Paeonia lactiflora(Chinese peony,Chinese herbaceous peony,orcommon garden peony) is aspeciesofherbaceousperennialflowering plantin thefamilyPaeoniaceae,nativeto central andeastern Asiafrom easternTibetacross northernChinato easternSiberia.
| Paeonia lactiflora | |
|---|---|
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| Paeonia lactiflora | |
Scientific classification
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Saxifragales |
| Family: | Paeoniaceae |
| Genus: | Paeonia |
| Species: | P. lactiflora
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| Binomial name | |
| Paeonia lactiflora | |
| Synonyms | |
Description
editIt is 50–70 cm (20–28 in) tall and broad, with 9-lobed leaves 20–40 cm (8–16 in) long.
The flower buds appear in late spring (May in the Northern Hemisphere). They are large and round, opening into fragrant, cup- or bowl-shapedflowers8–16 cm (3–6 in) in diameter, with 5–10 white, pink, or crimson petals and yellowstamens.[1]The plant attracts butterflies.[2]Its habitats include dry open stony slopes, riverbanks and sparse woodland edges.[3]
Background
editPaeonia lactiflorawas known as the white peony (P. albiflora) when first introduced intoEurope.[4]It was brought toEnglandin the mid-18th century, and is the parent of most modern varieties. It has been grown as an ornamental in China since the 7th century.[2]
The Latinspecific epithetlactiflorameans "with milk white flowers".[5]
In China,P. lactiflorais likened to "the Minister of Flowers" ( hoa tương ), whilePaeonia×suffruticosais known as "the King of Flowers" ( hoa vương ).[6]
Cultivars
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There are several hundred selectedcultivarsin a range of colours, sizes and forms; many havedouble flowers,with the stamens modified into additional petals.[7]There are many colors now available, from pure milk white, to pink, rose, and near red, along with single to fully double forms. They are prolific bloomers, and have become the main source of peonies for the cut flower business.[4]
The following cultivars have gained theRoyal Horticultural Society'sAward of Garden Merit:[8]
- 'Bowl of Beauty'[9](double, pink and cream)
- 'Coral Charm'[10](salmon pink)
- 'Duchesse de Nemours'[11](double white)
- 'Felix Crousse'[12](double deep pink)
- 'Festiva maxima'[13](double white)
- 'Laura Dessert'[14](double white)
- 'Miss America'[15]
- 'Monsieur Jules Elie'[16](double pink)
- 'Sarah Bernhardt'[17](double pink)
- 'Whitleyi Major'[18](single white, prominent stamens)
Chemistry
editThe leaves of many cultivars are high inoleanolicandursolic acid.[19]
Phenolic compounds
editCis-epsilon-viniferin,trans-resveratrol,trans-resveratrol-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside,trans-epsilon-viniferin,gnetin H,andsuffruticosol A,B[20]andpaeoniflorinesters[21]can be found inP. lactiflora.
Petals color is dependent on aUDP-glucose: Flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferaseexpressing anthocyanins such aspeonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside,pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside,cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside,peonidin-3-O-glucoside,cyanidin-3-O-glucoside,peonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-arabinoside,cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactosideandpelargonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactoside.[22]
In art and culture
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Paeonia lactiflorabecame a popularstill lifesubject forImpressionistartists in the late 19th century.
- Pierre-Auguste Renoirfeatured Peonies in multiple paintings from the 1870s through the 1890s.[23]The Independentwrote of his fondness for the flower that: "They had been introduced into the horticultural world of Paris in the 1860s, so there was still something of the exotic about them, and Renoir paints them rather solemnly and majestically."[24]
- Vincent van Goghpainted "Vase with Peonies", "Bowl with Peonies and Roses"[25]and "Vase with cornflowers and poppies, peonies and chrysanthemums", all in 1886.[26]
- Claude Monetpainted "Vase of Peonies" in 1882.[27]
- Édouard Manetcultivated peonies in his garden and painted them frequently. The Impressionist artistFrédéric Bazillepainted "Young Woman with Peonies" in 1870 as a tribute to his friend Manet, knowing his fondness for the flower.[28]
References
edit- ^RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants.United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.ISBN978-1405332965.
