Wikipedia

Patrick Pearse

Patrick Henry Pearse(also known asPádraigorPádraic Pearse;Irish:Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais;10 November 1879 – 3 May 1916) was an Irish teacher,barrister,poet,writer,nationalist,republicanpolitical activist and revolutionary who was one of the leaders of theEaster Risingin 1916. Following his execution along with fifteen others, Pearse came to be seen by many as the embodiment of the rebellion.

Patrick Pearse
Pádraig Mac Piarais
Born(1879-11-10)10 November 1879
Dublin,Ireland
Died3 May 1916(1916-05-03)(aged 36)
Kilmainham Gaol,Dublin, Ireland
Cause of deathExecution by firing squad
Resting placeArbour Hill Prison
Other namesPádraig Pearse
EducationCBS Westland Row
Alma materUniversity College Dublin
King's Inns
Occupations
  • Educator
  • principal
  • barrister
  • republican activist
  • poet
MotherMargaret Brady
Military career
AllegianceIrish Republican Brotherhood
Irish Volunteers
Years of service1913–1916
RankCommander-in-chief
Battles / warsEaster Rising
Signature

Early life and influences

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27 Pearse Street, birthplace of Patrick and Willie Pearse

Pearse, his brotherWillie,and his sistersMargaretand Mary Brigid were born at 27Great Brunswick Street,Dublin, the street that is named after them today.[1][2]It was here that their father, James Pearse, established a stonemasonry business in the 1850s,[3]a business which flourished and provided the Pearses with a comfortable middle-class upbringing.[4]Pearse's father was a mason and monumental sculptor, and originally aUnitarianfromBirminghamin England.[5]His mother,Margaret Brady,was from Dublin, and her father's family were native Irish speakers fromCounty Meath.She was James' second wife; James had two children, Emily and James, from his first marriage (two other children died in infancy). Pearse's maternal grandfather Patrick was a supporter of the 1848Young Irelandmovement, and later a member of theIrish Republican Brotherhood(IRB). Pearse recalled a visiting ballad singer performing republican songs during his childhood; afterwards, he went around looking for armed men ready to fight, but finding none, declared sadly to his grandfather that "theFeniansare all dead ". His maternal grand-uncle, James Savage, fought in theAmerican Civil War.[6]The Irish-speaking influence of Pearse's grand-aunt Margaret, together with his schooling at the CBS Westland Row, instilled in him an early love for theIrish languageandculture.[7]

Pearse grew up surrounded by books.[8]His father had had very little formal education, but was self-educated;[9]Pearse recalled that at the age of ten he prayed to God, promising to dedicate his life to Irish independence.[10]Pearse's early heroes were ancientGaelic folk heroessuch asCúchulainn,though in his 30s he began to take a strong interest in the leaders of pastrepublicanmovements, such as theUnited IrishmenTheobald Wolfe ToneandRobert Emmet.[11]

Pearse soon became involved in theGaelic revival.In 1896, at the age of 16, he joined theGaelic League(Conradh na Gaeilge), and in 1903, at the age of 23, he became editor of its newspaperAn Claidheamh Soluis( "The Sword of Light").[12][13]

In 1900, Pearse was awarded a B.A. in Modern Languages (Irish, English and French) by theRoyal University of Ireland,for which he had studied for two years privately and for one atUniversity College Dublin.In the same year, he was enrolled as aBarrister-at-Lawat theKing's Inns.[14]Pearse was called to the bar in 1901. In 1905, Pearse representedNeil McBride,a poet and songwriter fromFeymore, Creeslough,County Donegal,who had been fined for having his name displayed in "illegible" writing (i.e. Irish) on his donkey cart. The appeal was heard before theCourt of King's Benchin Dublin. It was Pearse's first and only court appearance as a barrister. The case was lost but it became a symbol of the struggle for Irish independence. In his 27 June 1905An Claidheamh Soluiscolumn, Pearse wrote of the decision, "it was in effect decided that Irish is a foreign language on the same level with Yiddish."[15][16]

St Enda's

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St. Enda's,now the Pearse Museum

