Wikipedia

TurboGrafx-16

(Redirected fromPC Engine)
"TG-16" redirects here. For the U.S. Air Force training glider, seeDG Flugzeugbau DG-1000.

TheTurboGrafx-16,known as thePC Engine[a]outside North America, is ahome video game consoledesigned byHudson Softand sold byNEC Home Electronics.It was the first console marketed in thefourth generation,commonly known as the 16-bit era. It was released in Japan in 1987 and in North America in 1989. In Europe[3]the Japanese model was unofficially imported and distributed in the United Kingdom[4]and France from 1988. In Japan, the system was launched as a competitor to theFamicom,but the delayed United States release meant that it ended up competing with theSega Genesisand later theSuper NES.

TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine


North American TurboGrafx-16 (top) and the original Japanese PC Engine (bottom)
ManufacturerNEC Home Electronics
TypeHome video game console
GenerationFourth
Release date
  • JP:October 30, 1987
  • NA:August 29, 1989
  • FRA:November 22, 1989
  • UK:1989
  • SPA:1990
Lifespan1987–1994
Discontinued
  • FRA:1993
  • NA:May 1994
  • JP:December 16, 1994
Units sold
  • 5.62 million[1](HuCard only)
  • 2.02 million (CD-ROM2+ Duo)
MediaHuCard
CPUHudson Soft HuC6280@ 7.16 MHz
Memory
  • 8 KB RAM
  • 64 KB VRAM
DisplayComposite or RF TV out;
565×242 or 256×239, 512 color palette, 482 colors on-screen
GraphicsHuC6270VDC,HuC6260VCE
SoundHudson Soft HuC6280,PSG, 5 to 10 bit stereo PCM
Best-selling gameBonk's Adventure[2]
Successor

The console has an 8-bit CPU and a dual16-bitgraphics processing unit(GPU) chipset consisting of avideo display controller(VDC) and video color encoder. The GPUs are capable of displaying 482 colors simultaneously, out of 512. With dimensions of just 14 cm × 14 cm × 3.8 cm (5.5 in × 5.5 in × 1.5 in), the Japanese PC Engine is the smallest major home game console ever made.[5][6]Games were released onHuCardcartridges and later theCD-ROMoptical format with the TurboGrafx-CD add-on. The "16" in its North American name and the marketing of the console as a 16-bit platform despite having an 8-bit CPU was criticized by some as deceptive.[7]

In Japan, the PC Engine was very successful. It gained strong third-party support and eventually became theSuper Famicom's main rival. However, the TurboGrafx-16 failed to break into the North American market and was a commercial failure, which has been blamed on the delayed release and inferior marketing.[8]In Europe, the Japanese models weregrey marketimported, modified, and distributed in France and the United Kingdom beginning in 1988,[4]but an officialPALmodel (named simply "TurboGrafx" without the "16" ) planned for 1990 was cancelled following the disappointing North American launch with the already-manufactured stock of systems liquidated via mail-order retailers.[9]

At least 17 distinct models of the console were made, including portable versions and those that integrated the CD-ROM add-on.[10]An enhanced model, thePC Engine SuperGrafx,was rushed to market in 1989. It featured many performance enhancements and was intended to supersede the standard PC Engine. It failed to catch on—only six titles were released that took advantage of the added power and it was quickly discontinued. The final model was discontinued in 1994. It was succeeded by thePC-FX,which was released only in Japan and was not successful.

History

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The PC Engine was created as a collaborative effort betweenHudson Soft,who created video game software, andNEC,a company which was dominant in the Japanesepersonal computermarket with theirPC-88andPC-98platforms. NEC lacked the vital experience in the video gaming industry and approached numerous video game studios for support. By pure coincidence, NEC's interest in entering the lucrative video game market coincided with Hudson's failed attempt to sell designs for then-advanced graphics chips toNintendo;In July 1985, Hudson Soft approached and pitched them a new add-on for theFamicomthat played games using their patentedBee Cards,which they had experimented with on theMSXcomputer.[11][12]Nintendo liked this concept, as it had the ability to store full games and overwrite existing ones. However, as the technology for it was expensive, and that they would have to pay royalties for each card sold, Nintendo instead decided to pass on Hudson Soft's proposal. This eventually led to the partnership between Hudson Soft and NEC.[12]The two companies successfully teamed up to then develop the PC Engine.[6]

