Opening credits

In amotion picture,television programorvideo game,theopening creditsoropening titlesare shown at the very beginning and list the most important members of the production. They are now usually shown as text superimposed on a blank screen or static pictures, or sometimes on top of action in the show. There may or may not be accompanying music. When opening credits are built into a separate sequence of their own, the correct term is atitle sequence(such as the familiarJames BondandPink Panthertitle sequences).

The opening credits ofA Farewell to Arms,based on the 1929 semi-autobiographical novel byErnest Hemingway.

Opening credits to the television cartoon seriesCalvin and the Colonel

Opening credits since the early 1980s, if present at all, identify the major actors and crew, while theclosing creditslist an extensive cast and production crew. Historically, however, opening credits have been the only source of crew credits and, largely, the cast, although over time the tendency to repeat the cast, and perhaps add a few players, with their roles identified (as was not always the case in the opening credits), evolved. The ascendancy of television movies after 1964 and the increasingly short "shelf-life" of films in theaters has largely contributed to the credits convention which came with television programs from the beginning, of holding the vast majority of cast and crew information for display at the end of the show.

In movies and television, the title and opening credits may be preceded by a "cold open,"or teaser (in other words, a brief scene prior to the main acts), that helps to set the stage for the episode or film.

History in cinema

Up until the 1970s, closing credits for films usually listed only a reprise of the cast members with their roles identified, or even simply just said "The End," requiring opening credits to normally contain the details. For instance, the title sequence of the 1968 filmOliver!runs for about three-and-a-half minutes, and while not listing the complete cast, does list nearly all of its technical credits at the beginning of the film, all set against a background of what appear to be, but in fact are not, authentic 19th-century engravings of typicalLondonlife. The only credit at film's end is a listing of most of the cast, including cast members not listed at the beginning. These are set against a replay of some of the "'Consider Yourself"sequence.

Some opening credits are presented over the opening sequences of a film, rather than in a separate title sequence. The opening credits for the 1993 filmThe Fugitivecontinued intermittently over several opening scenes, and did not finish until fifteen minutes into the film. The opening credits for the 1968 filmOnce Upon a Time in the Westlasted for fourteen minutes.

The firstsound filmto begin without any opening credits wasWalt Disney'sFantasia,released in 1940. In the film's general release, a title card and the credit "Color by Technicolor" were spliced onto the beginning of the film, but otherwise there were no credits, although closing credits were added to the 1990 re-release and are on thevideocassette.This general release version has been the one most often seen by audiences. In theroadshowversion of the film, unseen by most audiences until its DVD release, the title card is seen only at the halfway point of the film, as a cue that theintermissionis about to begin. The intermission was omitted in the general release version.

Orson Welles'Citizen Kanebegins with only a title credit. This practice was extremely uncommon during that era.

West Side Story(1961) begins with a shot of an ink sketch of theNew York Cityskyline as it was when the film was made. As the background of the shot changes color several times, we hear an overture medley (not in the original show) of some of the film's songs. As the overture ends, the camera pulls back and we see the title of the film. The rest of the credits are shown asgraffitiat the end.

MostDisney filmsreleased between 1937 and 1981 had all the film-related information in the opening credits, while the closing consisted only of the credit "The End: A Walt Disney Production or Walt Disney Productions". However,Mary Poppinswas the first Disney film to have longerclosing credits,in which all the principal cast members (and the characters that they played) were listed.

MostSoviet filmspresented all film-related information in the opening credits, rather than at the closing which consisted of only a "THE END" (Russian:КОНЕЦ ФИЛЬМА,Konyets Fily-ma) title. A typical Soviet opening credits sequence starts with a film company's logo (such asMosfilmorLenfilm), the film's title, followed by the scenarist (the Soviet Union considered the scriptwriter the principal "auteur" of its films), followed by the director, usually on separate screens, then continuing with screens showing other credits, of varying number, and finally, the film's chief administrator-in-charge, theproduction director(Russian:Директор картины,Direktor kartiny). Following this came the cast, usually in actor-and-role format for all principal and major featured players, and perhaps then a screen only naming, in an Alpha betical cluster, some additional character players. The final credit screen identified the studio corresponding to the logo at the beginning, and the year of the film's production. It could also contain the frame with the technical information about the cinematographic film manufacturer (e.g.,Svema).

This basic method was also followed in most American films from the 1930s through the late 1980s. American films also tended to list the names of the actors before the names of the directors, screenwriters, and other principal crew members. Exceptions were made in the films of directorFrank Capra,whose name was usually billed before the film's title. DirectorVictor Fleming's name was also billed before those of the actors in films such asThe Wizard of Oz,Dr. Jekyll and Mr. HydeandJoan of Arc.Capra, Fleming, andJames Whalewere some of the few directors who received the credit "A [director's name] Production" even though they did not produce their films.

