015, the Centre hostedMythBusters: The Explosive Exhibition,based on the popular television seriesMythBusters.[52]On June 4, 2016, the Centre hosted a one-day exhibit promoting theNintendo 3DSgameKirby: Planet Robobot,which also featured activities pertaining to theKirbyvideo game seriesand a visit by aperformerin a fullKirbycostume.[53]In 2017, to celebrate the150th anniversary of Canada,the Centre opened the exhibitionCanada 150: Discovery Way,featuring Canadian stories behind transformational inventions and innovations.

Permanent galleries and exhibits

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Simulatedrainforest

The science centre has several hundred interactive and passive permanent exhibits, featuringgeology,the science ofnature(in the west wing),astronomicalscience, how to playmusicandtechnologyin the south wing,human anatomy,communicationandbias,and some miscellaneous artifacts of science.

A Question of Truth

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Level 5 A Question of Truth

A Question of Truthis an exhibit that explores the methodologies, biases, and beliefs of scientific research setup in 2000. The exhibit provides visitors an opportunity to test controversial theories.[54]

AstraZeneca Human Edge

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Level 6 AstraZeneca Human Edge

The AstraZeneca Human Edge replaced the originalhuman anatomygallery, opened in December 2013 with sponsorship fromAstraZeneca.In addition to detailing anatomy, the exhibit explores the possibilities of the human body with activities to simulate the experiences of adventure-seekers, elite athletes, and extreme-sports enthusiasts. There are more than 80 exhibits in the hall, which were all developed and built by the Science Centre's staff with input from more than 120 neuroscience, physiology, bio-mechanics and sports medicine experts.[55]The exhibit also features aclimbing wall.[54]

Cohon Family Nature Escape

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The Cohon Family Nature Escape is an outdoor exhibit, situated within theDon RiverValley to the back of the science centre. The exhibit features a giantBaltimore oriolenest, concrete wall canvas formoss graffiti,and aplayground slidemade from a fallen 125-year-oldeastern white pine.[54]

Forest Lane

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Forest Lane houses a number of trees and tree trunks from across Canada. The exhibit includes a 464-year-oldDouglas fir,with markings on itsgrowth ringsdenoting notable world events during the tree's lifetime.[54]

KidSpark

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Level 4 KidSpark

KidSpark is a designated space for children eight and under to explore and learn through play. The exhibition was opened in 2003.[56]The exhibition also has arolling ball machinebuilt byGeorge Rhoads,and a music studio.[54]

Living Earth

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The Bruce Poon Tip Living Earth Hall

The Living Earth hosts simulated environments around the world, includingrainforests,coral reefs,and caves, including live animals. It was opened in 1993.

Science Arcade

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The Science Arcade is amongst the oldest exhibits at the science centre, having been a permanent fixture in the building since its opening in 1969. The Science Arcade houses a number of "arcade-styled" games.[54]

Space Hall and the Planetarium

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Level 4 Space Hall

The Space Hall was refurbished in the late 2000s and featuresmeteorites from Marsand one of the fewMoon rockson public display in Canada. The Ontario Science Centre also holds Toronto's only operating publicplanetarium,sinceMcLaughlin Planetariumwas closed in 1995.

Weston Family Innovation Centre

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Weston Family Innovation Centre

TheWestonFamily Innovation Centre is an exhibit designed to encourage experimentation, and features exhibits that allow visitors to prototype a new type of shoe, and to test their aviation abilities.[54]The Weston Family Innovation Centre housesPipe Dreamsby Bruce Shapiro, a bubble art installation.[57]

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  • Rock Paper Science Hall (Level 6)
  • The Living Earth (Level 6)
  • Araccoonat the Cohon Family Nature Escape. The outdoor exhibit is located behind the science centre, within theDon Valley.
  • Shergottite,a Martian meteorite

Science School

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The Ontario Science Centre Science School (OSCSS) offers grade 12 University Preparation courses inSTEMsubjects: physics, biology, chemistry, calculus, and advanced functions. All students also complete an interdisciplinary studies credit in science communication while enrolled with the OSCSS. The credits are issued by either theToronto District School Boardor theToronto Catholic District School Board,which also fund the program so it is available at no cost to students from anywhere in Ontario. While at the Science Centre, students earn practicum hours through volunteering and interacting with visitors.[58]

Governance

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As a Crown agency (Crown corporation) of theGovernment of Ontario,the Ontario Science Centre is overseen by Trustees appointed by theLieutenant Governor in Council,who selects[59]not fewer than sixteen and not more than twenty-six trustees, and designates one of them as chair and another as vice-chair.[60]Meetings are held four times a year, and Trustees serve for a term not exceeding three years but may be reappointed for one or more terms.

Affiliations

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The Ontario Science Centre is affiliated with theCanadian Museums Association(CMA),Canadian Heritage Information Network(CHIN), andVirtual Museum of Canada.The Ontario Science Centre is a member of the internationalAssociation of Science-Technology Centers(ASTC).

