Parakeratosisis a mode ofkeratinizationcharacterized by the retention of nuclei in thestratum corneum.[1]Inmucous membranes,parakeratosis is normal.[2]In the skin, this process leads to the abnormal replacement ofannularsquameswithnucleatedcells. Parakeratosis is associated with the thinning or loss of thegranular layerand is usually seen in diseases of increased cell turnover, whetherinflammatoryorneoplastic.Parakeratosis is seen in the plaques ofpsoriasisand indandruff.
Granular parakeratosis (originally termed axillary granular parakeratosis) is anidiopathic,benign, nondisabling cutaneous disease that manifests withintertriginouserythematous,brown or red, scaly or keratoticpapulesandplaques.It presents in all age groups and has no established clinical associations.[3]
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In contrast,hyperkeratosis(pictured) may also show a heterogeneous stratum corneum, but a preserved granular layer is seen.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^Brady, Stephen P (2004)."Parakeratosis".Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.50(1): 77–84.doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(03)02801-9.ISSN0190-9622.
- ^Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul (2010)Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease(8th ed.). Saunders. Page 1170.ISBN978-1-4160-3121-5.
- ^Scheinfeld, NS; Mones, J (May 2005). "Granular parakeratosis: pathologic and clinical correlation of 18 cases of granular parakeratosis".Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.52(5): 863–7.doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.12.031.PMID15858479.