PerkinElmer

PerkinElmer, Inc.,previously styledPerkin-Elmer,is an American global corporation that was founded in 1937 and originally focused on precision optics. Over the years it went into and out of several different businesses via acquisitions and divestitures; these included defense products, semiconductors, computer systems, and others. By the 21st century, PerkinElmer was focused in the business areas of diagnostics, life science research, food, environmental and industrial testing. Its capabilities include detection, imaging, informatics, and service. It produced analytical instruments,genetic testingand diagnostic tools, medical imaging components, software, instruments, and consumables for multiple end markets. PerkinElmer was part of theS&P 500 Indexand operated in 190 countries.

PerkinElmer, Inc.

Headquarters in Waltham, Massachusetts
Company type	Private
Traded as	NYSE:PKI (until 2023)
Industry	Medtech
Founded	1937(1937)
Headquarters	Shelton, Connecticut,U.S. (2023)
Key people	Dirk Bontridder, President and Chief Executive Officer
Products	Analytical instruments, lab technologies, diagnostic testings, laboratory services, informatics, cord blood banking (2021)
Revenue	US$5.0 billion(2021[1])
Owner	New Mountain Capital
Number of employees	More than 16,000 (2021)
Website	www.perkinelmer/analytical-and-enterprise-solutions.html

Over its history, PerkinElmer has been split in two twice. In 1999, PerkinElmer merged withEG&G,with the ongoing Analytical Instruments Division of Perkin-Elmer keeping that name, while the life sciences division of the company became the separatePE Corporation.In 2022, a split of PerkinElmer resulted in one part, comprising applied, food and enterprise services businesses, being sold to the private equity firm New Mountain Capital for $2.45 billion and thus no longer being public but kept the PerkinElmer name. The other part, comprising life sciences and diagnostics businesses, remained public but required a new name, which in 2023 was announced asRevvity, Inc.

History

Founding

Richard Perkinwas attending thePratt Institutein Brooklyn to studychemical engineering,but left after a year to try his hand onWall Street.Still interested in the sciences, he gave public lectures on various topics.Charles Elmerran a firm that suppliedcourt reportersand was nearing retirement when he attended one of Perkin's lectures onastronomybeing held at theBrooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.

The two struck up a friendship over their shared interest in astronomy, and eventually came up with the idea of starting a firm to produce precision optics. Perkin raised US$15,000 from his relatives, while Elmer added US$5,000, and the firm was initially set up as apartnershipon 19 April 1937. Initially, they worked from a small office inManhattan,but soon opened a production facility inJersey City.They incorporated the growing firm on 13 December 1939. A further move toGlenbrookinConnecticutin 1941 was quickly followed by another move toNorwalk, Connecticut,where the company remained until 2000.The opening ofWorld War IIled to significant expansion as the company produced optics for range finders, bombsights, and reconnaissance systems. This work led to theU.S. Navyawarding them the first "E" for Excellence award in 1942.

Perkin-Elmer designed recovery hook intended to salvage a sunken film capsule, 1972

Perkin-Elmer retained a strong presence in the military field through the 1960s and at the same time was significantly involved with OAO-3 a 36-inch Ultra Violet Space Telescope, Skylab and their major contribution to the Apollo program was the CO₂sensor that saved the astronauts during the Apollo 13 failure. They were a primary supplier of the optical systems used in many reconnaissance platforms, first in aircraft andhigh-altitude balloons,and then inreconnaissance satellites.A significant advance was 1955's Transverse Panoramic Camera, which took images on 12 by 14 ft (3.7 by 4.3 m) wide frames that provided single-frame images from horizon to horizon from an aircraft flying at 40,000 ft altitude. Such systems remained a major part of the company's income, capped by the installation of laserretroreflectorson the Moon as part of theApollo 11mission.

Elmer died at age 83 in 1954, and the company began trading sharesover the counter.The company was listed on theNew York Stock Exchangeon 13 December 1960. Perkin remained as president and CEO until June 1961, when Robert Lewis, previously ofArgus CameraandSylvania Electric Products,took over these roles. Perkin remained the chairman of the board until his death in 1969.

