Operation Rimau

Operation Rimauwas an attack onJapaneseshipping inSingaporeHarbour, carried out by anAlliedcommandounitZ Special Unit,duringWorld War IIusing Australian built Hoehn military MKIIIfolboats.It was a follow-up to the successfulOperation Jaywickwhich had taken place in September 1943, and was again led by Lieutenant ColonelIvan Lyonof theGordon Highlanders,an infantry regiment of theBritish Army.

Operation Rimau
Part of theJapanese occupation of SingaporeduringWorld War II
Operation Rimau commemorative marker, Rockingham, Western Australia
Date 10–16 October 1944 Location SingaporeHarbour; Riau,Indonesia Result Mission failed
Belligerents
Empire of Japan	Z Special Unit
Commanders and leaders
N/A	Ivan Lyon†
Strength
N/A	23 commandos 1junk
Casualties and losses
claimed 3 ships sunk	1 junk scuttled 13 killed or died in custody 10 executed

Originally part of a much larger operation calledOperation Hornbill,the aim of Rimau was to sink Japanese shipping by paddling the folboats in the dark and placinglimpet mineson ships. It was originally intended that motorised semi-submersible canoes, known as "Sleeping Beauties",would be used to gain access to the harbour, however, they resorted to folboats. After the raiding party's discovery by local Malay authorities, a total of thirteen men (including raid commander Lyon) were killed during battles with theJapanese militaryat a number of island locations or were captured and died of their wounds in Japanese captivity. A group of ten commandos were transported toOutram Road Jailin Singapore after capture by the Japanese, were tried on charges ofperfidyandespionagein a Japanesekangaroo courtand executed on 7 July 1945.

Planning

After the success of the earlier Operation Jaywick mission in September 1943, Ivan Lyon started preparing for Operation Rimau. 'Rimau' is the Malay word for 'tiger' and Lyon had a large multi-coloured tiger head tattooed on his chest.

The mission consisted of 23 men with an additional two performing the duties of "conducting officers".

The plan was to:

• deliver commandoes to enemy waters via submarine with 15 one-man, motorised submersible canoes known as "Sleeping Beauties" (SBs) (these could be used on the surface or travel semi-submerged, with the operator's head above the water or fully submerged similar to a small submarine, the operator using artificial breathing apparatus similar to modernScuba divingequipment);
• travel to the uninhabitedMerapas IslandinIndonesiawhich they would use as a base and place enough supplies for three months;
• have the commandoes capture a small local fishing boat;
• sail the boat towardsSingaporeHarbour undetected, disguising the commandos as locals;
• reach the Bay of Kepala Jernih (in theTambelan Archipelago) late on 9 October 1944 for 24 hours to allow an officer to carry out a reconnaissance from Pulau Subar ( "Sisters' Islands");
• the officer was to spend the time observing targets and later rendezvous with the junk to participate in the attack;
• two canoes would travel north to the vicinity of Labon Island to secure a hide for the junk and for another canoe to proceed to Subar;
• after darkness, the crew was to move the junk to an attack base at Labon
• using the "Sleeping Beauties", the party was to attach limpet mines to Japanese ships, sink thirty of them, damage another thirty, and escape to their base onMerapas Islandby paddling their way back in two-manfolboats (collapsible canoes),seventy miles to the east ofSingapore;
• return to a rendezvous with the submarine on 7/8 November 1944 atMerapas Island;
• if the submarine failed to make contact with them it would stay in the area, returning to the designated point every night until 8 December 1944.

The main differences fromOperation Jaywickwere:

• delivering mines by special one-man motorised submersible canoes (called ‘Sleeping Beauties’, or SBs);
• a larger operational team (23 as opposed to 14);
• capturing a boat rather than sailing in one fromAustralia;
• the boat captured did not have an engine.