The system made its debut in the Japanese market on October 30, 1987, and it was a tremendous success. The PC Engine had an elegant, "eye-catching" design, and it was very small compared to its rivals.[8]The PC Engine sold 500,000 units in its first week of release.[13]

The CD-ROM expansion was a major success for the CD-ROM format, selling 60,000 units in its first five months of release in Japan.[14]By 1989, NEC had sold over1.2 millionconsoles and more than 80,000 CD-ROM units in Japan.[15]

In 1988, NEC decided to expand to the American market and directed its U.S. operations to develop the system for the new audience. NEC Technologies Boss Keith Schaefer formed a team to test the system. They found out that there was a lack of enthusiasm in its name "PC Engine" and also felt its small size was not very suitable to American consumers who would generally prefer a larger and "futuristic" design. They decided to call the system the "TurboGrafx-16", a name representing its graphical speed and strength and its 16-bitGPU.They also completely redesigned the hardware into a large, black casing. This lengthy redesign process and NEC's questions about the system's viability in the United States delayed the TurboGrafx-16's debut.[8]

The TurboGrafx-16 (branded as the TurboGrafx-16 Entertainment SuperSystem on the packaging and promotional material) was eventually released in theNew York CityandLos Angelestest marketsin late August 1989. However, this was two weeks after Sega of America released theSega Genesiswith a 16-bit CPU to test markets. Unlike NEC, Sega did not waste time redesigning the original Japanese Mega Drive system, making only slight aesthetic changes.[16][8]

The Genesis quickly eclipsed the TurboGrafx-16 after its American debut. NEC's decision topack-inKeith Courage in Alpha Zones,a Hudson Soft game unknown to western gamers, proved costly as Sega packed-in a port of the hit arcade titleAltered Beastwith the Genesis. NEC's American operations inChicagowere also overhyped about its potential and quickly produced 750,000 units, far above actual demand. This was very profitable for Hudson Soft as NEC paid Hudson Soft royalties for every console produced, whether sold or not. By 1990, it was clear that the system was performing very poorly and NEC could not compete with Nintendo and Sega's marketing.[8]

In late 1989, NEC announced plans for a coin-oparcade video gameversion of the TurboGrafx-16. However, NEC cancelled the plans in early 1990.[17]

In Europe, the console is known by its original Japanese name PC Engine, rather than its American name TurboGrafx-16.[3]PC Engine imports from Japan drew a cult following, with a number of unauthorized PC Engine imports available along withNTSC-to-PALadapters in the United Kingdom during the late 1980s. In 1989, a British company called Mention manufactured an adapted PAL version called the PC Engine Plus. However, the system was not officially supported by NEC.[18][19][4]From November 1989 to 1993, PC Engine consoles as well as some add-ons were imported from Japan by French importer Sodipeng (Société de Distribution de la PC Engine), a subsidiary ofGuillemot International.This came after considerable enthusiasm in the French press. The PC Engine was largely available in France andBeneluxthrough major retailers. It came withFrench languageinstructions and also an AV cable to enable its compatibility withSECAMtelevision sets.

After seeing the TurboGrafx-16 falter in America, NEC decided to cancel their European releases. Units for the European markets were already produced, which were essentially US models modified to run on PAL television sets. NEC sold this stock to distributors; in the United Kingdom,Telegamesreleased the console in 1990 in extremely limited quantities.[9][8]

The TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine was the first video game console capable of playing CD-ROM games with an optional add-on.

By March 1991, NEC claimed that it had sold 750,000 TurboGrafx-16 consoles in the United States and 500,000 CD-ROM units worldwide.[20]

In an effort to relaunch the system in the North American market, in mid-1992 NEC and Hudson Soft transferred management of the system in North America to a new joint venture called Turbo Technologies Inc. and released the TurboDuo, an all-in-one unit that included the CD-ROM drive built in. However, the North American console gaming market continued to be dominated by the Genesis andSuper NES,which was released in North America in August 1991. In May 1994, Turbo Technologies announced that it was dropping support for the Duo, though it would continue to offer repairs for existing units and provide ongoing software releases through independent companies in the U.S. and Canada.[21]

In Japan, NEC had sold a total of5.84 millionPC Engine units as of 1995[22][23]and1.92 millionCD-ROM² units as of March 1996.[24]This adds up to a total of more than6.59 millionPC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 units sold in Japan and the United States as of 1995,and1.92 millionCD-ROM² units sold in Japan. The final licensed release for the PC Engine wasDead of the BrainPart 1 & 2on June 3, 1999, on the Super CD-ROM² format.

