Wikipedia

Parliament Hill

This article is about the government buildings in Ottawa, Canada. For other uses, seeParliament Hill (disambiguation).

Parliament Hill(French:Colline du Parlement), colloquially known asThe Hill,is an area ofCrown landon the southern bank of theOttawa Riverthat houses theParliament of Canadaindowntown Ottawa,Ontario. It accommodates a suite ofGothic revivalbuildings whose architectural elements were chosen to evoke the history ofparliamentary democracy.Parliament Hill attracts approximately three million visitors each year. TheParliamentary Protective Serviceis responsible for law enforcement on Parliament Hill and in the parliamentary precinct, while theNational Capital Commissionis responsible for maintaining the nine-hectare (22-acre) area of the grounds.

  • Parliament Hill
  • Colline du Parlement
Parliament Hill, 2009
LocationOttawa River/Wellington Street,Downtown Ottawa
Coordinates45°25′29″N75°41′58″W/ 45.42472°N 75.69944°W/45.42472; -75.69944(Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Canada)
Built1859–1876
Built forLegislature of the Province of Canada,Parliament of Canada
Architect
Visitors3 million annually
Governing bodyNational Capital Commission
Official nameGrounds of the Parliament Buildings National Historic Site of Canada
Designated1976

Development of the area, which in the 18th and early 19th centuries[citation needed]was the site of a military base, into a governmental precinct began in 1859 afterQueen VictoriachoseOttawaas thecapitalof theProvince of Canada.Following several extensions to the Parliament and departmental buildings, and a fire in 1916 that destroyed theCentre Block,Parliament Hill took on its present form with the completion of thePeace Towerin 1927. In 1976, the Parliament Buildings and the grounds of Parliament Hill were designated asNational Historic Sites of Canada.Since 2002, an extensive $3 billion renovation-and-rehabilitation project has been underway throughout the precinct's buildings that is expected to be completed after 2028.

History

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Early use

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Parliament Hill is alimestoneoutcrop with a gently sloping top that was originally covered in aprimeval forestofbeechandhemlock.[1]For hundreds of years, the hill was a landmark on theOttawa RiverforFirst Nations peopleand later for European traders, adventurers, and industrialists, marking their journeys to the interior of the continent.[1]After the founding ofOttawa,which was then calledBytown,the builders of theRideau Canalsited a military base on the hill,[2]naming it Barrack Hill. A large fortress was planned for the site following theWar of 1812and theUpper Canada rebellionbut the threat of an American invasion subsided and the project was scrapped.[2]

Selection as a parliamentary precinct

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The Ottawa locks of theRideau Canal,with Barrack Hill—present-day Parliament Hill—right of centre; 1832

In 1858,Queen Victoriaselected Ottawa as thecapitalof theProvince of Canada.Barrack Hill was chosen as the site of the new parliament buildings for its prominence over the town and the river,[1][3]and becausethe Crownalready owned it.[4]On 7 May 1859, theDepartment of Public Worksissued a call for design proposals for the new parliament buildings on Barrack Hill, for which 298 drawings were submitted. The number of entries was reduced to three but the panel of judges could not decide whose design should win the contest.Governor GeneralSirEdmund Walker Headwas approached to break the stalemate, and the winners were announced on 29 August 1859.[5]

Contracts to build theCentre Blockand departmental buildings were separately awarded. The first was awarded to the team ofThomas FullerandChilion Jones,with theirVictorian High Gothicscheme of a formal, symmetrical front facing a quadrangle and a more rustic, picturesque back facing the escarpment and bluffs overlooking the Ottawa River. The team ofThomas StentandAugustus Laverwon the prize for the second category, which included the subsequentEastandWest Blocksstructures.[5]These proposals were selected for their sophisticated use ofGothic architecture,which was thought to remind people ofparliamentary democracy's old European history, and would contradict therepublicanneoclassicalstyle of architecture used inWashington, D.C.It was also thought that it would be better suited to the rugged surroundings of still wilderness in northern North America, while being stately.[5]$300,000 was allocated for the main building and $120,000 more for each of the several departmental buildings.[6]

Construction and early use

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Centre Block under construction in 1863

Ground was broken on 20 December 1859 and the first stones were laid on 16 April the following year. Prince Albert Edward,Prince of Wales(later KingEdward VII), laid the cornerstone of the Centre Block on 1 September.[4][3]Construction of Parliament Hill became the largest construction project undertaken in North America to that date.[7]Workers hit bedrock sooner than expected, necessitating blasting to complete the foundations, which the architects had altered to sit 5.2 metres (17 ft) deeper than originally planned.[4]By early 1861, theCanadian Department of Public Worksreported over $1.4million had been spent on the venture, leading to the closure of the site in September and the covering of the unfinished structures with tarpaulins until 1863, when construction resumed following acommission of inquiry.[4]

