Paraná River

This article is about the second-longest river in South America. For the shorter river in Goiás, central Brazil, seeParanã River.

TheParaná River(Portuguese:Rio Paraná[ˈʁi.upaɾaˈna];Spanish:Río Paraná[ˈri.opaɾaˈna];Guarani:Ysyry Parana) is a river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina for some 4,880 kilometres (3,030 mi).Among South American rivers, it is second in length only to theAmazon River.It merges with theParaguay Riverand then farther downstream with theUruguay Riverto form theRío de la Plataand empties into the Atlantic Ocean.

Paraná River Rio Paraná, Río Paraná
Paraná River seen fromZárate, Buenos Aires Province,Argentina
Map of the Paraná River Basin, showing the Paraná River in highlight
Native name	Parana(Guarani)
Location
Countries	Argentina Brazil Paraguay
Region	South America
Physical characteristics
Source	Paranaíba
• location	Rio Paranaíba,Minas Gerais,Brazil
• coordinates	19°13′21″S46°10′28″W
• elevation	1,148 m (3,766 ft)
2nd source	Rio Grande
• location	Bocaina de Minas,Minas Gerais,Brazil
• coordinates	22°9′56″S44°23′38″W
Source confluence	ParanaíbaandRio Grande
• coordinates	20°5′12″S51°0′2″W
Mouth	Rio de la Plata
• location	Atlantic Ocean, Argentina, Uruguay
• coordinates	34°0′5″S58°23′37″W
• elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Length	4,880 km (3,030 mi)
Basin size	2,582,672 km2(997,175 sq mi)
Discharge
• location	Paraná Delta
• average	(Period 1971–2010)19,706 m3/s (695,900 cu ft/s) (Period: 1971–2000)667 km3/a (21,100 m3/s) 17,290 m3/s (611,000 cu ft/s)
• minimum	2,450 m3/s (87,000 cu ft/s)
• maximum	65,000 m3/s (2,300,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge
• location	Corrientes
• average	(Period 1971–2010)18,979 m3/s (670,200 cu ft/s)
Discharge
• location	Itatí
• average	(Period 1971–2010)13,916 m3/s (491,400 cu ft/s)
Discharge
• location	Itaipú
• average	(Period 1971–2010)11,746 m3/s (414,800 cu ft/s)
Discharge
• location	Porto Primavera
• average	(Period 1971–2010)7,938 m3/s (280,300 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Progression	Río de la Plata→Atlantic Ocean
River system	Río de la Plata
Tributaries
• left	Gualeguay,Iguaçu,Piquiri,Ivaí,Paranapanema,Tietê,Rio Grande
• right	Carcarañá,Salado,Paraguay,Ivinhema,Pardo,Verde,Sucuriú,Paranaiba

The first European to go up the Paraná River was the Venetian explorerSebastian Cabot,in 1526, while working for Spain.

A drought hit the river in 2021, causing a 77-year low.

Etymology

In eastern South America there is "an immense number of river names containing the elementpara-orparana-",fromGuarani languagewords meaning "river" or "sea"; attempts to derive a more precise meaning for the name of this, the largest of them, e.g. "kin of the sea", have been discounted.

Course

The course is formed at the confluence of theParanaibaandRio Granderivers in southern Brazil. From the confluence the river flows in a generally southwestern direction for about 619 km (385 mi) before encountering the city ofSaltos del Guaira,Paraguay. This was once the location of theGuaíra Falls(Sete Quedas waterfalls, where the Paraná fell over a series of seven cascades. This natural feature was said to rival the world-famousIguazu Fallsto the south. The falls were flooded, however, by the construction of theItaipu Dam,which began operating in 1984. For approximately the next 200 km (120 mi), the Paraná flows southward and forms a natural boundary between Paraguay and Brazil until the confluence with theIguazu River.Further upstream from this confluence, however, the river is dammed by the Itaipu Dam, the third largesthydroelectric power plantin the world (following theThree Gorges Damand theBaihetan Dam,both in thePeople's Republic of China), creating a massive, shallow reservoir behind it.