As a cultural nationalist educated by theIrish Christian Brothers,like his younger brother Willie, Pearse believed that language was intrinsic to the identity of a nation. The Irish school system, he believed, raised Ireland's youth to be goodEnglishmenor obedient Irishmen and an alternative was needed. Thus for him and other language revivalists saving theIrish languagefrom extinction was a cultural priority of the utmost importance. The key to saving the language, he felt, would be a sympathetic education system. To show the way he started his own bilingual school for boys,St. Enda's School(Scoil Éanna) in Cullenswood House inRanelagh,a suburb ofCounty Dublin,in 1908.[17]

Pearse's restless idealism led him in search of an even more idyllic home for his school. He found it in The Hermitage inRathfarnham,County Dublin, now home to thePearse Museum.In 1910 Pearse wrote that the Hermitage was an "ideal" location due to the aesthetics of the grounds and that if he could secure it, "the school would be on a level with" the more established schools of the day such as "Clongowes Wood CollegeandCastleknock College".[18]Pearse was also involved in the foundation of Scoil Íde (St Ita's School) for girls, an institution with aims similar to those of St Enda's.[17]

The Volunteers and Home Rule

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In April 1912John Redmondleader of theIrish Parliamentary Party,which held the balance of power in theHouse of Commonscommitted the government of theUnited Kingdomto introduce anIrish Home Rule Bill.Pearse gave the bill a qualified welcome. He was one of four speakers, including Redmond,Joseph DevlinMP, leader of the Northern Nationalists, andEoin MacNeilla prominent Gaelic Leaguer, who addressed a large Home Rule Rally in Dublin at the end of March 1912. Speaking in Irish, Pearse said he thought that "a good measure can be gained if we have enough courage", but he warned, "Let the English understand that if we are again betrayed, there shall be red war throughout Ireland".[19]

In November 1913 Pearse was invited to the inaugural meeting of theIrish Volunteers—formed in reaction to the creation of theUlster Volunteers—whose aim was "to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland".[20]In an article entitled "The Coming Revolution" (November 1913) Pearse wrote:

As to what your work as an Irish Nationalist is to be, I cannot conjecture; I know what mine is to be, and would have you know yours and buckle yourselves to it. And it may be (nay, it is) that your and mine will lead us to a common meeting-place, and that on a certain day we shall stand together, with many more beside us, ready for a greater adventure than any of us has yet had, a trial and a triumph to be endured and achieved in common.[21]

The Home Rule Bill just failed to pass theHouse of Lords,but the Lords' diminished power under theParliament Act 1911meant that the Bill could only be delayed, not stopped. It was placed on the statute books withRoyal Assentin September 1914, but its implementation was suspended for the duration of theFirst World War.

John Redmond feared that his "national authority" might be circumvented by the Volunteers and decided to try to take control of the new movement. Despite opposition from the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Volunteer Executive agreed to share leadership with Redmond and a joint committee was set up. Pearse was opposed to this and was to write:[21]

The leaders in Ireland have nearly always left the people at the critical moment; they have sometimes sold them. The former Volunteer movement was abandoned by its leaders;O'Connellrecoiled before the cannon atClontarf;twice the hour of the Irish revolution struck duringYoung Irelanddays and twice it struck in vain, forMeagherhesitated inWaterford,DuffyandMcGeehesitated in Dublin.Stephensrefused togive the word in '65;he never came in '66 or '67. I do not blame these men; you or I might have done the same. It is a terrible responsibility to be cast on a man, that of bidding the cannon speak and thegrapeshotpour.[21]

The Volunteers split, one of the issues being support for theAlliedand the British war effort. A majority followed Redmond into theNational Volunteersin the belief that this would ensure Home Rule on their return. Pearse, exhilarated by the dramatic events of the European war, wrote in an article in December 1915:

It is patriotism that stirs the people. Belgium defending her soil is heroic, and so is Turkey......
It is good for the world that such things should be done. The old heart of the earth needed to be warmed with the red wine of the battlefields.
Such august homage was never before offered to God as this, the homage of millions of lives given gladly for love of country.
War is a terrible thing, and this is the most terrible of wars. But this war is not more terrible than the evils which it will end or help to end.[22]