The members of the team were:

• Lieutenant ColonelIvan Lyon*,
• Lieutenant Commander Donald Davidson, RNVR*;
• Major Reginald Ingleton, RM;
• CaptainRobert Page*;
• Lieutenant Bruno Reymond, RANR;
• Lieutenant Walter Carey – conducting officer,
• Lieutenant Robert Ross,
• Lieutenant Albert Sargent,
• Lieutenant Walter Chapman – conducting officer;
• Sub-Lieutenant Gregor Riggs, RNVR
• Warrant Officer Alfred Warren;
• Warrant Officer Jeffrey Willersdorf – Maintenance Technician.;
• Sergeant Colin Cameron – Maintenance Technician;
• Sergeant David Gooley – Maintenance Technician;
• Corporal Archie Campbell;
• Corporal Colin Craft – signaller;
• Corporal Roland Fletcher – Infantry and Maintenance;
• Corporal Hugo Pace – Infantry and Maintenance;
• Corporal Clair Stewart – signaller;
• Lance Corporal John Hardy – Infantry and Maintenance;
• Able Seaman Walter Falls*;
• Able Seaman Andrew Huston*;
• Able Seaman Frederick Marsh*;
• Private Douglas Warne – Infantry and Maintenance

(* means participated in Operation Jaywick)

Operation

Lyon and his men left their base inGarden IslandinWestern Australiaaboard the British submarineHMSPorpoiseon 11 September 1944.

The submarine reached the island ofMerapasoff the coast ofPulau Bintanon 23 September 1944. Although the island was believed to be uninhabited, a periscope reconnaissance the following day spotted three Malays beside a canoe on the beach.

To ensure that their stores would remain undiscovered by the natives, one of the officers from thePorpoise,Lieutenant Walter Carey, remained on Merapas as a guard.

The rest of the party stayed in thePorpoisewhich moved off on the evening of 24 September 1944 to capture a native boat. It followed Karimato Strait along the Borneo coast.

Capture ofMustika

Commemorative marker for the Mustika at Rockingham, Western Australia

On the afternoon 28 September 1944 thePorpoisestopped ajunkfromKetapangnamed theMustikaoff the west coast ofBorneonearPontianak.Seven commandoes boarded the boat and nine Malay crew were taken aboard the submarine.

Twelve minutes later,Porpoisesubmerged with both vessels making their way back west towards a forward operational base atPedjantan Island.

Over the next two nights, 29–30 September 1944, the Rimau commandoes, the SBs, folboats and other stores were transferred fromPorpoisetoMustika.

Once completed on 1 October 1944 the second conducting officer, Major Walter Chapman andMustika's Malayan crew returned toAustraliain HMSPorpoise.(The Malay crew would be transported toFremantlewhere they stayed for the rest of the war.)

Porpoisearrived safely back in Fremantle on 11 October 1944. On 15 October 1944, Chapman, along with Corporal Ronald Croton, embarked in the submarineHMSTantalusunder the command of Lieutenant CommanderHugh Mackenzie.This submarine was conducting an offensive patrol in theSouth China Seaand was due to rendezvous with the Rimau party on 8 November 1944.

Return to Merapas Island

Mustikareturned via theJava SeaandKarimata Straitsto Merapas Island. The Rimau Commandos disguised themselves as Malays by wearing sarongs and dyeing their skin. TheMustikahad no engine though so the commandoes were dependent on winds.

TheMustikaarrived at Merapas on 4 October 1944. It appears Lyon decided to divide the party into two groups: 19 commandoes to take part in the raid, while four men would be left behind. These were meant to be Carey, Warren, Craft and Cameron or Pace.

TheMustikathen headed towardsSingaporeHarbour, reaching the vicinity of the harbour on or around 6 October 1944. It was thought to have been off the west coast ofPulau Batam.Pulau Laban is located at a distance of 11 miles fromKeppel Harbourand was the intended forward point from which the attack was to be launched.

Contact with Japanese

On 10 October 1944, two hours before sunset and an hour before the raid was to commence, disaster struck. A coastal Malay Police patrol boat, theHei Ho,challenged theMustikanear Kasoe Island and Samboe Island. (The Japanese had increased surveillance of the area since Operation Jaywick.) It is unclear why the patrol boat approached theMustika– various theories offered included: the ship flew the wrong flag; it was a suspicious size; the sailors were identified as white men, and not Malays.

Shots were fired between the vessels – it was later deduced one of the Australian commandos aboard panicked and started firing at the approaching patrol boat. Some of the patrol boat crew were killed but at least one escaped and managed to get back to report the incident.

Lyon knew the patrol boat would seek help from Japanese occupation authorities and decided to abort the mission. He scuttled the junk and the Sleeping Beauties (which were top secret weapons at the time) with explosive charges. He then ordered his men to divide into four groups and make their way back to Merapas by use of the folboats that they had stored onMustika.The groups were led by Lyon, Davidson, Page and Ross.