Cultural references

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Ontario Science Centre was used byDavid Cronenbergas a location for his 1970 filmCrimes of the Future.[61]

Media

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Ontario Science Centre was featured on theRick Mercer Reportin 2016.[62]In hisCBCnews satireprogram,Rick Mercervisited numerous scientists' exhibits, took part in a wildlife conservation show, and partook in a psychological fear study during a workshop there.

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Performance Target Discussions"(PDF).Annual Report 2017–2018.Ontario Science Centre. 2018.RetrievedAugust 3,2019.
  2. ^abcdBozikovic, Alex (April 19, 2023)."Doug Ford's plan to move the Ontario Science Centre to Ontario Place ruins them both".The Globe and Mail.RetrievedApril 21,2023.
  3. ^abcdeWalton, Chris (May 3, 2023)."Raymond Moriyama's Ontario Science Centre could be demolished".The Architect’s Newspaper.RetrievedAugust 17,2023.
  4. ^abMicallef, Shawn (April 23, 2023)."Doug Ford's party built the Ontario Science Centre. That makes his plan to demolish it even more puzzling".Toronto Star.RetrievedAugust 17,2023.
  5. ^abcJeffords, Shawn (July 23, 2023)."Toronto's looking at how to keep Ontario Science Centre where it is — and could run its own".CBC News.RetrievedAugust 17,2023.
  6. ^Rimkus Consultants (June 18, 2024)."Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC) Roof Panel Assessment"(PDF).RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  7. ^abcJones, Ryan Patrick (June 23, 2024)."Rally held as community angered by Ontario Science Centre closure".CBCNews.ca.RetrievedJune 24,2024.
  8. ^abBowden, Olivia (June 21, 2024)."Ontario Science Centre to close immediately: province".CBCNews.ca.RetrievedJune 21,2024.
  9. ^Takagi, Andy; Colley, Mark (June 26, 2024)."Ontario Science Centre: What the report that prompted the surprise shutdown actually says".The Toronto Star.Archivedfrom the original on June 26, 2024.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  10. ^"Ontario Science Centre- Centennial Ontario".archives.gov.on.ca.RetrievedFebruary 10,2020.
  11. ^abcdBradburn, Jammie (September 27, 2019)."'Please touch everything': Inside the opening of the Ontario Science Centre ".TVO.RetrievedApril 21,2023.
  12. ^"Archives of Ontario - Tourism in Ontario: Government and the Tourist Industry - Expansion and Diversification".archives.gov.on.ca.RetrievedFebruary 10,2020.
  13. ^"40 Years of Innovation".Ontario Science Centre. Archived fromthe originalon April 12, 2010.RetrievedAugust 18,2010.
  14. ^Sanderson, Blair (June 29, 2016)."50 years on, centennial buildings still important symbols".CBC.Last Updated: June 29, 2016
  15. ^abcdOmand, Douglas N. (1974). "The Ontario Science Centre, Toronto".Museum International.26(2).Taylor & Francis:76–85.doi:10.1111/j.1468-0033.1974.tb01821.x.
  16. ^Eggertson, Laura (November 15, 1990)."Science Centre's Oman contract boycotted Israel".Kitchener - Waterloo Record. Archived fromthe originalon January 31, 2012.
  17. ^"Cohon rejects blame for science centre deal".Toronto Star. November 21, 1990. Archived fromthe originalon January 31, 2012.
  18. ^Brennan, Pat (November 20, 1990)."The Ontario Science Centre's fired director-general says he should have been sacked in July if a controversial contract he signed was wrong".Toronto Star. Archived fromthe originalon January 31, 2012.
  19. ^"Crossing Boundaries 2010/2011"(PDF).Ontario Science Centre.RetrievedMay 31,2014.
  20. ^Public Health Agency of Canada(June 8, 2022)."Immunization Partnership Fund".Government of Canada.Archivedfrom the original on September 12, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 12,2022.
  21. ^"Map of the Centre".Ontario Science Centre.Ontario Science Centre, an agency of the Government of Ontario.RetrievedAugust 18,2023.
  22. ^"Visitor Tips | Ontario Science Centre".Ontario Science Centre.RetrievedJuly 5,2023.
  23. ^abMorrell, Patrick (April 22, 2023)."Here's the latest on the province's plan to move the Science Centre to Ontario Place".CBC News.RetrievedAugust 17,2023.
  24. ^"Toronto's Eglinton Crosstown is so long overdue it has signs for the doomed Line 3".blogto.RetrievedJuly 5,2023.
  25. ^Lam, Elsa (April 24, 2023)."ACO and TSA advocate to save Ontario Science Centre".Canadian Architect.iQ Business Media Inc.RetrievedAugust 17,2023.
  26. ^Donahue, Ryan (January 31, 2024)."Local communities push back against Science Centre move at Riverdale rally".Toronto Observer.Centennial College.RetrievedMarch 11,2024.
  27. ^"Value-for-Money Audit: Science Centres"(PDF).Office of the Auditor General of Ontario. December 6, 2023.RetrievedMarch 11,2024.