Add-ons

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TurboGrafx-CD/CD-ROM²

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PC Engine CoreGrafx with CD-ROM² and interface unit

TheCD-ROM²is an add-on attachment for the PC Engine that was released in Japan on December 4, 1988. The add-on allows the core versions of the console to play PC Engine games in CD-ROM format in addition to standard HuCards. This made the PC Engine the first video game console to use CD-ROM as a storage media. The add-on consisted of two devices – the CD player itself and the interface unit, which connects the CD player to the console and provides a unified power supply and output for both.[25][26]It was later released as theTurboGrafx-CDin the United States in November 1989, with a remodeled interface unit in order to suit the different shape of the TurboGrafx-16 console.[27]The TurboGrafx-CD had a launch price of $399.99 and did not include any bundled games.[28]Fighting StreetandMonster Lairwere the TurboGrafx-CD launch titles;[29]Ys Book I & IIsoon followed.

Super CD-ROM²

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Super CD-ROM² attached to a CoreGrafx II

In 1991, NEC introduced an upgraded version of the CD-ROM² System known as theSuper CD-ROM²,which updates the BIOS to Version 3.0 and increases buffer RAM from 64 KB to 256 KB. This upgrade was released in several forms: the first was thePC Engine Duoon September 21, a new model of the console with a CD-ROM drive and upgraded BIOS/RAM already built into the system. This was followed by theSuper System Cardreleased on October 26, an upgrade for the existing CD-ROM² add-on that serves as a replacement to the original System Card. PC Engine owners who did not already own the original CD-ROM² add-on could instead opt for the Super-CD-ROM² unit, an updated version of the add-on released on December 13, which combines the CD-ROM drive, interface unit and Super System Card into one device.

Arcade Card

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On March 12, 1994, NEC introduced a third upgrade known as theArcade Card(アーケードカード,Ākēdo Kādo),which increases the amount of onboard RAM of the Super CD-ROM² System to 2MB. This upgrade was released in two models: theArcade Card Duo,designed for PC Engine consoles already equipped with the Super CD-ROM² System, and theArcade Card Pro,a model for the original CD-ROM² System that combines the functionalities of the Super System Card and Arcade Card Duo into one. The first games for this add-on were ports of theNeo-Geofighting gamesFatal Fury 2andArt of Fighting.Ports ofWorld Heroes 2andFatal Fury Specialwere later released for this card, along with several original games released under theArcade CD-ROM²standard. By this point, support for both the TurboGrafx-16 and Turbo Duo was already waning in North America; thus, no North American version of either Arcade Card was produced, though a Japanese Arcade Card can still be used on a North American console through a HuCard converter.

Variations

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Many variations and related products of the PC Engine were released.

CoreGrafx

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CoreGrafx & CoreGrafx II

ThePC Engine CoreGrafxis an updated model of the PC Engine, released in Japan on December 8, 1989. It has the same form factor as the original PC Engine, but it changes the color scheme from white and red to black and blue and replaces the original'sradio frequency-output connector with acomposite videoAV port. It also used a revised CPU, the HuC6280A, which supposedly fixed some minor audio issues. A recolored version of the model, known as thePC Engine CoreGrafx II,was released on June 21, 1991. Aside from the different coloring (light grey and orange), it is nearly identical to the original CoreGrafx except that the CPU was changed back to the original HuC6280.

SuperGrafx

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ThePC Engine SuperGrafx,released on the same day as the CoreGrafx in Japan, is an enhanced variation of the PC Engine hardware with updated specs. This model has a second HuC6270A (VDC), a HuC6202 (VDP) that combines the output of the two VDCs, four times as much RAM, twice as much video RAM, and a second layer/plane of scrolling. It also uses the revised HuC6280A CPU, but the sound and color palette were not upgraded, making the expensive price tag a big disadvantage to the system. As a result, only five exclusive SuperGrafx games and two hybrid games (Darius PlusandDarius Alphawere released as standard HuCards which took advantage of the extra video hardware if played on a SuperGrafx) were released, and the system was quickly discontinued. The SuperGrafx has the same expansion port as previous PC Engine consoles, but requires an adapter in order to utilize the original CD-ROM² System add-on, due to the SuperGrafx console's large size.