Irish Republican Brotherhood

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Pearse (in uniform centre-right) at the funeral ofO'Donovan Rossaat which he gave agraveside oration.
Proclamation of the Irish Republic,read by Pearse outside theGPOat the start of theEaster Rising

In December 1913Bulmer Hobsonswore Pearse into the secretIrish Republican Brotherhood(IRB),[23]an organisation dedicated to the overthrow ofBritish rule in Irelandand its replacement with an Irish Republic. He was soon co-opted onto the IRB's Supreme Council byTom Clarke.[24]Pearse was then one of many people who were members of both the IRB and the Volunteers. When he became the Volunteers' Director of Military Organisation in 1914[25]he was the highest ranking Volunteer in the IRB membership, and instrumental in the latter's commandeering of the remaining minority of the Volunteers for the purpose of rebellion. By 1915 he was on the IRB's Supreme Council, and its secret Military Council, the core group that began planning for a rising while war raged on the EuropeanWestern Front.

On 1 August 1915 Pearse gave agraveside orationat the funeral of theFenianJeremiah O'Donovan Rossa.He was the first republican to be filmed giving an oration.[26]It closed with the words:

Our foes are strong and wise and wary; but, strong and wise and wary as they are, they cannot undo the miracles of God who ripens in the hearts of young men the seeds sown by the young men of a former generation. And the seeds sown by the young men of '65 and'67are coming to their miraculous ripening today. Rulers and Defenders of the Realm had need to be wary if they would guard against such processes. Life springs from death; and from the graves of patriot men and women spring living nations. The Defenders of this Realm have worked well in secret and in the open. They think that they have pacified Ireland. They think that they have purchased half of us and intimidated the other half. They think that they have foreseen everything, think that they have provided against everything; but, the fools, the fools, the fools! – They have left us our Fenian dead, and while Ireland holds these graves, Ireland unfree shall never be at peace. (Full text of Speech)

Easter Rising and death

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Main article:Easter Rising

It was Pearse who, on behalf of the IRB shortly before Easter in 1916, issued the orders to all Volunteer units throughout the country for three days of manoeuvres beginning on Easter Sunday, which was the signal for a general uprising. WhenEoin MacNeill,the Chief of Staff of the Volunteers, learned what was being planned without the promised arms from Germany, he countermanded the orders via newspaper, causing the IRB to issue a last-minute order to go through with the plan the following day, greatly limiting the numbers who turned out for the rising.

When theEaster Risingeventually began on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, it was Pearse who read theProclamation of the Irish Republicfrom outside theGeneral Post Office,the headquarters of the Rising. Pearse was the person most responsible for drafting the Proclamation, and he was chosen as President of the Republic.[27]After six days of fighting, heavy civilian casualties and great destruction of property, Pearse issued the order to surrender.

Pearse and fourteen other leaders, including his brother Willie, werecourt-martialledandexecuted by firing squad.Thomas Clarke,Thomas MacDonaghand Pearse himself were the first of the rebels to be executed, on the morning of 3 May 1916. Pearse was 36 years old at the time of his death.Roger Casement,who had tried unsuccessfully to recruit an insurgent force among Irish-born prisoners of war from theIrish Brigadein Germany, was hanged in London the following August.

Sir John Maxwell,theCommander-in-Chief, Ireland,sent a telegram toH. H. Asquith,then Prime Minister, advising him not to return the bodies of the Pearse brothers to their family, saying, "Irish sentimentality will turn these graves into martyrs' shrines to which annual processions will be made, which would cause constant irritation in this country."[28]Maxwell also suppressed a letter from Pearse to his mother,[29]and two poems dated 1 May 1916. He submitted copies of them also to Prime Minister Asquith, saying that some of the content was "objectionable".[28]

Writings

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Bust of Pearse inTralee,County Kerry