François Truffaut's 1966 filmFahrenheit 451uses spoken opening credits instead of written ones, in keeping with the film's story of a world withoutreading matter,as well asJean-Luc Godard'sContemptof 1963.

George Lucasis credited with popularizing this with hisStar Warsfilms which display only the film's title at the start.His decision to omit opening credits in his filmsStar Wars(1977) andThe Empire Strikes Back(1980) led him to resign from theDirectors Guild of Americaafter being fined $250,000 for not crediting the director during the opening title sequence. However,Hollywoodhad been releasing films without opening credits for many years before Lucas came along, most notablyCitizen Kane,West Side Story,2001: A Space OdysseyandThe Godfather.

"Title-only" billing became an established form for summer blockbusters in 1989, withGhostbusters II,Lethal Weapon 2andThe Abyssfollowing the practice.Clint Eastwoodhas omitted opening credits (except for the title) in every film that he has directed since approximately 1982.

By the 2000s, many major Americanmotion pictureshad done away with opening credits, with many films, such asVan Helsingin 2004 andBatman Beginsin 2005, not even displaying the film title until the closing credits begin.

Credit only

Regular cast memberLorne Greenein the opening credits toBonanza

With regard to television series, it is now an accepted practice to credit regular cast members for every episode of a season, even if they did not appear in each episode. One example is the American television seriesNip/Tuck,in which the appearance of all credited characters is rare. Another television series that credited all regulars for a season in every episode (regardless of whether or not they appeared) wasLost,most notably from season two onward, in which the complete credited cast appeared in only two episodes out of 23. DuringLost's fourth season,Harold Perrineauwas credited for all thirteen episodes, despite only having appeared in five of them (fewer than some guest stars, such asJeff Fahey).

The seriesCharmedalso began by crediting every regular cast member even if they did not appear in the episode. The season two episode "Morality Bites"is the only episode in which only the three leading actresses were credited, and later the male cast members were only credited in the episodes in which they appeared. If a regular actor was not featured in that particular episode, the opening credits were edited with their images omitted and the actors not being credited.

The television seriesPolice Squad!,in keeping with its parodic nature, featured a character who only appeared in the credits ( "...and Rex Hamilton asAbraham Lincoln").

Soap operas

Traditionally, actors in daytimesoap operasare not credited in the episode opening sequences; this has been the case because of the escapist tone of the soap opera genre and as such, producers of soaps did not want cast members credited in the opening sequence in order to keep this intact. The drawback to this is that cast members are often identified by fans as their soap opera personas and not as themselves, as opposed to actors on other television programs who, in many cases, were identifiable by their own name.

In the 2000s, some soap operas began using an opening sequence where the actors are credited.The Young and the Restlesswas the first such show to credit, at least, most of the actors on contract with the series.The Bold and the Beautiful,which is produced by Bell-Phillip Television Productions (a subsidiary ofY&Rproducer Bell Dramatic Serial Company), began crediting all contract cast members in its opening titles in 2004, four years afterThe Young and the Restlessimplemented it (however, unlikeY&R,The Bold and the Beautifulcycles between different title sequences depending on the episode's running time: two that feature credits – including one shorter sequence – and one that does not feature any credits or cast member visuals).ABC Daytimesoaps began implementing the process in October 2002 with the debut of theAll My Children'Scrapbook "opening used until May 2004.One Life to Livebegan featuring character credits within the title sequence during the same time period with its "Blue and White" opening. The most recent soap to include credits for all contract actors in its opening titles wasGeneral Hospitalafter a February 2010 revamp of its opening credits (a credit-less introduction resumed in 2012 with the introduction of a shorter title sequence), though during the final years of its "Faces of the Heart" sequence from April 2003 to September 2004, the names of the main characters were shown alongside video headshots of the cast members in the opening title sequence.

Often, only the Friday episode of a daytime serial would runclosing creditslisting the actors. All performers from the preceding five episodes would be listed. Starting in the 2000s, complete end credits began running more frequently.Days of Our Livesin particular currently credits all actors, those on contract, on recurring status and with guest starring roles on the show that week, alternating every other episode with a closing credit sequence showing the program's crew members; in either instance, either version is shown after the producer, director and writing credits (General Hospital,The Young and the RestlessandThe Bold and the Beautifulcredit all performers during their closing credits, although the latter two only credit recurring and guest cast members are credited for their appearance that week only andGeneral Hospitalmainly credits only main and recurring cast members).

British soaps have never credited cast members or crew members in their opening titles nor do they show video or images of the cast members. However, in recent years these programmes have listed the writers, producers and directors over the first scene of the episode and episode titles if they apply. The opening titles ofHollyoaksfeature regular characters in short (less than one second) scenes intended to capture their character.

Common opening credits order

Further information:Billing (filmmaking)andWGA screenwriting credit system

While there are numerous variations most opening credits use some variation of the basic order.In the absence of opening credits, these roles will often be credited in reverse order at the beginning of theclosing credits.