The site was still incomplete when three of theBritish North Americancolonies—now the provincesOntario,Quebec,Nova Scotia,andNew Brunswick—enteredConfederationin 1867, and Ottawa remained the capital of the new country. Within four years,Manitoba,British Columbia,Prince Edward Island,and theNorth-West Territories—nowAlberta,Saskatchewan,Yukon,Northwest Territories,andNunavut—were added and, along with the associated bureaucracy, the first three required representation be added in Parliament. The offices of Parliament spread to buildings beyond Parliament Hill.[4]

Troops deliver afeu de joieon Parliament Hill for theQueen's BirthdayReview in 1868.

The British military allocated a nine-pounder naval cannon to Ottawa's British army garrison in 1854. The newly created government of the Dominion of Canada purchased the cannon in 1869 and fired it on Parliament Hill as the Noonday Gun, which was colloquially known as "Old Chum",[8]for many years.[9]

By 1876, the structures of Parliament Hill, and the surrounding fence and gates, were completed. The grounds were designed with the help of architectsThomas ScottandCalvert Vaux.[5]Following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, in late September that year, Prince George, Duke of Cornwall (later KingGeorge V)—Queen Victoria's grandson—dedicated a large statue that stands on the hill in the late Queen's honour.[10][11]

Fire, incidents, and renovations

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See also:Centre Block § Great fire,andParliament Hill Rehabilitation
The parliament buildings the morning after the fire of 1916

On 3 February 1916, a fire destroyed the Centre Block.[12]Despitethe ongoing war,Governor GeneralPrince Arthur, Duke of Connaught,re-laid the original cornerstone on 1 September 1916, exactly fifty-six years after his brother the future King Edward VII had first set it. Eleven years later, the rebuilt Centre Block was completed and a new, freestanding bell tower was dedicated as thePeace Towerin commemoration of the Canadians who had died during the First World War.[13][14]

Parliament Hill has hosted several significant events in Canadian history, including the first visit of the reigningCanadian sovereignKingGeorge VIandhis consortQueen Elizabethto his Parliament in 1939.[15]A huge celebration on 8 May 1945 markedVictory in Europe Day,[16]and the first raising ofthe country's new national flagtook place on 15 February 1965.[17]Queen Elizabeth IIrevisited Parliament Hill on 17 April 1982 for the issuing of aroyal proclamationof the enactment of theConstitution Actthat year.[18]

In April 1989, armed manCharles Yacoubhijacked aGreyhound Linesbus with eleven passengers on board that was travelling to New York City from Montreal, and drove it onto the lawn in front of the Centre Block. A six-hour standoff with police ensued; three shots were fired but there were no injuries.[19]

The special Diamond Jubilee window of Queen Elizabeth II alongside Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee window

On 14 September 2001, 100,000 people gathered on the main lawnto honour the victims of the September 11 attacks on the United Statesthat year.[20]Queen Elizabeth II'sDiamond Jubileewas commemorated with the installation of a specially tinted window in the Centre Block on 7 February 2012, one day afterAccession Day.[21]

On 22 October 2014,shooting incidents occurred around Parliament Hill.After fatally shooting aCanadian Armysoldier stationed as a ceremonial guard at theNational War Memorial,a gunman entered the Centre Block of the parliament buildings. There, the shooter engaged in a firefight with Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of CommonsKevin Vickersand members of theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police(RCMP). The incident ended when the shooter was killed by Vickers and RCMP Constable Curtis Barrett.[22][23]Following the incidents, theParliamentary Protective Servicewas created to integrate the House of Commons and Senate security forces with RCMP patrols of the grounds.[23]

Since 2002, an extensive $3 billion renovation-and-rehabilitation project has been underway throughout the precinct's buildings to bring the Parliament buildings to modern safety standards and to address their deteriorated state; work is not expected to be complete until after 2028.[24][25]The West Block was completed in November 2018 before theHouse of Commonsmoved there and renovations on theSenate of Canada Buildingconcluded in 2019 to accommodate theSenate[26][27]while the Centre Block and East Block undergo renovations.[28]Work on theSir John A. Macdonald Buildingwas completed in 2015[29]and work on theWellington Buildingwas completed in 2016.[30]An architectural competition is being held for designs pertaining to the city block south of Wellington Street and a new Visitors Welcome Centre is being built.[25][31]

Grounds and name

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The southern front of the property is demarcated by a wrought iron fence. A portion of theQueen's Gatesis pictured in the right foreground.

