Paktia Province

Not to be confused withPaktika ProvinceorLoya Paktia.

Paktia پکتیا
Province
Aerial view of afortinGardez,the capital of Paktia province
Map of Afghanistan with Paktia highlighted
Country	Afghanistan
Capital	Gardez
Government
•Governor	Muhammad Ali Jan Ahmad
• Deputy Governor	Sheikh Aziz-ur-Rehman Mansoor
Area
• Total	5,583 km2(2,156 sq mi)
Population (2021)
• Total	622,831
• Density	110/km2(290/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+4:30(Afghanistan Time)
Postal code	22xx
ISO 3166 code	AF-PIA
Main languages	Pashto

Paktia(Pashtoپکتيا–Paktyā) is one of the 34provinces of Afghanistan,located in the east of the country. Forming part of the largerLoya Paktiaregion, Paktia Province is divided into 15 districts and has a population of roughly 623,000,which is mostly a tribal society living in rural areas.Pashtunsmake up the majority of the population and a small percentage includeTajiks.Gardezis the provincial capital. The traditional food in Paktia is known as (dandakai) which is made from rice and mung bean or green gram.

It's also significant for being the area whereOperation Magistralby The Soviet Union took place. Late Nov, of 1987, to Jan, of 1988 is then it took place, when Soviet Forces retreated.

In 2021, theTalibangained control of the province during the2021 Taliban offensive.

History

Further information:History of Afghanistan

Paktia (pashto پکتیا - Paktya) is the land ofpakthasor pakth (pashto - پکهت), According to Mandala 7 of theRigveda(RV 7.18.7), "Together came the Pakthas (44?4), the Bhalanas, the Alinas, the Sivas, the Visanins. Yet to the Trtsus came the Arya's Comrade, through love of spoil and heroes' war, to lead them".

ThePakthaswere one of the tribes that fought against Sudas in the Dasarajna theBattle of the Ten Kings(dasarajna). The battle of the 10 Kings took place beforeMahabharat,so at least around 5000 BC.

Pakthas are an ancient people that find reference inSanskritand allegedly inGreeksources as a people living in the region which includes south-eastern province (Loya Paktia) inAfghanistanand northern parts ofPakistan.The terms Pashtun and Pashto have only been in use for the past 500 years. Prior to that Pashtuns were the Pakhtas of Rig Veda and Paktuans ofHerodotus.

the word "-ia" is aLatin ending(-ia in Ancient Greek) used to form abstract nouns. In this case, the "abstract" noun referred to a nation, that is, a collection of people and the locations where they lived.

For example, the land of theGermaniwas Germania. so the word "ia" is a Greek word which means "land of" as Armenia, Syria, Australia.

India was known as "Sapt-Sindhu" - which means seven rivers in Sanskrit-Indus(known as Sindhu then), The name of India is a corruption of the wordSindhu.

Persiansuttered 's' as 'h' and called this land Hindu. Greeks pronounced this name as Indus and TheRomanspicked up the name and the "land of Indus" came to be known as "India". they were Indus and as we know the word "ia" mean "the land of" so it becomes India the land of Indus. Now we know that they did the same thing with pakthus

Pakthus pakt/pakth-ia (la=land of) = paktia, The land of pakthus.

Pactyan(pactian)

These Pactyans lived on the eastern frontier of the AchaemenidArachosiaSatrapy as early as the 1st millennium BCE.

Herodotus( The Father of the History ) - An ancient Greek historian, wrote a book 2500 years ago in 500BC. He used the word Pactyans (pashto-پاکتیان) for Pashtuns who lived in Loy Paktia (which includes modern Afghanistan and Pakhtunkhwa regions).

-Herodotus, The Histories, Book III, Chapter 102,

Section 1

Herodotus also mentions a tribe of known as Aparytai ('AntapÚtal). Thomas Holdich has linked them with theAfridi tribe.

-Herodotus, The Histories, Book III, Chapter 91,

Section 4

So what does the word "pactyan" mean!?

to understand what does it mean, we have to do the same thing that we did before. If we translate pactyan or pactian into pashto we will get the word "پکتیاوال" which we use it for a person fromLoya patkia.

the word "ian" denotes the people belongs to any country or land.