After merging with the Iguazu, the Paraná becomes the natural border between Paraguay and Argentina. Overlooking the Paraná River fromEncarnación, Paraguay,across the river, is downtown Posadas, Argentina. The river continues its general southward course for about 468 km (291 mi) before making a gradual turn to the west for another 820 km (510 mi), and then encounters theParaguay River,the largest tributary along the course of the river. Before this confluence, the river passes through a second major hydroelectric project, theYacyretá Dam,a joint project between Paraguay and Argentina. The massive reservoir formed by the project has been the source of a number of problems for people living along the river, most notably the poorer merchants and residents in the low-lying areas of Encarnación, a major city on the southern border of Paraguay. River levels rose dramatically upon completion of the dam, flooding out large sections of the city's lower areas.

From the confluence with the Paraguay River, the Paraná again turns to the south for another approximately 820 km (510 mi) through Argentina, making a slow turn back to the east near the city ofRosariofor the final stretch of less than 500 km (310 mi) before merging with theUruguay Riverto form theRío de la Plata.This flows into theAtlantic Ocean.During the part of its course downstream from the city ofDiamante, Entre Ríos,it splits into several arms and it forms theParaná Delta.

Main article:Paraná Delta

Tributaries

The main tributaries from the mouth:

Left tributary	Right tributary	Length (km)	Basin size (km2)	Average discharge (m3/s)*
Paraná Delta
	Luján	100	5,065.6	60.5
	Arroyo de La Cruz		1,057.2	12.9
	Areco	124	4,149.8	51.6
	Arrecifes	255	11,304.4	114.4
Gualeguay		375	22,716	237.9
Nogoyá		164	9,334.5	120
Arroyo Tiestos Grandes		210	2,070.6	12.2
	Arroyo Ramallo		1,175.2	10.6
	Arroyo Yaquarón		1,825.5	15.8
	Arroyo Pavón	90	2,611.7	21.2
	Arroyo Saladillo	145	3,144	20.6
	Carcaraña	240	48,746.5	81
	Río Salado del Norte	2,355	225,844.4	170
Lower Paraná
Arroyo de las Conchas		50	2,184	14.2
Arroyo Feliciano		198	8,341	76.9
Guayquiraró		158	9,701	90
Corriente(Aruhary)		500	26,872.9	336.2
	San Javier	250	2,948.4	16.4
	Arroyo El Rey		6,346.4	40
	Río Los Amores (São Jerônimo)	177	17,440.7	69.7
Santa Lucia		190	6,963.4	85.6
	Paraná Miní–Tapenaga	300	12,072.7	53.5
	Tacuari		7,034.6	39.1
Arroyo San Lourenzo			1,411.4	12.4
Empedrado			2,002.2	18.3
Riachuelo			2,921.9	26.2
	Negro(Chaco)	410	21,121.4	58.5
	Guaycurú	446	21,656.6	33.9
	Paraguay	2,695	1,137,190.9	5,070.2
	Yabebyry		1,955	30.31
	Arroyo Aguapey	60	1,809	35.06
	Tacuary		1,010	20.54
Arroyo Garupá		62	1,416	38.1
Arroyo Yabebiry		130.1	1,889.3	46.9
	Capiibari		978	12.2
	Pirapó		952	20.5
Arroyo Cuñapirú		67.6	525	11.3
	Pirajui	97	1,221	26.6
Arroyo Garuhapé			527.9	11.7
	Tembey	95	1,243	28.8
Arroyo Paranay Guazú		114.2	1,319.5	30.7
Arroyo Piray Guazú		69.5	2,141.5	63.9
Arroyo Piray Mini		88.5	1,476.6	50.7
	Yacuy Guazú		788	23.77
Arroyo Aguaray Guazú			873	27.8
	Ñacunday	150	2,541	82.74
Arroyo Urugua-i		150.5	2,533.7	96.3
	Monday	150	6,693	164.7
Iguaçu		1,320	67,537.3	1,836
	Acaray	160	9,681	233.7
	Limay		1,099.8	27.4
São Francisco Falço Braço Sul		73	1,706.3	53.7
	Itambey	115	1,805.3	39.5
São Francisco Verdadeiro		152	2,210.2	64.2
	Arroyo Pozuelo		572.2	15
	Carapa	150	2,678	44
Arroyo Guaçu			1,222.3	26.6
	Piratiy	80	1,545.6	22.4
Upper Paraná
Piquiri		665	24,156	606.5
	Iguatemi	300	8,409.3	99.2
	Maracaí		1,831.2	18.3
	Amambaí	340	10,094.6	101.6
Ivaí		798	36,587	733.4
	Laranjal		1,782	14.9
	Ivinheima	595	38,200	544.5
	Bahia		1,344	10.2
Paranapanema		929	101,738.7	1,198.4
	Samambaia		1,379.7	12.3
Santo Anastácio		102	2,132.4	15
	Pardo	600	39,419.4	529
	Taquaruçu		2,615.3	17.9
Rio do Peixe		380	10,195.4	84
Verde		500	22,470.7	185
Aguapeí		420	12,026.4	85.3
	Sucuriú	450	25,220	353.7
Tietê		1,150	72,168	937.2
São José das Dourados		334.5	6,783	52.3
	Quiteria		2,384.9	29.2
Rio Grande		1,455	143,484	2,279
Paranaíba
	Aporé	200	6,965.3	109
Corrente			7,323.5	119
São Domingos (Arantes)			3,589.7	39.2
	Verde		11,768.2	192.1
	Claro	495.2	13,684.2	205.4
Ribeiro dos Patos			1,073.1	10.8
	Alegre		1,406.1	17.3
	Preto	127.3	2,302.6	29.9
	São Francisco		1,337.9	15.7
Tijuco		355	14,284	170.2
	Dos Bois	528	34,759	334
	Meia Ponte	471.6	12,370.5	154.8
Piedade			1,777.3	19.6
	Ribeiro Santa Maria		1,287.4	13.4
	Corumbá	567.5	34,071.4	417
Araguari		475	22,091	284
	Veríssimo	200	4,533.7	48.8
Jordão			921.8	10.6
Bagagem			1,375.4	15.9
Perdizes			1,265.4	14.7
Dourados			2,451.6	30.3
	São Marcos	466.7	12,049.7	141.4
	Verde		1,337.1	15.8
Ribeiro das Minas Vermelhas			889.1	12.1
Espirito Santo			1,035.1	13.7