Pearse wrote stories and poems in both Irish and English. His best-known English poems include "The Mother", "The Fool", "The Rebel"and" The Wayfarer ".[30]He also wrote severalallegoricalplays in theIrish language,includingThe King,The Master,andThe Singer.His short stories in Irish includeEoghainín na nÉan( "Eoineen of the Birds" ),Íosagán( "Little Jesus" ),An Gadaí( "The Thief" ),Na Bóithre( "The Roads" ), andAn Bhean Chaointe( "The Keening Woman" ). These were translated into English byJoseph Campbell(in theCollected Worksof 1917).[31]Most of his ideas on education are contained in his essay "The Murder Machine".He also wrote many essays on politics and language, notably" The Coming Revolution "and" Ghosts ".

Pearse is closely associated with his rendering of theJacobitesean-nós song,"Oró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile",for which he composed republican lyrics.

According toInntipoet andliterary criticLouis de Paor,despite Pearse's enthusiasm for theConamara Theasdialect ofConnacht Irishspoken around his summer cottage atRosmucinConnemara,he chose to follow the usual practice of theGaelic revivalby writing inMunster Irish,which was considered lessAnglicizedthan other Irish dialects.

Also according to Louis de Paor, Pearse's reading of the radically experimental poetry ofWalt Whitmanand of the FrenchSymbolistsled him to introduceModernist poetryinto theIrish language.As aliterary critic,Pearse also left behind a very detailed blueprint for thedecolonizationofIrish literature,particularly in theIrish language.

Louis De Paor writes that Patrick Pearse was "the most perceptivecriticand most accomplished poet, "of the early Gaelic revival providing" a sophisticated model for a new literature in Irish that would reestablish a living connection with the pre-colonial Gaelic past while resuming its relationship with contemporary Europe, bypassing the monolithic influence of English. "[32]For these reasons, de Paor called Pearse's death a catastrophic loss formodern literature in Irish.According to de Paor, this loss only began to be healed during the 1940s by the modernist poetry ofSeán Ó Ríordáin,Máirtín Ó Direáin,andMáire Mhac an tSaoi;and by the modernist novelsAn Béal BochtbyFlann O'BrienandCré na CillebyMáirtín Ó Cadhain.

Reputation

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With the outbreak of conflict inNorthern Irelandin 1969, Pearse's legacy was used by theProvisional IRA.

Pearse's ideas have been seen by Seán Farrell Moran as belonging to the context of European cultural history as a part of a rejection ofreasonby European social thinkers.[33]Additionally, his place within Catholicism, where his orthodoxy was challenged in the early 1970s,[34]has been addressed to suggest that Pearse's theological foundations for his political ideas share in a long-existing tradition in western Christianity.[35]

FormerFianna FáilTaoiseachBertie Aherndescribed Pearse as one of his heroes and displayed a picture of Pearse over his desk in theDepartment of the Taoiseach.[36]

Pearse's motherMargaret Pearseserved as aTDinDáil Éireannin the 1920s. His sisterMargaret Mary Pearsealso served as a TD andSenator.

In a 2006 book, psychiatristsMichael Fitzgeraldand Antoinette Walker speculated that Pearse hadAsperger syndrome.[37]Pearse's apparent "sexual immaturity", and some of his behaviour, has been the subject of comment since the 1970s by historians such asRuth Dudley Edwards,T. Ryle Dwyer and Seán Farrell Moran, who speculated that he was attracted to young boys.[38][39]His most recent biographer,Joost Augusteijn,concluded that "it seems most probable that he was sexually inclined this way".[40]Fitzgerald and Walker maintain that there is absolutely no evidence ofhomosexualityorpaedophilia;they allege that Pearse's apparent lack of sexual interest in women, and his "ascetic" and celibate lifestyle are consistent with a diagnosis ofhigh-functioning autism.[37]Cultural historian Elaine Sisson has further said that Pearse's interest in and idealization of young boys needs to be seen in the context of theVictorian era"cult of the boy".[41]

In almost all of Pearse's portraits, he struck a sideways pose, concealing his left side. This was to hide astrabismusor squint in his left eye, which he felt was an embarrassing condition.[42]