Shuttle

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PC Engine Shuttle

ThePC Engine Shuttlewas released in Japan on November 22, 1989, as a less expensive model of the console, retailing at ¥18,800. It was targeted primarily towards younger players with its spaceship-like design and came bundled with a TurboPad II controller, which is shaped differently from the other standard TurboPad controllers. The reduced price was made possible by removing the expansion port from the back, making it the first model of the console that was not compatible with the CD-ROM² add-on. However, it does have a slot for a memory backup unit, which is required for certain games. The RF output used on the original PC Engine was also replaced with an A/V port for the Shuttle.

The PC Engine Shuttle was also distributed in South Korea. It was released in 1990 by Daewoo Electronics.

TurboExpress

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TurboExpress

ThePC Engine GTis a portable version of the PC Engine, released in Japan on December 1, 1990, and then in the United States as theTurboExpress.It can play only HuCard games. It has a 2.6-inch (66 mm) backlit, active-matrix color LCD screen, the most advanced on the market for a portable video game unit at the time. The screen contributed to its high price and short battery life, however, which hurt its performance in the market. It also has a TV tuner adapter as well as a two-player link cable.

LT

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ThePC Engine LTis a model of the console in alaptopform, released on December 13, 1991, in Japan, retailing at ¥99,800. The LT does not require a television display (and does not have any AV output) as it has a built-in flip-up screen and speakers, just as a laptop would have, but, unlike the GT, the LT runs on a power supply. Its expensive price meant that few units were produced compared to other models. The LT has full expansion port capability, so the CD-ROM² unit is compatible with the LT the same way as it is with the original PC Engine and CoreGrafx. However, the LT requires an adapter to use the enhanced Super CD-ROM² unit.

Duo

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Further information:TurboDuo
NEC/Turbo Technologies later released the TurboDuo, which combined the TurboGrafx-CD (with the new Super System Card on board) and TurboGrafx-16 into one unit.

NEC Home Electronics released thePC Engine Duoin Japan on September 21, 1991, which combined the PC Engine and Super CD-ROM² unit into a single console. The system can play HuCards, audio CDs, CD+Gs, standard CD-ROM² games and Super CD-ROM² games. The North American version, theTurboDuo,was launched in October 1992.

PC Engine Duo RX

Two updated variants were released in Japan: thePC Engine Duo-Ron March 25, 1993, and thePC Engine Duo-RXon June 25, 1994. The changes were mostly cosmetic, but the RX included a new 6-button controller.

Third-party models

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ThePC-KD863Gis aCRT monitorwith built-in PC Engine console, released on September 27, 1988, in Japan for ¥138,000. Following NEC's PCs' naming scheme, the PC-KD863G was designed to eliminate the need to buy a separate television set and a console. It output its signals inRGB,so it was clearer at the time than the console which was still limited to RF andcomposite.However, it has no BUS expansion port, which made it incompatible with the CD-ROM² System and memory backup add-ons.

TheX1-Twinwas the first licensed PC Engine-compatible hardware manufactured by a third-party company, released bySharpin April 1989 for ¥99,800.[30]It is a hybrid system that can run PC Engine games andX1computer software.

Pioneer Corporation'sLaserActivesupports an add-on module which allows the use of PC Engine games (HuCard, CD-ROM² and Super CD-ROM²) as well as new "LD-ROM²" titles that work only on this device. NEC also released their own LaserActive unit (NEC PCE-LD1) and PC Engine add-on module, under anOEMlicense.[31]A total of eleven LD-ROM2titles were produced, with only three of them released in North America.

Other foreign markets

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Outside North America and Japan, the TurboGrafx-16 console was released inSouth Koreaby a third-party company,Haitai,under the nameVistar 16.It was based on the American version but with a new curved design.Daewoo Electronicsdistributed the PC Engine Shuttle in the South Korean market as well.[32]

Technical specifications

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Top view of the motherboard for the TurboGrafx-16

The TurboGrafx-16 uses aHudson Soft HuC6280CPU—an8-bitCPU running at 7.16MHzpaired with two 16-bit graphics processors, aHuC6270video display controller and a HuC6260 video color encoder.[33]It includes 8KBofRAM,64 KB ofVideo RAM,and the ability to display 482 colors at once from a 512-colorpalette.The sound hardware, built into the CPU, includes aprogrammable sound generatorrunning at 3.58 MHz and a 5-10 bit stereo PCM.

