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Pauni

Pauniis a town and aMunicipal CouncilinBhandara districtin the IndianstateofMaharashtra. Now it hasNational Highway NH-247.Pauni is also known asKashiofVidarbhadue to its wide swath of temples.

Pauni
town
Pauni is located in Maharashtra
Pauni
Pauni
Location in Maharashtra, India
Pauni is located in India
Pauni
Pauni
Pauni (India)
Coordinates:20°47′N79°38′E/ 20.78°N 79.63°E/20.78; 79.63
CountryIndia
StateMaharashtra
DistrictBhandara
Government
• TypeMunicipal Council
Area
• Total9 km2(3 sq mi)
Elevation
226 m (741 ft)
Population
(2011)
• Total22,821
• Density2,500/km2(6,600/sq mi)
Languages
• OfficialMarathi
Time zoneUTC+5:30(IST)
PIN
441910
Vehicle registrationMH-36
Nearest Railway StationPauni Road

Geography

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Pauni is located at20°47′N79°38′E/ 20.78°N 79.63°E/20.78; 79.63.[1]It has an average elevation of 226 metres (741 feet). The town is surrounded on three sides by a moat and earthen rampart, and the fourth side by theWainganga River.The main language of Pauni is Marathi, the regional language of the state of Maharashtra. Pauni is surrounded by Umred-Karhandla wildlife sanctuary, famous for tigers and other wild animals.

Pauni (Bhandara District). Plan of the historic city

Introduction

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Pauni (Pauni derived from the name of king "Pavan" ) is situated on the bank of river Wainganga known as South Ganga. It is a center of market and trade for the surrounding smaller villages and connects the smaller villages to cities like Nagpur, Chandrapur, Bhandara and Gondia. In ancient times, Pauni was famous for the handloom textile industry. It is also a place of pilgrimage and boasts of many temples, schools, a high school and a science college.

History and Archaeology

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Pauni is an ancient city, surrounded by a rampart and moat, the latter partly preserved. The remains of historical monuments are scattered all over the town. The city wall, atop the rampart, is partly preserved and dates to the seventeenth-eighteenth centuries. 

The Pawan Raja Fort: It is a famous fort in roughly middle of the town built by King Pavan(the town 'Pavani' get its name from the king's name).It is one of the architectural wonders in Pauni.Though in present time,only the walls of fort are standing and no remains of fort is seen,but it is said that the most part of the town was once a territory of fort.On one side of the fort is a lake which is a visual wonder.While on the entrance of the fort is a big ancient gate which facilitate connections between two sides of the town.

Archaeological sites

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Pillar with NagaMucalindaprotecting the throne of the Buddha. Railing pillar from Jagannath Tekri. Pauni (Bhandara District). 1st century BCE.National Museum of India.[2][3]

The excavations at Pauni have shown that the area was a center of Buddhism from theMaurya[4]andSatavahanatimes, and coins of the early Satavahana rulerSatakarni Iwere discovered in connection with archaeological finds.[5]One of the excavated stupas, the Suleman Tekri stupa, had a diameter of 41.6 meters, larger than the main stupa atSanchi.[5][6]

Jagannath Tekri Stupa.20°47′01″N79°38′09″E/ 20.7835°N 79.6357°E/20.7835; 79.6357There is an earthen mound to the south of Pauni, outside the fort-wall on the bank of the Balasamudra water body. A temple to Jagananath is built on the mound. Nagpur University has carried out archeological excavations around the Jagannath temple in 1969. These excavations unearthed the remains of a largestupaof the early historic period.[7]The stupa has a diameter of 38.1 meters and seems to have been worshipped from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, undergoing several waves of enlargements and renovations.[8]The excavations revealed also a number of carved pillars, some on the site, and other pieces now in theNational Museum of Indiaand theChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya.A number of the pieces of this railing carryBrahmiinscriptions.[9]Four gateways seemingly rather similar to those ofBharhutwere also erected.[8]The majority of the inscriptions record donations to thestupa,but one inscription mentionsMucalinda,the earliest reference to this deity in India.[10]

Sulaiman Tekristupa in Pauni

Suleman Tekri Stupa.A secondstupawas excavated by Nagpur University near the village of Chandakapur, about 600 meters south of Jagannath Tekri.[6][11]The Suleman Tekri stupa has a diameter of 41.6 meters, larger than the main stupa atSanchi,and is dated to circa the 1st century BCE, with extensions down to the 2nd century CE.[5][6]Although monumental, no sculptures or decorations were found from this stupa, suggesting a severe, unadorned, design.[6]Coins ofSatakarniwere found in association with the stupa.[6]Coins of theWestern Satrapswere also found.[6]

Hardolal Tekri.This is a mound outside the town. A large megalith stone was found here, inscribed in the early historic period with the name of the ruler Bhagadatta.[12]The stone is now in the collections of theNagpur Central Museum.[13]This mound was not a stupa.[6]

Coins and inscriptions

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Coins and pillar inscriptions of theWestern Satrapswere found in Pauni.