Commemoration

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Educational institutions

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Cullenswood House, the Pearse family home in Ranelagh where Pádraic first founded St Enda's, today houses a primaryGaelscoil(school for education through the Irish language) called Lios na nÓg, part of a community-based effort to revive the Irish language.Crumlin(Dublin) has the Pearse College of Further Education, and there was formerly an Irish language summer school inGaoth Dobhaircalled Colaiste an Phiarsaigh. InRosmucthere is an Irish-medium vocational school, Gairmscoil na bPiarsach. The main lecture hall at the Cadet School in Ireland is named after P.H. Pearse. In September 2014, Gaelcholáiste an Phiarsaigh, a new Irish language medium secondary school, opened its doors for the first time in the former Loreto Abbey buildings, just 1 km from the Pearse Museum in St Endas Park, Rathfarnham. Today Glanmire County Cork boasts the best secondary-level Irish-speaking college in Ireland called Coláiste an Phiarsaigh, which was named in honour and structured around Patrick Pearse's beliefs.

Sports venues and clubs

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A number ofGaelic Athletic Associationclubs and playing fields in Ireland are named after Pádraic or both Pearses:

So also are several outside Ireland:

There are also soccer clubs named Pearse Celtic FC inCorkand inRingsend,Dublin; and Liffeys Pearse FC, a south Dublin soccer club formed by the amalgamation of Liffey Wanderers and Pearse Rangers. A Pearse Rangers schoolboy football club remains in existence in Dublin.

Other commemorations

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  • In 1916 the English composerArnold Bax,who had met the man, composed a tone poem entitledIn Memoriam Patrick Pearse.It received its first public performance in 2008.[43]
  • InBelfastthe Pearse Club on King Street was wrecked by an explosion in May 1938.[44]
  • Westland Row Station in Dublin was renamedPearse Stationin 1966 after the Pearse brothers.
  • The silverten shillingcoin minted in 1966 featured the bust of Patrick Pearse. It is the sole Irish coin ever to have featured anyone associated with Irish history or politics.
  • InBallymunthe Patrick Pearse Tower was named after him. It was the first of Ballymun's tower blocks to be demolished in 2004.[45]
  • In 1999 the centenary of Pearse's induction as a member of theGorseddat the 1899 Pan CelticEisteddfodinCardiff(when he took theBardic nameAreithiwr) was marked by the unveiling of a plaque at the Consulate General of Ireland in Wales.[46]
  • Postage stamps commemorating Pearse were issued by the Irish postal service in 1966, 1979 and 2008.
  • WriterPrvoslav Vujcicis nicknamed Pearse after Patrick Pearse.[47]
  • In 2016Leinster GAAinaugurated a Pearse medal in recognition of Pearse's role as vice president of the province's Colleges' Committee. The medals are awarded to the best footballer and hurler in the Leinster senior championship each year.[48]