TurboGrafx-16 games use theHuCardROM cartridgeformat, thin credit card-sized cards that insert into the front slot of the console. PC Engine HuCards have 38 connector pins. TurboGrafx-16 HuCards (alternatively referred to as "TurboChips" ) reverse eight of these pins as a region lockout method. The power switch on the console also acts as a lock that prevents HuCards from being removed while the system is powered on. The European release of the TurboGrafx-16 did not have its own PAL-formatted HuCards as a result of its limited release, with the system instead supporting standard HuCards and outputting a PAL 50 Hz video signal.[8]

Peripherals

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The TurboGrafx-16 TurboPad

In Japan, the PC Engine was originally sold with a standard controller known simply as the Pad. It has a rectangular shape with a directional pad, two action buttons numbered "I" and "II", and two rubber "Select" and "Run" buttons, matching the number of buttons on theFamicom's primary controller(as well as a standard NES controller). Another controller known as the TurboPad was also launched separately with the console, which added two "Turbo" switches for the I and II buttons with three speed settings. The switches allow for a single button press to register multiple inputs at once (for instance, this allows for rapid fire in scrolling shooters). The TurboPad became standard-issue with the TurboGrafx-16 in North America, as well as subsequent models of the PC Engine in Japan starting with the PC Engine Coregrafx, immediately phasing out the original PC Engine Pad.

All PC Engine and TurboGrafx-16 consoles only have one controller port; in order to use multiple controllers on the same system and play multiplayer games, a separate peripheral, known in Japan as the MultiTap and in North America as the TurboTap, was required, which allowed up to five controllers to be plugged into the system. The Cordless Multitap was also available exclusively in Japan, sold as a set with a single Cordless Pad, with additional wireless controllers available separately.

Due to using different diameter controller ports, PC Engine controllers and peripherals are not compatible with TurboGrafx-16 consoles and vice versa. The TurboDuo would revert to using the same controller port that the PC Engine uses, resulting in new TurboDuo-branded versions of the TurboPad and TurboTap peripherals, known as the DuoPad and the DuoTap respectively, to be made. An official TurboGrafx-16/Duo Adapter was also produced, which was an extension cable that allowed any TurboGrafx-16 controller or peripheral to be connected into the TurboDuo console (as well as any PC Engine console as a side effect).

TheVirtual Cushion,released in 1992, allows players to feel the impact of enemy attacks through sound vibrations.[34][35][36]

Many peripherals were produced for both the TurboGrafx-16 and PC Engine. The TurboStick is a tabletop joystick designed to replicate the standard control layout of arcade games from the era. Other similar joystick controllers were produced by third-party manufacturers, such as the Python 4 by QuickShot and the Stick Engine byASCII Corporation.The TurboBooster attached to the back of the system and allowed it to output composite video and stereo audio. Hudson released the Ten no Koe 2 in Japan, which enabled the ability to save progress in compatible HuCard titles. In 1991, NEC Avenue released the Avenue Pad 3, which added a third action button labelled "III" that could be assigned via a switch to function as either the Select or Run button, as many games had begun to use one of those for in-game commands. The Avenue Pad 6 was released in 1993 in conjunction with the PC Engine port ofStreet Fighter II: Champion Edition,adding four action buttons numbered "III" through "VI"; unlike the three-button pad, these buttons did not duplicate existing buttons, and instead added new functionalities in compatible titles. Another six-button controller, the Arcade Pad 6, was released by NEC Home Electronics in 1994, replacing the TurboPad as the bundled controller of the PC Engine Duo-RX (the last model of the console).

Library

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See also:List of TurboGrafx-16 games

A total of 686 commercial games were released for the TurboGrafx-16. In North America, the system featuredKeith Courage in Alpha Zonesas a pack-in game, a conversion of the PC Engine title Mashin Eiyuuden Wataru. The PC Engine console received strong third-party support in Japan, while the TurboGrafx-16 console struggled to gain the attention of other developers. Hudson brought over many of its popular franchises, such asBomberman,Bonk,andAdventure Island,to the system with graphically impressive follow-ups. Hudson also designed and published several original titles, such asAir ZonkandDungeon Explorer.CompilepublishedAlien CrushandDevil's Crush,two well-received virtual pinball games.Namcocontributed several high-quality conversions of its arcade games, such asValkyrie no Densetsu,Pac-Land,Galaga '88,Final Lap Twin,andSplatterhouse,as didCapcomwith a port ofStreet Fighter II: Champion Edition.