Semiconductor manufacturing

In 1967, theU.S. Air Forceasked Perkin-Elmer to produce an all-optical "masking" system forsemiconductor fabrication.Previous systems used a pattern, the "mask", which was pressed onto the surface of thesilicon waferas part of thephotolithographyprocess. Small bits of dirt orphotoresistwould stick the mask and ruin the patterning for subsequent chips, and it was not uncommon for the vast majority of the chips from a given wafer to malfunction. The Air Force, which by the late 1960s was highly reliant onintegrated circuits,desired a more reliable system.

Perkin-Elmer responded with the Microprojector, which was essentially a largephotocopiersystem. The mask was placed in a holder and never touched the surface of the chip. Instead, the image was projected onto the surface. Making this work required a complex 16-element lens system that focussed a narrow range of wavelengths of light onto the mask. The remainder of the light from the 1,000 wattmercury-vapor lampwas filtered out.

Harold Hemstreet was convinced that the concept could be simplified, and Abe Offner began the development of a system using mirrors instead of lenses, which did not suffer from the multispectral focussing problems of lenses. The result of this research was the Projection Scanning Aligner, orMicralign,which made chip making an assembly-line task and improved the number of working chips from perhaps 10% to 70% overnight.Chip prices plummeted as a result, with examples like theMOS 6502selling for about US$20 while the previous generation of designs like theMotorola 6800sold for around US$250.

The Micralign was so successful that Perkin-Elmer became the largest single vendor in the chip space in three years. In spite of this success, the company was largely a has-been by the 1980s due to their late response to the introduction of thestepping aligner,which allowed a single small mask to be stepped across the wafer, rather than requiring a single large mask covering the entire wafer. The company never regained their lead, and sold the division to The Silicon Valley Group.

Lab equipment

Perkin Elmer Transmission Electron Microscope, c. 1973

In the early 1990s, partnered withCetus Corporation(and laterHoffmann-La Roche) to pioneer thepolymerase chain reaction(PCR) equipment industry. Analytical-instruments business was also operated from 1954 to 2001 inGermany,by theBodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer GmbHlocated inÜberlingenatLake Constance,andEngland(Perkin Elmer Ltd) atBeaconsfieldinBuckinghamshire.

Computer Systems Division

Perkin-Elmer was involved in computer manufacture for a time. The Perkin-Elmer Computer Systems Division was formed through the purchase ofInterdata, Inc.,an independent computer manufacturer, in 1973–1974 for some US$63 million.This merger made Perkin-Elmer's annual sales rise to over US$200 million.This was also known as Perkin-Elmer's Data Systems Group.The 32-bit computers were very similar to an IBM System/370, but ran the OS/32MT operating system.

Perkin Elmer 7700 Professional Computer, c. 1983

The Computer Systems Division had a large presence inMonmouth County, New Jersey,with some 1,700 staff making it one of the county's largest private employers.Its plant inOceanporthad 800 employees alone.By the early-mid-1980s the computing group had sales of $259 million;while profitable, it tended to have reduced visibility within the computing industry due to being owned by a diversified parent.

The Wollongong Groupprovided the commercial version of the Unix port to theInterdata 7/32hardware, known asEdition 7 Unix.The port was originally done by theUniversity of WollongonginNew South Wales,Australia,and was the first UNIX port to hardware other than theDigital Equipment CorporationPDPfamily.By 1982, the Wollongong Group Edition 7 Unix andProgrammer's Workbench(PWB) were available on models such as the Perkin-Elmer 3210 and 3240 minicomputers.

In 1985, the computing division of Perkin-Elmer was spun off asConcurrent Computer Corporation,with the goal of giving it and the parallel processing product a clearer identification within the computer industry.At first, the new company was a wholly owned subsidiary of Perkin-Elmer, but with the intentions of putting a minority ownership in the company up for a public stock sale.This was done one in February 1986, with Perkin-Elmer retaining an 82 percent stake in Concurrent.In 1988, there was a merger between Concurrent Computer Corporation andMASSCOMP;as part of the deal, Perkin-Elmer's share in Concurrent was bought out.At that point, Perkin-Elmer said they had culminated their multi-year process of exiting from computer market, allowing them to focus on their primary business segments.