Citations

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  1. ^Thornley, David (Autumn–Winter 1971). "Patrick Pearse and the Pearse Family".Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review.60(239/240). Dublin: Irish Province of the Society of Jesus: 332–346.ISSN0039-3495.JSTOR30088734.
  2. ^Miller, Liam (1977).The noble drama of W.B. Yeats.Dublin: Dolmen Press. p. 33.ISBN978-0-391-00633-1.Archivedfrom the original on 21 December 2019.Retrieved16 October2016.
  3. ^Casey, Christine (2005).Dublin: the city within the Grand and Royal Canals and the Circular Road with the Phoenix Park.New Haven and London:Yale University Press.p. 62.ISBN978-0-300-10923-8.Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2021.Retrieved3 October2020.
  4. ^Stevenson, Garth (2006).Parallel paths: the development of nationalism in Ireland and Quebec.Montreal & Kingston:McGill-Queen's Press.p. 189.ISBN978-0-7735-3029-4.Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2021.Retrieved3 October2020.
  5. ^Patrick Pearse: Life.Archived8 January 2018 at theWayback MachineRicorso,Bruce Stewart. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  6. ^16 Lives: Patrick Pearse.p. 17.
  7. ^"The Home Life of Padraic Pearse" Edited by Mary Brigid Pearse. Published by Mercier Press Dublin and Cork.
  8. ^Walsh, Brendan (2007).The pedagogy of protest: the educational thought and work of Patrick H. Pearse.Oxford: Peter Lang. p. 12.ISBN978-3-03910-941-8.Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2021.Retrieved3 October2020.
  9. ^Crowley, Brian (2009)."'The strange thing I am': his father's son? ".History Ireland.History Publications Ltd.Archivedfrom the original on 20 March 2012.Retrieved5 December2010.
  10. ^16 Lives: Patrick Pearse.p. 18.
  11. ^Mitchell, Angus."Robert Emmet and 1916".Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2021.Retrieved13 April2021.
  12. ^"Flanagan, Frank M.," Patrick H. Pearse ",The Great Educators,March 20, 1995 ".Archivedfrom the original on 25 September 2012.Retrieved12 March2016.
  13. ^John T. Koch,Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
  14. ^"CELT: Chronology of Patrick Pearse, also known as Pádraig Pearse (Pádraig Mac Piarais)".ucc.ie.Archivedfrom the original on 11 May 2009.Retrieved9 November2008.
  15. ^"Padraig Pearse, the cart and an old song book".Sparkle.9 September 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 6 September 2017.Retrieved10 April2016.
  16. ^McGill, P.J. (1966). "Pearse Defends Niall Mac Giolla Bhride in Court of King's Bench, Dublin".Donegal Annual.1966:83–85 (from 27 June 1905 article written by Patrick Pearse) – via Google Books.
  17. ^ab"Patrick Pearse"(PDF).The 1916 Rising: Personalities and Perspectives.National Library of Ireland. 2006. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 May 2006.
  18. ^Walsh, Brendan (2007).The Pedagogy of Protest: The Educational Thought and Work of Patrick H. Pearse.Peter Lang.ISBN978-3-03910-941-8.Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2021.Retrieved3 October2020.
  19. ^Ruth Dudley Edwards,Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure,(1977) p. 159
  20. ^Foy, Michael; Barton, Brian (2004).The Easter Rising.Sutton Publishing. pp.7–8.ISBN0-7509-3433-6.
  21. ^abcSeán Cronin,Our Own Red Blood,Irish Freedom Press, New York, 1966, p. 15[ISBN missing]
  22. ^"Peace and the Gael", in Patrick H. Pearse,Political writings and speeches,Phoenix, Dublin, (1924) p. 216,National Library of Ireland
  23. ^In a statement to the Bureau of Military History, dated 26 January 1948, Hobson claimed: "After the formation of the Irish Volunteers in October [recteNovember] 1913, Pádraig Pearse was sworn in by me as a member of the IRB in December of that year... I swore him in before his departure for the States. "(See:National Library of Ireland,3.2.1 Bulmer Hobson and Denis McCulloughArchived28 February 2008 at theWayback Machine,inThe 1916 Rising: Personalities and Perspectives,p. 18. Retrieved 1 January 2008. Hobson, in hisFoundation of Growth of the Irish Volunteers, 1913–1914,also states that Pearse was not a member of the IRB when the Irish Volunteers were founded in November.
  24. ^Kathleen Clarkesays inMy Fight for Ireland's Freedomthat it was "towards the end of 1913" when Tom Clarke had Pearse co-opted onto the Supreme Council of the IRB.
  25. ^Eoin Neeson,Myths from Easter 1916,Aubane Historical Society, Cork, 2007,ISBN978-1-903497-34-0p. 87
  26. ^16 Lives: Patrick Pearse.p. 121.
  27. ^"Patrick Pearse".Century Ireland.RTÉ/Boston College.Archivedfrom the original on 2 March 2017.Retrieved1 March2017.
  28. ^abQuotations from P.H. Pearse, Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, Mercier Press, RP 1979,ISBN0-85342-605-8
  29. ^Author:Patrick Pearse – Wikisourceat en.wikisource.org
  30. ^Seán McMahon and Jo O'Donoghue (1998).The Mercier Companion to Irish literature.Cork:Mercier Press.p.183.ISBN1-85635-216-1.
  31. ^Patrick Pearse,Short Stories.Trans.Joseph Campbell.Ed. Anne Markey. Dublin, 2009
  32. ^Louis De Paor(2016),Leabhar na hAthghabhála: Poems of Repossession: Irish-English Bilingual Edition,Bloodaxe Books.Page 20.
  33. ^Sean Farrell Moran, "Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt Against Reason," Journal of the History of Ideas, 1989, 4.
  34. ^Francis J. Shaw, S.J., "The Canon of Irish History—A Challenge," in Studies, 61, 242, 115–53
  35. ^Moran, "Patrick Pearse and Patriotic Soteriology" in The Irish Terrorism Experience, eds. Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day, 1991, 9–29
  36. ^Bertie Ahern, interviewed about Pearse onRTÉ,9 April 2006.
  37. ^abCollins, Liam (9 April 2006)."Rebel Pearse was no gay blade but had autistic temperment [sic]".Archivedfrom the original on 16 November 2018.Retrieved28 January2019.
  38. ^Ruth Dudley Edwards,Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure,Victor Gollancz, 1977, pp. 52–4
  39. ^Sean Farrell Moran,Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising, 1916Archived15 March 2017 at theWayback Machine,1994, p. 122.
  40. ^Joost Augusteijn,Patrick Pearse: The Making of a Revolutionary,2009, p. 62
  41. ^True Lives: P.H. Pearse; Fanatic Heart(television documentary). Dublin:RTÉ.2001. Event occurs at 42:23.
  42. ^John Spain,"Pearse's heroic sideways pose? He did it to hide embarrassing squint"Archived20 December 2016 at theWayback Machine,Irish Independent,24 August 2013
  43. ^BBC Proms24 July 2008
  44. ^"Belfast club wrecked",Ottawa Citizen,p. 1, 26 May 1938
  45. ^Dublin City Public LibrariesArchived18 January 2013 at theWayback Machinehistory of Ballymun Towers
  46. ^[1]Archived4 March 2016 at theWayback MachineAccount of Gorsedd commemoration, 1999
  47. ^"Prvoslav Vujcic biography".Urban Book Circle. 16 May 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 10 February 2019.Retrieved3 March2019.
  48. ^"Dublin and Kilkenny dominate Leinster Pearse medal nominations".The Irish Times.Archivedfrom the original on 12 November 2016.Retrieved12 November2016.