Attack on Singapore Harbour

Three of the groups headed to Merapas immediately. Lyon led his group into Singapore Harbour. It consisted of himself and a small force of six other men — Lieutenant Commander Donald "Davo" Davidson, Lieutenant Bobby Ross, Able Seaman Andrew "Happy" Huston, Corporal Clair Stewart, Corporal Archie Campbell and Private Douglas Warne.

They are believed to have sunk three ships with limpet mines, although evidence confirming this is limited.

The Singapore Garrison of theImperial Japanese Armydid unleash a punitive force of at least 100 soldiers led by Major Hajime Fujita including army, navy and native police to find the commandoes.

Initial flight

It is probable that some of the folboat parties stopped on the headland of north-western Batam and left. Batam had been used during ‘Jaywick’ as a hiding place by Davidson in 1943.

On 14 October 1944 some commandos were reported as being on Pankgil Island (thought now to most likely be Page's group). Japanese soldiers were sent to the island but did not find them.

Battle of Soreh Island

On 15 October, five of the men (Lyon, Davidson, Ross, Stewart and Campbell) were on Soreah Island, orPulau Asore,a small island just offPulau Mapur,near Pankgil Island.

A Japanese patrol caught up with them and arrived at the island at about 1400 hours and a gun battle ensued. The Australians withdrew to the western end of the northern beach, having selected two defensive positions in an unexposed area.

The Australians ambushed the Japanese and their native auxiliaries. A gun battle ensued. Davidson and Campbell were severely wounded. Lyon, Ross and Stewart stayed on Soreh to hold off the Japanese in order for the wounded duo to escape.

Lyon, Ross and Stewart held off 80–90 opposing soldiers forcing them to fight for 9 hours and inflicting heavy casualties. Lyon and Ross had climbed trees for an elevated firing position, and remained unseen until muzzle flashes betrayed their positions and they were killed by grenades. Stewart remained at large, but his folboat was taken and he was found days later on a subsequent sweep of the island.

Tapai Island

The wounded Davidson and Campbell made it by folboat to Tapai Island on 16 October 1944. Both men died there, either from their wounds or committing suicide by cyanide capsule.

Merapas Island

On 4 November eighteen of the group were together on Merapas Island. A small Japanese force landed on the island, and was attacked by the commandos. Two of the Rimau commandos – Riggs and Sergeant Colin Cameron – were killed in combat on the island, while the remainder now split into two groups and went to different islands.

(The bodies of Riggs and Cameron were discovered on Merapas in 1994.)

Rescue mission

Australian forces intercepted a Japanese coded message reporting activity by about twenty commandos in the attack area. However, if the Australians had responded, it would have shown that the Allies had broken the Japanese secret codes. So the appointed rescue submarine was not told of the sudden urgency of the situation.

The orders to the commander of the rescue submarine, HMSTantalus,Lieutenant Commander Hugh Mackenzie, were to go to the rescue rendezvous area of Merapas Island on 7 November 1944, and to remain there until 7 December 1944 if necessary.

TheTantalusleft Australia on 15 October 1944. The orders of the captain stated:

The Commanding Officer HMSTantalusis responsible for the safety of the submarine which is to be his first consideration and has discretion to cancel or postpone the operation at any time.... Subject to patrol requirements HMSTantaluswill leave her patrol at dark on 7 November and proceed to the vicinity of Merapas Island.... In the event of the pick up party and the RIMAU party failing to keep the rendezvous for the embarkation, the greatest caution is to be exercised byTantalus,who should not hesitate to abandon the operation if contact is not re-established, or if he has some reason to suspect that the operation is compromised.

On 7 November 1944 ten of the Rimau commandos were in place to meet the rescue submarine but it did not appear, as Mackenzie had instead chosen to hunt for enemy shipping in the area. He made this decision in consultation with Major Chapman, Z Special Unit's contact on the submarine.Tantalus's main objective was offensive action against the Japanese and the orders to the Rimau party were that they might expect to be picked up at any time within a month of the initial rendezvous date.

On 21 November 1944 the submarine reached Merapas Island. Chapman and another commando, Corporal Croton, were worried about the surf and directed their landing folboat around the island to calmer waters, away from the set position at 0200. Chapman wanted to head back to the submarine but Croton drew his pistol and forced Chapman on.