^*Period: 1971–2000

Uses

Together with its tributaries, the Rio Paraná forms a massivedrainage basinthat encompasses much of the southcentral part of South America, essentially including all of Paraguay, much of southern Brazil, northern Argentina, and the southeastern part ofBolivia.If theUruguay Riveris counted as a tributary to the Paraná, this watershed extends to cover most ofUruguayas well. The volume of water flowing into the Atlantic Ocean through the Río de la Plata roughly equals the volume at theMississippi Riverdelta.This watershed contains a number of large cities, includingSão Paulo,Buenos Aires,Rosario,Asunción,Brasília,andLa Plata.

The Paraná and its tributaries provide a source of income and of daily sustenance for fishermen who live along its banks. Some of the species of fish (such as thesurubíand thesábalo) are commercially important, and they are exploited for heavy internal consumption or for export. The Parana River delta ranks as one of the world's greatest bird-watching destinations.

Much of the length of the Paraná isnavigable,and the river serves as an important waterway linking inland cities in Argentina and Paraguay with the ocean, providing deepwater ports in some of these cities. The construction of enormous hydroelectric dams along the river's length has blocked its use as a shipping corridor to cities further upstream, but the economic impact of those dams offsets this. TheYacyretá Damand theItaipu Damon the Paraguay border have made the small, largely undeveloped nation of Paraguay the world's largest exporter ofhydroelectric power.