Sources

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  • Joost Augusteijn,Patrick Pearse: The Making of a Revolutionary,2009.
  • Tim Pat Coogan,Michael Collins.Hutchinson, 1990.
  • Ruth Dudley Edwards,Patrick Pearse: the Triumph of Failure,London: Gollancz, 1977.
  • F.S.L. Lyons,Ireland Since the Famine.London: Collins/Fontana, 1973.
  • Dorothy Macardle,The Irish Republic.Corgi, 1968.
  • Arthur Mitchell & Pádraig Ó Snodaigh,Irish Political Documents 1916–1949.Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1985
  • Seán Farrell Moran,Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising 1916,Washington, Catholic University Press, 1994
    • "Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt against Reason," inThe Journal of the History of Ideas,50:4 (1989), 625–43
    • "Patrick Pearse and Patriotic Soteriology: The Irish Republican Tradition and the Sanctification of Political Self-Immolation" inThe Irish Terrorism Experience,ed. Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day, 1991, 9–29
  • Brian Murphy,Patrick Pearse and the Lost Republican Ideal,Dublin, James Duffy, 1990.
  • Ruán O'Donnell,Patrick Pearse,Dublin: O'Brien Press, 2016
  • Mary Pearse,The Home Life of Pádraig Pearse.Cork: Mercier, 1971.
  • Patrick Pearse,Short Stories.Trans. Joseph Campbell. Ed. Anne Markey. Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2009
  • Elaine Sisson, "Pearse's Patriots: The Cult of Boyhood at St. Enda's." Cork University Press, 2004, repr. 2005
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