Croton and Chapman arrived at the designated meeting point after dawn on 22 November 1944. They found some evidence of the commandos having been there – the beginnings of a large lean-to shelter in a clearing at the top of a hill, away from the original base site; empty rations tins; half-cooked food on 'Commando Cookers'; fires seemingly kicked out; a few pieces of silver foil; empty cigarette cartons. They did not question local people about what happened.

Croton and Chapman returned to the submarine. Chapman and Mackenzie agreed that the operation had likely been a failure and that no purpose could be served in returning to Merapas, contrary to what had been planned.

Tantalusresumed its patrol and arrived back in Fremantle on 6 December 1944 having never returned to Merapas Island.

None of the officials in Australia who knew that the Rimau commandos were in trouble tried to contact the submarine and order them to remain in the area for any survivors.

Attempted escape

Once the 7 December 1944 final deadline passed, the survivors realised that they would not be rescued. They attempted to make their way home the 3,000-kilometre distance to Australia.

Over two weeks nearly all the men were either captured, killed in firefights or drowned.

Two men, Willersdorf and Pace were captured on 17 January 1945 onRomangIsland,Indonesia,some 350–400 miles from Australia after a journey of approximately 2,000 miles by folboat. Willersdorf died of his wounds in Japanese captivity inDili,East Timorin March 1945. Pace died of starvation several months later in June 1945 in the same facility. Both were buried on a hill approximately 200 metres from the prison facility.

Warne was able to evade Japanese patrols until March 1945 but was captured after a bout of delirium brought on by fever. He was taken toSurabayaunder the control of the Naval Police and interrogated so brutally he died of untreated wounds one month later.

Capture and execution

The memorial to Operation Rimau outside the entrance to the Kranji War Memorial

In all, eleven members of the contingent were captured and brought toOutram Road Prisonin Singapore. One commando, Marsh, died of malaria. During the imprisonment the men were tortured and provided starvation rations similar to those provided to other prisoners in the facility.

On 3 July 1945, they were put on trial forperfidyandespionage.They were found guilty and sentenced to death.

Official Japanese records state that the ten men werebeheadedatPasir Panjangon 7 July 1945, approximately one month beforeWorld War II in the Pacificcame to an end. Later evidence stated it took guards more than half an hour to execute the men, sometimes requiring two or three blows to complete beheading.

The men executed were

• Major Reginald Ingleton,
• Captain Robert Page,
• Lieutenant Albert Sargent,
• Lieutenant Walter Carey,
• Warrant Officer Alfred Warren,
• Sergeant David Gooley,
• Corporal Clair Stewart,
• Corporal Roland Fletcher,
• Able Seaman Walter Falls,
• Lance Corporal John Hardy

The bodies were dumped in three unmarked graves.

Nineteen of the Rimau commandos, including Lyon, are buried atKranji War MemorialinSingapore.The bodies of two men (Riggs and Cameron) were discovered onMerapas Islandin 1993 with the help of locals present on the island at the time of their death and transferred to Singapore for burial in August 1994. "The Highest Honor"(1982) is a semi-fictionalized Australian / Japanese TV movie about the operation.

References

• Thompson, Peter and Macklin, Robert. (2002).Kill the Tiger: The Truth About Operation Rimau.Hodder.ISBN978-0-7336-1448-4
• Hoehn, John. (2011).Commando Kayak: The Australian Folboat, Pacific Campaign.hirschbooks.net & ozatwar /hoehn.ISBN978-3-033-01717-7

External links

• "The Official History of the Operations and Administration of] Special Operations - Australia [(SOA), also known as the Inter-Allied Services Department (ISD) and Services Reconnaissance Department (SRD)] Volume 2 - Operations Part 5 p 11-16".National Archives of Australia.pp. 551–561.
• MINDEF Singapore: Operation Rimau
• In Memoriam: Major Reginald “Otto” M. INGLETON
• Chapter in Rimau in Official History of World War Two
• Operation Rimau: What Went Wrong (Part One)at Australian Bunker Military Museum
• Operation Rimau: What Went Wrong (Part Two)at Australian Bunker Military Museum
• Two heroes to be honoured over war raid on Japanese (From Herald Scotland)