Due to its use for oceangoing ships, measurements of the water tables extend back to 1904. The data correlates with the Sun'ssolar cycle.

Gallery

• 
  Paraná River source at the border of the states ofSão Paulo,Mato Grosso do SulandMinas Gerais,inBrazil.
• 
  Confluence of the Iguazu and Parana rivers. The Triple frontier is a bit further in the background center: On the left is Paraguay, on the right Brazil, taken from Argentina.
• 
  Sunrise over the Paraná River atSan Cosme y DamiánDunes,Paraguay
• 
  Container ship,traveling downstream by the city of Ramallo, Argentina
• 
  TheRosario-Victoria Bridge
• 
  Astronaut's photo showing a 29-kilometre (18 mi) stretch of the Paraná, just downstream fromGoya,Argentina
• 
  Parana river inPosadas,Argentina
• 
  The sun rising over the Paraná River, from northeast ofRosario,Argentina
• 
  Map of theRio de la Plata Basinshowing the Paraná River and its major tributaries

Links across the Paraná

The course of the Paraná is crossed by the following bridges, beginning upstream:

Crossing	Location	Built	Carries	Coordinates
Brazil
Rollemberg–Vuolo Road–Railway Bridge	Aparecida do Taboado-Rubineia	1998		20°06′17.9″S51°00′32.4″W
Ilha Solteira Dam	Selvíria-Ilha Solteira	1973		20°22′54.2″S51°21′59.7″W
Engineer Souza Dias Dam	Três Lagoas-Castilho	1968	BR-262	20°46′44.7″S51°37′49.3″W
Paulicéia-Brasilândia Bridge	Brasilândia-Pauliceia	2009	BR-158	21°16′08.4″S51°51′18.8″W
Hélio Serejo (Maurício Joppert) Bridge	Bataguassu-Presidente Epitácio	1964	BR-267	21°45′12.1″S52°11′05.6″W
Sérgio Motta (Porto Primavera) Dam	Rosana	1999		22°28′30.5″S52°57′29.6″W
Porto Camargo Bridge	Alto Paraíso		BR-487	23°22′24.5″S53°46′08.3″W
Ayrton Senna Bridge	Mundo Novo-Guaíra	1998	BR-163	24°03′31″S54°15′28.6″W
Brazil-Paraguay
Friendship Bridge	Ciudad del Este-Foz do Iguaçu	1965	PY02-BR-277	25°30′33.5″S54°36′03.3″W
Integration Bridge	Presidente Franco-Foz do Iguaçu	Under construction		25°35′19″S54°35′37″W
Paraguay-Argentina
San Roque González de Santa Cruz Bridge	Encarnación-Posadas	1990		27°22′09.3″S55°51′43.3″W
Yacyretá Dam	Ayolas-Ituzaingó	1994		27°28′58.5″S56°44′19.5″W
Argentina
General Manuel Belgrano Bridge	Resistencia-Corrientes	1973	National Route 16	27°28′12.3″S58°51′35.1″W
Second Resistencia-Corrientes Bridge	Resistencia-Corrientes	Planned
Reconquista-Goya Bridge	Reconquista-Goya	Planned
Raúl Uranga - Carlos Sylvestre Begnis Subfluvial Tunnel	Santa Fe-Paraná	1969	National Route 168	31°42′08.7″S60°30′12.6″W
Second Santa Fe-Paraná Bridge	Santa Fe-Paraná	Planned
Rosario-Victoria Bridge	Rosario-Victoria	2003	National Route 174	32°52′11.4″S60°41′07.9″W
Bartolomé Mitre Bridge	Zárate-Ceibas	1977	National Route 12	34°06′10.9″S59°00′10″W
Justo José de Urquiza Bridge	Zárate-Ceibas	1977	National Route 12	33°54′37.1″S58°53′06.9″W

See also

• Tributaries of the Río de la Plata
• Paraná River steamers

External links

• Information and a map of the Paraná's watershed
• "Paraná".New International Encyclopedia.1905.