The nine-hectare (22-acre) area,[32]which theNational Capital Commissionmaintains,[33]is named by theParliament of Canada Actas "Parliament Hill" and is defined as resting between the Ottawa River to the north, the Rideau Canal and theColonel By Valleyto the east, Wellington Street to the south, and a service road called Kent Street near theSupreme Courtto the west.[34]A Victorian, high-gothic,wrought ironfence demarcates the south front of the property.[35]The fence, which is named the Wellington Wall,[33]has its centre on an axis with the Peace Tower to the north and the formal entrance to Parliament Hill theQueen's Gates,which Ives & Co. of Montreal forged.[4]Approximately three million visitors come to the hill every year.[36]

The hill's main outdoor area is the formal forecourt, which is formed by the arrangement of the Parliament and departmental buildings on the site.[37]: 48 This expanse is the site of major celebrations, demonstrations, and traditional shows such as the annualCanada Daycelebrations[37]: 54 and theChanging of the Guard.[38]To the sides of the buildings are statues, memorials, and at the northwest corner agazebocalled the Summer Pavilion, which is a 1995 reconstruction of an earlier gazebo named Summer House. Summer House was built for theSpeaker of the House of Commonsin 1877 by Thomas Seaton Scott and demolished in 1956.[39]Summer Pavilion now serves as the National Police Memorial.[33][40]Beyond the edges of these landscaped areas, the escarpment remains in its natural state.[37]: 45 At its base runs part of theTrans-Canada Trail,the portion between the West Block and the Supreme Court building being named the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Trail, in commemoration of the60th anniversaryof Elizabeth's accession to theCanadian throne.[41]

In 1976, the Parliament Buildings and the grounds of Parliament Hill were each designated asNational Historic Sites of Canadadue to their importance as the physical embodiment of the Canadian government and as the focal point of national celebrations.[35][42]

TheParliament of Canada Actprohibits anyone naming any other area or establishment within theNational Capital Region"Parliament Hill", and forbids the production of merchandise bearing that name.[34]Any violation of this law is punishable on summary conviction.[34]

Map showing the buildings on Parliament Hill and its surroundings. Click on the buildings to read their respective articles.

Parliament Buildings

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See also:Canadian Parliament Buildings
Aerial view ofCanadian Parliament Buildingsand its surroundings

The Parliament Buildings are three edifices arranged around three sides of Parliament Hill's central lawn. The speakers of each chamber of the legislature oversee the use and administration of the spaces within each building.[33]The Centre Block has the Senate and Commons chambers, and is fronted by the Peace Tower on the south facade, and theLibrary of Parliamentlies at the building's rear.[43]The East Block contains ministers' and senators' offices, meeting rooms, and other administrative spaces.[44]The West Block is serving as the temporary seat of the House of Commons.[45]The buildings' unifying architectural style isGothic Revival.[43][46]

Monuments and statues

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Further information:Royal monuments in Canada

More than 20 bronze statues in the grounds commemorate important figures in Canada's history. Most are arranged in the gardens behind the three parliamentary buildings and one stands outside the main fence.[47][a]