- ^ab"Paeonia lactiflora 'Sarah Bernhardt' - Plant Finder".missouribotanicalgarden.org.Retrieved2021-12-16.
- ^"Paeonia lactiflora Chinese Peony, Peony PFAF Plant Database".pfaf.org.Retrieved2021-12-16.
- ^abHalda, Josef J.; Waddick, James W. (2004).The Genus Paeonia.Timber Press. pp. 196–205.ISBN978-0-88192-612-5.
- ^Harrison, Lorraine (2012).RHS Latin for Gardeners.United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley.ISBN978-1845337315.
- ^""Hoa tương" tự giải thích | hán điển ".zdic.net(in Chinese (China)).Retrieved2020-01-12.
- ^Loewer, H. Peter (1999).Fragrant Gardens.Houghton Mifflin Gardening. pp.48.ISBN978-0-395-88492-8.
Peony common garden.
- ^"AGM Plants - Ornamental"(PDF).Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 71.Retrieved14 April2018.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Paeonia lactiflora'Bowl of Beauty'".Retrieved16 January2021.
- ^"Paeonia lactiflora'Coral Charm'".RHS.Retrieved18 January2021.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Paeonia lactiflora'Duchesse de Nemours'".Retrieved16 January2021.
- ^"RHS Plantfinder -Paeonia lactiflora'Felix Crousse'".Retrieved14 April2018.
- ^"RHS Plantfinder -Paeonia lactiflora'Festiva maxima'".Retrieved14 April2018.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Paeonia lactiflora'Laura Dessert'".Retrieved16 January2021.
- ^"Paeonia lactiflora'Miss America'".RHS.Retrieved18 January2021.
- ^"RHS Plantfinder -Paeonia lactiflora'Monsieur Jules Elie'".Retrieved14 April2018.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Paeonia lactiflora'Sarah Bernhardt'".Retrieved16 January2021.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Paeonia lactiflora'Whitleyi Major'".Retrieved16 January2021.
- ^Zhou C, Zhang Y, Sheng Y, Zhao D, Lv S, Hu Y, Tao J., "Herbaceous Peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) as an Alternative Source of Oleanolic and Ursolic Acids." Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(1):655-67
- ^Kim, H. J.; Chang, E. J.; Cho, S. H.; Chung, S. K.; Park, H. D.; Choi, S. W. (2002)."Antioxidative activity of resveratrol and its derivatives isolated from seeds of Paeonia lactiflora".Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry.66(9): 1990–1993.doi:10.1271/bbb.66.1990.PMID12400706.S2CID24367582.
- ^Yan, D.; Saito, K.; Ohmi, Y.; Fujie, N.; Ohtsuka, K. (2004)."Paeoniflorin, a novel heat shock protein–inducing compound".Cell Stress & Chaperones.9(4): 378–89.doi:10.1379/CSC-51R.1.PMC1065277.PMID15633296.
- ^Isolation of a UDP-glucose: Flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase gene and expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.). Da Qiu Zhao, Chen Xia Han, Jin Tao Ge and Jun Tao, Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 15 November 2012, Volume 15, Number 6,doi:10.2225/vol15-issue6-fulltext-7
- ^"'Peonies' Pierre-Auguste Renoir ".clarkart.edu.Retrieved2018-04-17.
- ^Michael Glover (2013-08-16)."Great works: Onions (1881) by Pierre Auguste-Renoir".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-05-24.Retrieved2018-04-17.
- ^"Roses and Peonies, June 1886".krollermuller.nl.Retrieved2018-04-17.
- ^"Vase with Peonies by Vincent van Gogh".vangoghgallery.Retrieved2018-04-17.
- ^"Vase of Peonies, 1992 - Claude Monet".wikiart.Retrieved2018-04-17.
- ^"Manet and His Influence".National Gallery of Art. p. 8.Retrieved2018-04-17.
External links
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