1999

Modern PerkinElmer traces its history back to a merger between divisions of what had been twoS&P 500companies,EG&GInc. (formerlyNYSE:EGG) ofWellesley, Massachusettsand Perkin-Elmer (formerlyNYSE:PKN) ofNorwalk, Connecticut.On May 28, 1999, the non-government side of EG&G Inc. purchased the Analytical Instruments Division of Perkin-Elmer, its traditional business segment, for US$425 million, also assuming the Perkin-Elmer name and forming the newPerkinElmercompany, with new officers and a new board of directors.At the time, EG&G made products for diverse industries including automotive, medical, aerospace and photography.

The old Perkin-Elmer Board of Directors and Officers remained at that reorganized company under its new name,PE Corporation.It had been theLife Sciencesdivision of Perkin-Elmer, and its two componenttracking stockbusiness groups,Celera Genomics(NYSE:CRA) andPE Biosystems(formerlyNYSE:PEB), were centrally involved in the highest profilebiotechnologyevents of the decade, the intense race against theHuman Genome Projectconsortium, which then resulted in thegenomicssegment of thetechnology bubble.Perkin-Elmer purchased the Boston operations of NEN Life Sciences in 2001.

Recently

PerkinElmer gas chromatograph, 2008

In 1992, the company merged withApplied Biosystems.In 1997 they merged withPerSeptive Biosystems.On July 14, 1999, the new analytical instruments maker PerkinElmer cut 350 jobs, or 12%, in its cost reduction reorganization.In 2006, PerkinElmer sold off the Fluid Sciences division for approximately US$400 million; the aim of the selloff was to increase the strategic focus on its higher-growth health sciences and photonic markets. Following on from the selloff, a number of small businesses were acquired, includingSpectral Genomics,Improvision,Evotec-Technologies,Euroscreen, ViaCell, and Avalon Instruments. The brand "Evotec-Technologies" remains the property ofEvotec,the former owner company. PerkinElmer had a license to use the brand until the end of year 2007.

PerkinElmer has continued to expand its interest in medicine with the acquisitions of clinical laboratories, In July 2006, it acquired NTD Labs located onLong Island,New York.The laboratory specializes in prenatal screening during the first trimester of pregnancy. In 2007, it purchased ViaCell, Inc. for US$300 million,which included its offices inBostonandcord bloodstorage facility inKentuckynearCincinnati.The company was renamed ViaCord. In 2001 Perkin Elmer acquired Packard Bioscience Inc from its majority shareholder, Dick McKernen. This acquisition also came with Agincourt Technologies Inc and consolidated Perkin Elmer's position in laboratory robotics, in particular, liquid handling robots which were to prove essential for the high-throughput sequencing needed for the Human Genome Project.

PerkinElmer facility in Finland, 2017

In March 2008, PerkinElmer purchased Pediatrix Screening (formerly Neo Gen Screening), a laboratory located inBridgeville, Pennsylvaniaspecializing in screening newborns for various inborn errors of metabolism such asphenylketonuria,hypothyroidism,andsickle-cell disease.It renamed the laboratory PerkinElmer Genetics, Inc.

In May 2011, PerkinElmer announced the signature of an agreement to acquire CambridgeSoft, and the successful acquisition of ArtusLabs.

In September 2011, PerkinElmer boughtCaliper Life Sciencesfor US$600 million.

In December 2014 PerkinElmer acquired Perten Instruments for US$266 million to expand in food testing.

In January 2016, PerkinElmer acquiredSwedishfirm Vanadis Diagnostics.

In February 2016 PerkinElmer acquired Delta Instruments.

In January 2017, the company announced it would acquire theIndianin vitro diagnostic company, Tulip Diagnostics.In May 2017, the company acquiredEuroimmun Medical Laboratory Diagnosticsfor approximately US$1.3 billion.

PerkinElmer optical emission spectrometer, 2014

In 2018, the company acquiredAustralian biotech company,RHS Ltd.,Chinese manufacturerof analytical instruments, Shanghai Spectrum Instruments Co. Ltd., andFrance-based company Cisbio Bioassays, which specializes in diagnostics and drug discovery solutions.