• (NAME OF THE STUDIO)or(NAME OF THE STUDIO) PRESENTS

Name of thestudiothat is distributing the film and may or may not have produced it (for example, themajor film studioslikeWalt Disney Pictures,Universal Pictures,orWarner Bros.)

• (NAME OF THE PRODUCTION COMPANY)

Name of theproduction companythat actually made the film or name of the investment groups or companies that financed a substantial part of the film (usually credited as "in association with" or "A [production company name] production." ).

• POSSESSORY CREDIT/S

The primary artistic credit for the film. Generally the film director, but sometimes the producer or writer. Normally stylized "A film by [name]" or "A [name] film". Sometimes placed before a title. (E.g. "Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho" ).

• STARRING

Principalactors(sometimes the stars' and director's credits will be reversed, depending on the star's deal with the studio; in other cases, as in theRodgers and Hammersteinfilms, or as in all three film versions ofShow Boat,or, as in many Disney films, the title of the film will be shown before the names of the production company, its possessory credit, and its actors; sometimes, as in many of Cannon's films, the name(s) of the principal actor(s) will be shown before the name(s) of the producer(s), i.e. "The Cannon Grouppresents X in aGolan-Globusproduction of a Y film ").

• (FILM'S TITLE)

Name of the film.

• FEATURINGorWITHorANDorALSO STARRING

Featuredactors.

As a variation some of the below may be noted:

• GOWNS(older movies)
• SOUND RECORDING(older movies)

• CASTINGorCASTING BY

Casting director.Those who are members of theCasting Society of Americawill have thepost-nominal letters"CSA" after their name.

• MUSICorMUSIC COMPOSED BYorORIGINAL SCORE BY

Composer of music.

• VISUAL EFFECTS PRODUCERorVISUAL EFFECTS SUPERVISOR

VFX Studio

• COSTUME DESIGNorCOSTUME DESIGNER

Costume designer.

• EDITORorEDITED BY

Film Editor.Those who are members of theAmerican Cinema Editorswill have thepost-nominal letters"ACE" after their name.

• PRODUCTION DESIGNorPRODUCTION DESIGNER

Production designer.

• DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY

Director of photography.

Members of the following societies will havepost-nominal lettersafter their name:

• American Society of Cinematographers:ASC
• British Society of Cinematographers:BSC

• PRODUCERorPRODUCED BY,EXECUTIVE PRODUCER

Producers,co-producers,executive producers,'also produced by' (credited for various reasons according to contracts and personal scrutiny of the principal producer). Often, though, the name of the producer will be the second-to-last opening credit, just before the writer's name(s) are shown (Pursuant to WGA rules, writer credits are immediately adjacent to the Director.).

Those who have been certified by theProducers Guild of Americathat they actually performed a major portion of the producing duties of the film will have the "Producers Mark"certification mark--thepost-nominal letters"p.g.a." --after their names.

• BASED ON THE BOOK(PLAY, GRAPHIC NOVEL etc.) BYorFROM A PLAY/BOOK BY(older movies)

If based on a book or other literary work.

• BASED ON THE CHARACTERS BYorBASED ON THE CHARACTERS CREATED BY

If based on characters from a book or other media.

• (SCREEN) STORYorSTORY BY

Person who wrote the story on which the script is based, gets "story by" credit, and the first screenplay credit, unless the script made substantial changes to the story.

• WRITER(S)orWRITTEN BYorSCREENPLAYorSCREENPLAY BY

Screenplaywriters. TheWriters Guild of Americaallows only three writing credits on a feature film, although teams of two are credited as one, separated on the credits by an ampersand ( "X & Y" ). If each works independently on the script (the most common system), they are separated by an "and". If more than two persons worked on the screenplay, the credits may read something like "screenplay by X & Y and Z and W," meaning that X and Y worked as a team, but Z and W worked separately.

• DIRECTORorDIRECTED BY

Director.The Directors Guild of America usually permits a film to list only one director, even when it is known that two or more worked on it. Exceptions are made in rare cases such as a death and subsequent replacement of the director mid-productionas well as for established directing teams such as theCoen brothers.

See also

• Acknowledgment (creative arts)
• Broadcast designer
• Character generator
• Closing credits
• Credit (creative arts)
• Digital on-screen graphic(BUG)
• Lower third
• Production logo
• Title sequence
• Cinema Research Corporation

External links

• "Art of the Title".Art of the Title.– A compendium and leading web resource of film and television title design from around the world, including interviews and behind-the-scenes materials.
• "Forget the Film, Watch the Titles".Watch the Titles.– A collection of title sequences and interviews with designers.
• "Greatest TV opening credits of all time".Hitfix.6 March 2014.
• Boxer, Sarah (22 April 2000)."Making a Fuss Over Opening Credits".The New York Times.
• "Screening the Past Novelty Title Sequences in Classical Hollywood Cinema".Latrobe.edu.au.Archived fromthe originalon 17 January 2007.