So pashtuns are pactyan, pactyans are pakthas and pakth is one the oldestAryantribe. And their land is Loya paktia

Paktia used to be a unified province withKhostandPaktikauntil Khost became a separate province in 1985.These three provinces are now referred to asLoya Paktia,meaning "Greater Paktia". Paktia came to prominence during the 1980s, when a significant portion of Afghanistan's leadership originated from the province. Some of the more notable leaders includeNajibullah Ahmadzai(a formerPresident of Afghanistan),Mohammad Aslam Watanjar,Shahnawaz Tanai,andSayed Muhammad Gulabzoi.

Soviet–Afghan War (1988)

Between 7 and 8 January 1988, in Paktia Province, near the Pakistani–Afghan border, theBattle for Hill 3234took place, which was a successful defensive action fought by the 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment, 39 Soviet Airborne Troops, inSoviet occupied Afghanistanagainst a force of up to 200 to 250 Mujahideen rebels.

Soviet commanders wanted to secure the entire section of the road from Gardez to Khost.

One of the most important points was the nameless hill designatedHill 3234by its height of 3234 meters, which was assigned to the 9th Company of the 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment led by Colonel Valery Vostrotin.

The 39-man company landed on the hilltop on 7 January 1988, tasked with creating and holding a hilltop strong point from which to observe and control a long section of the road beneath and thus secure it for the safe passage of convoys.

Shortly after landing, the airborne troopers, who were well trained and experienced in Afghan conditions, started to take up positions which covered both the road and the uphill passages. Just as they had dug in, the mujahideen began their attack at 1530 hrs. First they fired with all possible weapons including recoilless guns and RPGs. After a few salvos, Soviet artillery replied and silenced some of the mujahideen's guns, with the commander of the first platoon, Lt. Viktor Gagarin, directing fire via radio. When rebel fire slackened, it was clear that this was the beginning of an infantry assault.

The airborne troopers were attacked by a coordinated and well-armed force of between 200 and 250 mujahideen. Attacks were made from two directions, indicating that the assailants may have been assisted by rebels trained in Pakistan by American agents. During the ensuing battle, the Soviet unit was in constant communication with headquarters and received everything the leadership of 40th Army had to offer in terms ofartillerysupport, ammunition, reinforcements, and helicopter evacuation of the wounded.

The exhausted and mostly wounded Soviets were nearly out of ammunition but continued to occupy the hill until the last convoy passed through the road below.

The Soviet forces sustained very low casualties, with six men killed and 28 injured out of 39. Two of the soldiers killed,Vyacheslav Alexandrovich AlexandrovandAndrey Alexandrovich Melnikov,were posthumously awarded the golden star of theHero of the Soviet Union.All of the paratroopers in this battle were given theOrder of the Red BannerandOrder of the Red Star.

According to Soviet estimates, themujahideenlost over 200 men. And Soviets lost 70–200 men. The Mujahideen wore black uniforms with rectangular black-yellow-red stripes.

After 1991

U.S. military base next toGardezin 2007

Immediately after the fall of theTaliban government,Paktia was one of the most chaotic regions in the country, as a small civil war broke out between rival militia commanders for control of the province, and Taliban andal-Qaedafighters gave occupying U.S. troops some of their heaviest losses in the cave complexes south of Gardez.

Paktia was the site of heavy fighting betweenTaliban insurgentsandISAF-backedAfghan National Security Forces.Paktia was one of the last redoubts of organized Taliban resistance; much ofOperation Anacondatook place inZurmat,Paktia's largest district.Pacha Khan Zadranwas appointed provincial governor byHamid Karzaiin January 2002, but Zadran faced strong local opposition and was prevented from entering Gardez by Haji Saifullah, a local tribal elder who considered Zadran to be a "smuggler", "tyrant" and "killer". Forces loyal to Zadran attacked Gardez several times and were resisted by Saifullah's militia, leading to many people being killed. Zadran was sacked by Karzai after ordering a deadly rocket attack at Gardez in February 2002.

February 2003, the 1stProvincial Reconstruction Team(PRT) in Gardez commenced with the objective of providing funding for local Afghan projects concurrent to a reinforced security presence in overwatch. The PRT Gardez composition includes a reinforced platoon from the504th82nd ABN along with US Army Civil Affairs contingent plus Special Forces. In March 2003,USAIDand State Department representatives joined the 1st Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Gardez.

In September 2006, GovernorHakim Taniwalwas killed by a Taliban suicide bomber as he left his office in Gardez.At the time, Taniwal was the highest-ranking post-Taliban official to be killed by insurgent forces in the country.