Figure Portrait Statue Notes
George-Étienne Cartier This was the first statue erected on Parliament Hill and stands immediately west of the Centre Block. It was installed at the instigation of Sir John A. Macdonald.[47]From among proposals from Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy,Louis-Philippe Hébertwas chosen to sculpt the monument, which was set up in the 1880s.[47]
John A. Macdonald Hébert was selected from 44 submissions from Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe, to sculpt the statue of Canada's first prime minister.[47]It was unveiled on the hill on 1 July 1895.[48]
Queen Victoria This statue is located at the northwest corner between the West and Centre Blocks. Hébert sculpted the statue of the country's first monarch that was first displayed at the1900 Paris Expositionbefore being moved to Ottawa,[47]and dedicated by Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York, in 1901.[10]
Alexander Mackenzie Hébert was commissioned to sculpt this figure, which stands directly to the north of the statue of Cartier, at the same time as he was awarded the project of the monument to Queen Victoria.[47]The statue was unveiled in 1901.[49]
SirGalahad This is the only statue on Parliament Hill that is not of a monarch or politician, or within the site's fences. It was installed in 1905 on the initiative of the future prime ministerWilliam Lyon Mackenzie Kingto honour the bravery of his friendHenry Albert Harper,who drowned trying to rescue a girl who fell through thin ice in the Ottawa River in 1901.[50]The statue was created byErnest Wise Keyser.[50]
George Brown The competition for these sculptures took place simultaneously andGeorge William Hillwon both. The statues were installed in 1913.[49]
D'Arcy McGee
Robert Baldwinand
Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine
This dual statue byWalter Seymour Allwardhas occupied the site at the northeast corner of the parliamentary precinct since 1914.[49]
Wilfrid Laurier This work byJoseph-Émile Brunetwas selected from 40 entries received from around the world. It was placed at the southeast corner of the site in 1922.[49]
Robert Borden Frances Loringcast this likeness for the1957 session of ParliamentQueenElizabeth IIopened; it stands at the southwest corner of Parliament Hill.[49][51]
William Lyon Mackenzie King Raoul Hunterdesigned this statue, which was commissioned for theCanadian Centennialin 1967 and stands at the northwest corner of the East Block.[49]
John Diefenbaker In 1985, Parliament voted unanimously in favour of a motion that would commemorate John Diefenbaker with a statue.[49]Leo Molwas chosen from 21 submissions to sculpt this 1985 work, which stands immediately north of the West Block.[47]
Lester B. Pearson Danek Mozdzenskicompleted this monument in 1989; it lies immediately north of the West Block.[47]
QueenElizabeth II Jack Harmansculpted this monument, which was unveiled in 1992 in the presence of the Queen, as part of the 125th anniversary of Confederation celebrations. It is situated in the opposite corner of the site from the statue of her great-great-grandmother.[47]Due to construction work on Parliament Hill, the statue was moved to a roundabout onSussex Drive.[47]
The Famous Five This monument, which is entitledWomen are Persons!,was donated in 2000 to the Crown by the Famous 5 Foundation. The monument is a collection of five statues byBarbara Patersonof each of The Famous Five—Emily Murphy,Irene Parlby,Nellie McClung,Louise McKinney,andHenrietta Edwards—as well as one empty chair.[52]Due to construction on Parliament Hill, the statue was moved to Plaza Bridge near the Senate of Canada building.[47]

A number of other monuments are distributed across the hill, marking historical moments or acting as memorials for larger groups of people.

Monument Image Notes
Centennial Flame Lester B. Pearson dedicated this fountain and flame on 1 January 1967 to mark the beginning of theCanadian Centennial.[53]
Canadian Police and Peace Officers' Memorial This memorial includes a recreation of the former Summer Pavilion and honours Canadian police officers who were killed in the line of duty since 1879.[40]It was dedicated on 22 March 1994 and has since been expanded to include the names of fallen officers from all law enforcement agencies, including theMinistry of Natural Resources,theMinistry of Fisheries and Oceans,and the Ministry of Conservation.[49]The first names to be memorialised were inscribed on three granite slabs, and following names are inscribed on glass panels around the perimeter wall.[54]
Victoria Tower Bell The bell in this monument, which was unveiled in 2000, is the bell is the original from theVictoria Tower,and is canted to recall the way in which it was found after it fell from its perch in the fire of 1916.[49]
War of 1812 Monument Seven figures—a First Nations individual, a Métis militiaman, a British infantryman, a QuebecVoltigeur,a woman bandaging one of them, aRoyal Navymarine, and a farmer—represent theWar of 1812.[55]Also part of the monument is a maple tree planted in soil taken from 10 Canadian battlefield sites and watered at the dedication with water from six oceans and lakes that were significant in the War of 1812. It was dedicated on 6 November 2014, the 200th anniversary of theBattle of Malcolm's Mills,the war's final battle in Canada.[56]
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Trail A portion of theTrans-Canada Trailrunning along the Ottawa River named to mark theDiamond Jubileeof Queen Elizabeth II

Surrounding area

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TheOffice of the Prime Minister and Privy Council Buildingis one of several federal properties situated next to Parliament Hill

Though Parliament Hill remains the heart of the parliamentary precinct, expansion beyond the bounded area began in the 1880s with the construction of theLangevin Blockacross Wellington Street. After private interests purchased land to the east across the canal to build theChâteau Laurierhotel, growth of the parliamentary infrastructure moved westward along Wellington Street with the erection in the 1930s of theConfederationandJustice Buildingson the north side, and further construction to the south. By the 1970s, the Crown began purchasing other structures or leasing space in the downtown civic area of Ottawa. In 1973, the Crown expropriated the entire block between Wellington andSparks Streets,intending to construct a south block for Parliament Hill but the government dropped this proposal and instead constructed more office space inHull, Quebec.[37]: 3–5 In 2021, this idea was revisited, and theMinistry of Public Servicesannounced an architectural design competition for the block.[57]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Due to renovations on Parliament Hill, some statues have been relocated to other places around the hill.

References

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Citations

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  49. ^abcdefghiPublic Works and Government Services Canada."Statues – Parliament Hill".Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived fromthe originalon 22 May 2013.
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Sources

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Further reading

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