A large portion of the TurboGrafx-16's library is made up of horizontal and vertical-scrolling shooters. Examples includeKonami'sGradiusandSalamander,Hudson'sSuper Star SoldierandSoldier Blade,Namco'sGalaga '88,Irem'sR-Type,andTaito'sDarius Alpha,Darius PlusandSuper Darius.The console is also known for its platformers and role-playing games;Victor Entertainment'sThe Legendary Axewon numerous awards and is seen among the TurboGrafx-16's definitive titles.Ys I & II,a compilation of two games fromNihon Falcom'sYsseries, was particularly successful in Japan.Cosmic Fantasy 2was an RPG ported from Japan to the United States that earned Electronic Gaming Magazine RPG of the year in 1993.[37]

Reception

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In Japan, the PC Engine was very successful, and at one point it was the top-selling console in the nation.[38]In North America and Europe, the situation was reversed, with both Sega and Nintendo dominating the console market at the expense of NEC. Initially, the TurboGrafx-16 sold well in the U.S., but eventually, it suffered from a lack of support from third-partysoftware developersand publishers.

In 1990,ACEmagazine praised the console'sracing gamelibrary, stating that, compared to "all the popular consoles, the PC Engine is way out in front in terms of the range and quality of its race games."[39]Reviewing the Turbo Duo model in 1993,GameProgave it a "thumbs down". Though they praised the system's CD sound, graphics, and five-player capability, they criticized the outdated controller and the games library, saying the third-party support was "almost nonexistent" and that most of the first party games were localizations of games better suited to the Japanese market.[40]In 2009, the TurboGrafx-16 was ranked the 13th greatest video game console of all time byIGN,citing "a solid catalog of games worth playing," but also a lack of third-party support and the absence of a second controller port.[41]

The controversy over bit width marketing strategy reappeared with the advent of theAtari Jaguarconsole.Matteldid not market its 1979Intellivisionsystem with bit width, although it used a 16-bit CPU.[7]

Legacy

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In 1994, NEC released a new console, the Japanese-exclusivePC-FX,a32-bitsystem with a tower-like design. It was a commercial failure, leading NEC to abandon the video game industry.

Emulation programsfor the TurboGrafx-16 exist for several modern and retro operating systems and architectures. Popular and regularly updated programs includeMednafenand BizHawk.

In 2006, a number of TurboGrafx-16 (TurboChip/HuCARD), TurboGrafx-CD (CD-ROM²) and Turbo Duo (Super CD-ROM²) games were released on Nintendo'sVirtual Consoledownload service for theWii,[42]and later theWii U,andNintendo 3DS,including several that were originally never released outside Japan.[43][44]In 2011,ten TurboGrafx-16 gameswere released on thePlayStation Networkfor play on thePlayStation 3andPlayStation Portablein the North American region.

In 2010, Hudson released aniPhoneapplication entitled "TurboGrafx-16 GameBox" which allowed users to buy and play a number of select Turbo Grafx games viain-app purchases.[45]

The 2012 JRPGHyperdimension Neptunia Victoryfeatures a character, known as Peashy, that pays homage to the console.

In 2016, rapperKanye West's8th solo albumwas initially announced to be titled "Turbo Grafx 16".[46][47]The album, however, was eventually scrapped.

In 2019,Konamiannounced atE3 2019and atTokyo Game Show 2019theTurboGrafx-16 Mini,[48]adedicated consolefeaturing many built-in games.[49]On March 6, 2020, Konami announced that the TurboGrafx-16 Mini and its peripheral accessories would be delayed indefinitely from its previous March 19, 2020 launch date due to theCOVID-19 pandemicdisrupting supply chains in China.[50][51][52]It was released in North America on May 22, 2020, and released in Europe on June 5, 2020.

Notes

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  1. ^Japanese:PCエンジン,Hepburn:Pīshī Enjin

References

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  9. ^abSartori, Paul (April 2, 2013)."TurboGrafx-16: the console that time forgot (and why it's worth re-discovering)".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on July 1, 2018.
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  14. ^Feldman, Tony (1990).The Emergence of the Electronic Book.British Library.p. 29.ISBN978-0-7123-3227-9.These figures exclude the extraordinary phenomenon in Japan of the 'PC Engine' games console. In December 1988, NEC launched a CD-ROM drive dedicated to a computer games console. They sold 60,000 in the first five months.
  15. ^"Japanese Announcements".Database.12.Online, Incorporated: 121. 1989.NEC showed both regular CD-ROM drives and a small consumer drive that is an option for the PC Engine System, a modular game machine that has sold over1.2 millionunits. Since December 1988, NEC has sold more than 80,000 CD
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