Coins were found belonging to theSatavahanasand theWestern Satraps(Rudrasimha).[14][15][16]These Satavahana coins, among them coins of the early Satavahana kingSatakarni,were found at the two stupa sites, confirming that ancientVidarbhawas part of theSatavahana Empire(1st century BCE - 2nd century CE).[17][18]

A few dozen donative inscriptions in theBrahmiscript have been found at the site of Pauni, in a style similar to the inscriptions ofBharhutandSanchi.[19]

Great Satrap Rupiamma (2nd century CE)

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Main article:Rupiamma
Mahakshatrapa Rupiamma pillar inscription, Pauni.[20][21]Brahmiinscription:
𑀲𑀺𑀥𑀁 𑀫𑀳𑀔𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀯 𑀓𑀼𑀫𑀭𑀲 𑀭𑀼𑀧𑀺𑀅𑀁𑀫𑀲 𑀙𑀬𑀸 𑀔𑀁𑀪𑁄
Sidhaṃ Mahakhattava Kumarasa Rupiaṃmasa chayā Khambo
"Sculpted pillar of Lord Prince and Great Satrap Rupiamma".[22]

A memorial pillar with an inscription in the name of "Mahakshatrapa KumaraRupiamma"has been recovered in Pauni,[23]and is dated to the 2nd century CE.[22]Rupiamma is probably related to theSakaWestern Satraps.[22]This memorial pillar is thought to mark the southern extent of the conquests of the Western Satraps, much beyond the traditionally held boundary of theNarmada River.[22]As a "Great Satrap", Rupiamma may alternatively, or jointly, have been a feudatory or representative of theKushan Empire,which would suggest that Kushan control also extended this far south, beyond the generally accepted southern boundary formed by theNarmada River.[24]The use of the word "Kumara" may also mean that Rupiamma was the son of a Great Satrap, rather than holding the title himself.[25]

Demographics

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Pauni (Bhandara District). Moat and rampart surmounted by medieval fortification

As of 2001Indiacensus,[26]Pauni had a population of 26250. Males 51% of the population and females 49%. Pauni has an average literacy rate of 71%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 63%. In Pauni, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. It was the ancient Buddhist city. Many pilgrims have been found near and in the Pauni.

The river Wainganga flows on the northern side of the town. Number of bathing ghats viz. Diwan Ghat, Ghode Ghat, Vajreshwat Ghat, Hatti Ghat etc. are constructed along the river bank. Some of these ghats are still in good condition. There is renumber of small lakes along the fort wall. It appears that there are remains of what once was the water barrier which served the purpose of defending the town from the invaders.

There are about 150 temples scattered all over the town. Pauni has therefore been described as temple town. The important temples are The Great Goddess Bhangaram Mata Twemple, the Dattatraya temples in Vitthal Gujari, the Nilkanth temple, Panchmukhi Ganesh temple, the Chandakai temple, Murlidhar temple, the Vaijeshwar temple,Dhobi Talav Maruti Temple and Ram temple. The entire existing town is located on remains of ancient settlement. Number of ring walls constructed of bricks or by placing earthen pots over one another can be seen at several places in Pauni. These were used for the purpose of draining the sewer.

Pauni is one of the famous place after Nagpur where Dasara festival is celebrated.

Year Male Female Total Population Change Religion (%)
Hindu Muslim Christian Sikhs Buddhist Jain Other religions and persuasions Religion not stated
2001[27] 11497 11090 22587 - 82.942 7.106 0.066 0.124 9.590 0.009 0.142 0.022
2011[28] 11514 11307 22821 0.010 81.960 7.256 0.066 0.127 10.118 0.018 0.259 0.197

Transportation

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It is connected to the cities of Bhandara, Nagpur, Chandrapur, Gadchilroli via State and National Highways. Pauni is situated on NH 247. Pauni is not far from NH 53, It is hardly 45 km (28 mi) from NH 53. It has nearest railway station at Pauni Road at Amgaon (Railway Station) which goes from Nagpur to Nagbhir.