  28. ^"Third Party Reports".Infrastructure Ontario.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  29. ^abBenzie, Robert; Ferguson, Rob (June 21, 2024)."Ford government closing Ontario Science Centre today after report found roof in danger of collapsing".Toronto Star.RetrievedJune 21,2024.
  30. ^Lam, Elsa (June 24, 2024)."Ontario Science Centre doesn't require full closure: A close reading of the engineers' report".Canadian Architect.iQ Business Media Inc.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  31. ^Crawley, Mike."Hundreds of buildings with Science Centre roof panels remain open".CBC News.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  32. ^Jones, Allison (June 26, 2024)."Ontario seeks much smaller home for temporary science centre".CBCNews.ca.The Canadian Press.RetrievedJuly 3,2024.
  33. ^Takagi, Andy (June 24, 2024)."This family is offering $1 million to help fix the Ontario Science Centre. Will Doug Ford consider it?".Toronto Star.RetrievedJune 28,2024.
  34. ^"Wealthy Torontonians are offering more than a million dollars to keep Ontario Science Centre open".National Post.June 25, 2024.RetrievedJune 28,2024.
  35. ^Woodward, Jon (June 27, 2024)."'Godfather' of AI pledges $1 million to fix Ontario Science Centre ".CTVNews.ca Toronto.RetrievedJune 28,2024.
  36. ^Lang, Ethan (July 2, 2024)."Ontario won't say if it will take offers to fix science centre".CBCNews.ca.RetrievedJuly 2,2024.
  37. ^Casey, Liam (November 14, 2024)."Ontario Science Centre workers say goodbye as repairs continue".CBC News.RetrievedNovember 17,2024.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ^abc"Major Moments".Ontario Science Centre.Archived fromthe originalon March 10, 2020.
  39. ^"Art installations".Ontario Science Centre.Archived fromthe originalon August 14, 2012.
  40. ^Sanderson, Neil."Amateur radio station VE3OSC Toronto".RetrievedJanuary 20,2017.
  41. ^"Ontario Science Centre: Volunteer Demos".January 19, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 19,2017.
  42. ^"VE3OSC - Callsign Lookup by QRZ.COM".January 19, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 19,2017.
  43. ^"Stacy Levy • Lotic Meander".Archived fromthe originalon August 17, 2014.RetrievedOctober 28,2014.
  44. ^"Fifteen years on the road— Strange Matter continues its journey".MRS Bulletin.43(6): 458–459. June 2018.Bibcode:2018MRSBu..43..458..doi:10.1557/mrs.2018.137.S2CID243936260.Strange Matter opened to the public at the OSC in Toronto, Canada, on June 28, 2003.
  45. ^"Facing Mars".Ontario Science Centre.Archived fromthe originalon August 22, 2012.
  46. ^"Harry Potter™: The Exhibition to cast a spell on the Ontario Science Centre".Ontario Science Centre. Archived fromthe originalon October 28, 2014.RetrievedMay 31,2014.
  47. ^"Leonardo da Vinci's Workshop: The Exhibition opens at the Ontario Science Centre".Ontario Science Centre.Archived fromthe originalon October 28, 2014.
  48. ^"'The Greatest Show on Earth' at the Ontario Science Centre ".Ontario Science Centre.Archived fromthe originalon October 28, 2014.
  49. ^"Ontario Science Centre Hosts World's Biggest Video Game Celebration with Canadian Premiere of GAME ON 2.0".Ontario Science Centre.RetrievedMay 31,2014.
  50. ^"This summer #ScienceROCKS at the Ontario Science Centre with The Science of Rock 'N' Roll".Ontario Science Centre.Archived fromthe originalon July 23, 2014.
  51. ^"In Knowledge We Trust".Ontario Science Centre.Archived fromthe originalon October 28, 2014.
  52. ^"MythBusters: The Explosive Exhibition".Ontario Science Centre.Archived fromthe originalon March 15, 2015.
  53. ^Hunter, Paul (June 9, 2016)."Kirby came to Toronto to celebrate his new game, Kirby: Planet Robobot".Best Buy.
  54. ^abcdefg"Permanent Exhibit Halls".Ontario Science Centre. 2019.RetrievedSeptember 29,2019.
  55. ^"The AstraZeneca Human Edge".Ontario Science Centre.Archived fromthe originalon December 2, 2013.
  56. ^"ActivIdée".Ontario Science Centre.Archived fromthe originalon August 1, 2012.
  57. ^"Art around the Centre".Ontario Science Centre.Archived fromthe originalon August 1, 2012.
  58. ^"Ontario Science Centre: Science School".Ontariosciencecentre.ca.RetrievedOctober 2,2013.
  59. ^"Order in Council 1188/2016".ontario.ca.RetrievedFebruary 10,2020.
  60. ^"Centennial Centre Of Science And Technology (Ontario Science Centre) - Public Appointments Secretariat".pas.gov.on.ca.RetrievedFebruary 10,2020.
  61. ^"Crimes of the Future (1970) - IMDb".IMDb.
  62. ^Archived atGhostarchiveand theWayback Machine:"Rick at the Ontario Science Centre".YouTube.March 23, 2016.
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