On 12 February 2010, five civilians including two pregnant women and a teenage girl were killed by U.S. special forces during theKhataba raid.U.S. special forces were later accused of attempting to cover up the incident.Head ofJoint Special Operations Command,U.S. Vice Admiral William McRavenstated that the deaths were a "terrible mistake",offered an apology, accepted responsibility for the deaths and made a traditional Afghan condolence offering of sheep.

After some early unrest a long period of relative calm followed, despite the occasional high-profile incident such as the 2006 assassination of the governor, by a suicide bomber. There was a rise in violent incidents when the pullout of American troops neared in 2014.

Some regions of Paktia are also believed to be a safe haven for militants from theHaqqani network,an anti-government combat organisation involved in theTaliban insurgency.

Healthcare

Further information:Health in Afghanistan

The percentage of households with clean drinking water increased from 30% in 2005 to 36% in 2011. The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant fell from 9% in 2005 to 3% in 2011.

Education

Further information:Education in Afghanistan

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 35% in 2005 to 27% in 2011. The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) fell from 65% in 2005 to 24% in 2011.

Geography

Further information:Geography of Afghanistan

Snow-covered mountains in Paktia province

Paktia shares a border with the Kurram district of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. Within Afghanistan, it bordersLogar Province,Ghazni Province,Paktika Province,andKhost Province,in counterclockwise order.

Paktia is a largely mountainous province, with most of the population living in the central valley stretching fromAhmadkhelin the east down throughZurmatand into neighboringPaktika province.The eastern part of the province, particularlyTsamkaniandDand Aw Patan,is a second valley leading into Pakistan.

Jaji (Zazi) and Jani Khel districts are largely mountainous with much smaller inhabited valleys.

TheKhost-Gardez Passarea, to the south of Gardez, is mountainous with settlements limited to the main pass and smaller valleys.

As of 2005, Azra district is no longer a part of Paktya. It has been attached to Logar province to the north, to which it is much more closely connected by roadways and people.

Demographics

Further information:Demographics of Afghanistan

People of Paktia province

Ethnolinguisticgroups in Afghanistan

Districts of Paktia province

As of 2021, the total population of the province is 622,831.According to theInstitute for the Study of War,"The province is predominantlyPashtun,with a smallTajikpopulation. "According to the figures below, the ethnic groups of the province are as follows: 91%Pashtunand 9%Tajiks.

Districts

Districts of Paktia Province

District	Population (2022)	Area	Pop. density	Ethnicity	Notes
Ahmad Aba	31,488	364	86	Pashtuns	Created in 2005 withinSaid Karam District;includes the unofficial district Mirzaka
Ahmadkhel	25,775	220	117	Pashtuns
Dand Aw Patan	30,027	219	137	Pashtuns
Gardez	95,663	679	141	60%Pashtunand 40%Tajik	Includes the capitalGardez,which lies at the crossroads of the province's main north–south and east–west roads
Gerda Serai	12,642	293	43	Pashtuns
Janikhel District	39,459	353	112	Pashtuns
Laja Mangal District	21,258	193	110	Pashtuns
Mirzaka	9,698	220	44	Pashtuns
Rohani Baba	23,018	653	35	Pashtuns
Said Karam	62.975	256	246	95%Pashtunsand 5%Tajiks	Sub-divided in 2005
Shwak	6,245	114	55	Pashtuns
Chamkani	56,465	301	188	Pashtuns	Includes the town of Chamkani (called Share Now), the largest in the eastern half of Paktia and a major gateway to Pakistan
Zadran	27,480	263	104	Pashtuns	Sub-divided in 2005 to create Gerda Serai
Zazi(Jaji)	71,212	591	120	100%Pashtuns	People fleeing sectarian strife between Shiites and Sunnis in Pakistan occasionally take refuge in Zazi
Zurmat	98,547	747	132	97%Pashtunsand 3%Tajiks	Populous, relatively prosperous agricultural district. Unlike most other districts, Zurmat includes more than one tribal group, making it somewhat more fractious than other districts
Paktia	611,952	5,583	110	93.3%Pashtuns,6.7%Tajiks.

Gerda Serai,Ahmadkhel,andMirzakaare unofficial districts.

Important geographical features

• Shah-i-Kot Valley
• Tera Pass,the mountain pass linking Paktia with Logar province to the north
• Khost-Gardez Pass(K-G Pass), the mountain pass linking Paktia with Khost province to the south

See also

• Provinces of Afghanistan
• Pakhtas

External links

• Paktya Provinceby theNaval Postgraduate School
• Paktya Provinceby theInstitute for the Study of War