References

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  1. ^Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Pauni
  2. ^"The bas-relief at Pauni or Bharhut in India, which dates back to about the second century B.C., represents a vacant throne protected by a naga with many heads. It also bears an inscription of the Naga Mucalinda (Fig. 3)"SPAFA Digest: Journal Of SEAMEO Project in Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFA).SPAFA Co-ordinating Unit. 1987. p. 4.
  3. ^abcd"Provenance: Pauni, Bhandara District, Maharashtra Material: Red Sandstone Date: 1st century BC Dimensions: 120 cm x 51 cm Museum Catalogue Number: 78.91" inPunja, Shobita (2014).Treasures: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, Mumbai.National Culture Fund. p. 27.ISBN978-93-83098-25-5.
  4. ^Shimada, Akira (2012).Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stūpa at Amarāvatī (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE).BRILL. p. 175.ISBN978-90-04-23326-3.
  5. ^abc"The excavations at Pauni, a village in the Bhandara district of Maharashtra, conducted jointly with the ASl, deserve a prominent mention in this connection. These excavations have revealed that Pauni was an important centre of the Hinayana Buddhism from the Maurya to the Satavahana period. Remains of some stupas, one of them of a larger diameter than that of the main stupa at Sanchi, were uncovered. The Buddhism establishment, which had a beginning in the Maurya period, enjoyed great prosperity under the Satavahanas as can be inferred from the excavated objects. Some interesting Satavahana and Kshtrapa copper and potin coins were also discovered. Of these particular preference must be made to a unique potin coin which has to be attributed to one of the early Satakarnis, preferably Satakarni l." inSitapati, Pidatala; Sastry, V. V. Krishna (1981).Satavahana Seminar, 26th to 28th March, 1981: Souvenir.Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 50.
  6. ^abcdefg"Pauni excavations".Indian Archaeology 1969-70:20–21.
  7. ^Deo, S. B.; Joshi, S. B. (1972).Pauni excavation (1969–70).Nagpur University.
  8. ^abIndian Archaeology 1968-69 A Review.ASI. pp. 14–16.
  9. ^"Railing pillar with inscriptions".SIDDHAM.Retrieved22 November2019.
  10. ^"Pillar with inscription of Mucalinda".SIDDHAM.Retrieved26 November2019.
  11. ^Anon (2019). "Pauni (पौनि Bhandārā district) Maharashtra. Pauni excavations 1969-70 at Suleman Tekri".doi:10.5281/zenodo.3401669.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  12. ^Mirashi, V. V. (1937–38). "Pauni Stone Inscription of the Bhara King Bhagadatta".Epigraphia Indica.24:11–14.doi:10.5281/zenodo.1442731.
  13. ^"Megalith with inscription of Bhagadatta".SIDDHAM.Retrieved26 November2019.
  14. ^"Excavation Pauni ASI Nagpur".excnagasi.in.
  15. ^"The numismatic evidence comprised coins of the Satavahana king Satakarni and those of the Kshatrapas.""Indian Archaeology 1969-70 A Archaeology 1969-70 A ARCHAEOLOGY 1969-70 A REVIEW... mentioned in early Taina literature as one of the six important cities of... with an embankment of brick":20–21.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  16. ^Shastri, Ajay Mitra; Sharma, Raj Kumar; Handa, Devendra (2005).Revealing India's Past: Recent Trends in Art and Archaeology: Prof. Ajay Mitra Shastri Commemoration Volume.Aryan Books International. p. xxxiii.ISBN978-81-7305-287-3.
  17. ^"Pauni: (Vidarbha) The latest site which contributed valuable numismatic evidence confirming, once and for all, ancient Vidarbha's early Satavahana affiliation is Pauni, in district Bhandara. Two seasons of joint excavation (1968-70) by the Nagpur University and the Archaeological Survey of India yielded reliable coin data from both the Stupa sites." inSarma, Inguva Karthikeya (1980).Coinage of the Satavahana Empire.Agam. p. 38.
  18. ^"Coins of a number of Satavahana rulers from Gautamiputra Satakarni onward have been discovered in large numbers in the Vidarbha region. However, no coin of any earlier king has been reported so far. The present coin is, therefore, the first coin of Sri-Satakarni to be reported from Vidarbha. Another potin coin of Sri-Satakarni has been recently discovered at Pauni 2. The discovery of these coins indicates for the first time the possibility of the rule of the early Satavahanas over the Vidarbha region."Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra; Joshi, Jagat Pati (1972).Pauni Excavation, 1969-70.Nagpur University. p. 99.
  19. ^Salomon, Richard (1998).Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages.Oxford University Press. p. 142.ISBN978-0-19-535666-3.
  20. ^Indian Archaeology 1964-65 A Review.p. 58, item 40.
  21. ^Anon (2 October 2018)."Rupiamma pillar recent photograph".Zenondo.doi:10.5281/zenodo.1442623.Retrieved25 January2020.
  22. ^abcdMirashi, V. V. (1965). "A Pillar Inscription of Mahakshatrapa Rupiamma from Pawni".Proceedings of the Indian History Congress.27:51–54.ISSN2249-1937.JSTOR44140583.
  23. ^"Siddham. The Asian Inscription Database, Pauni (पवनी Bhandara district). Memorial Pillar (OBNAG0032) with Inscription (INNAG0031) of Rupiamma".
  24. ^Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath (1988).The rise and fall of the Kushāṇa Empire.p. 269.ISBN9780836423938.
  25. ^"The pillar inscription of Rupiamma from Pauni (1-41) may present a similar example. In it, Rupiamma is described as Mahakhattava-kumära; he is a son or prince of the mahäksatrapa; the title in itself is felt to be sufficient identification"Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies(in German). E.J. Brill. 1974. p. 21.
  26. ^"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)".Census Commission of India. Archived fromthe originalon 16 June 2004.Retrieved1 November2008.
  27. ^Census India 2001.
  28. ^Census India 2011.
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