In November 2020, PerkinElmer announced it would acquire Horizon Discovery Group for around US$383 million.

In March 2021, PerkinElmer announced that the company has completed its acquisition of Oxford Immunotec Global PLC (Oxford Immunotec).In May of the same year, the business announced it would purchase Nexcelom Bioscience for $260 millionand Immunodiagnostic Systems Holdings PLC for $155 million.In June the company announced it would acquire SIRION Biotech, a specialist in viral vector gene delivery methods.In July the business announced it would acquireBioLegendfor $5.25 billion.

Acquisition history

PerkinElmer acquisitions

• PerkinElmer(Est. 1935, modern company formed from EG&G Inc. purchase of Perkin-Elmer, Analytical Instruments Division)
  • Applied Biosystems(Merged 1992)
  • PerSeptive Biosystems.(Acq. 1997)
  • Spectral Genomics
  • Improvision
  • Evotec-Technologies
  • Euroscreen
  • ViaCell
  • Avalon Instruments
  • Packard Bioscience Inc(Acq. 2003)
  • NTD Labs(Acq. 2006)
  • ViaCell, Inc.(Acq. 2007)
  • Pediatrix Screening(Acq. 2008)
  • CambridgeSoft(Acq. 2011)
  • ArtusLabs(Acq. 2011)
  • Caliper Life Sciences(Acq. 2011)
    • Zymark(Acq. 2003)
    • NovaScreen Biosciences Corporation(Acq. 2005)
    • Xenogen Corporation(Acq. 2006)
      • Xenogen Biosciences
    • Cambridge Research & Instrumentation Inc.(Acq. 2010)
    • Xenogen Corporation(Acq. 2006)
    • Xenogen Corporation(Acq. 2006)
  • Perten Instruments(Acq. 2014)
  • Vanadis Diagnostics(Acq. 2016)
  • Delta Instruments(Acq. 2016)
  • Tulip Diagnostics(Acq. 2017)
  • Euroimmun Medical Laboratory Diagnostics(Acq. 2017)
  • RHS Ltd(Acq. 2018)
  • Shanghai Spectrum Instruments Co. Ltd(Acq. 2018)
  • Cisbio Bioassays(Acq. 2018)
  • Horizon Discovery Group(Acq. 2020)
  • Oxford Immunotec Global PLC(Acq. 2021)
  • Nexcelom Bioscience(Acq. 2021)
  • Immunodiagnostic Systems Holdings PLC(Acq. 2021)
  • SIRION Biotech(Acq. 2021)
  • BioLegend(Acq. 2021)
    • BioLegend Japan KK
    • BioLegend UK Ltd
    • BioLegend GmbH

Programs

Hubble optics project

Polishing of Hubble's primary mirror begins at Perkin-Elmer corporation,Danbury, Connecticut,May 1979. The engineer pictured is Dr. Martin Yellin, an optical engineer working for Perkin-Elmer on the project.

Perkin-Elmer's Danbury Optical System unitwas commissioned to build the optical components of theHubble Space Telescope.The construction of the main mirror began in 1979 and completed in 1981. The polishing process ran over budget and behind schedule, producing significant friction withNASA.Due to a miscalibratednull corrector,the primary mirror was also found to have a significantspherical aberrationafter reaching orbit onSTS-31.Perkin-Elmer's own calculations and measurements revealed the primary mirror's surface discrepancies, but the company chose to withhold that data from NASA. A NASA investigation heavily criticized Perkin-Elmer for management failings, disregarding written quality guidelines, and ignoring test data that revealed the miscalibration.Corrective optics were installed on the telescope during the first Hubble service and repair missionSTS-61.The correction,Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement,was applied entirely to the secondary mirror and replaced existing instrumentation; the aberration of the primary mirror remained uncorrected.

The company agreed to pay US$15 million, essentially forgoing its fees in polishing the mirror, to avoid a threatened liability lawsuit under theFalse Claims Actby the Federal government.Hughes Aircraft,which acquired the Danbury Optical System unit one month after the launch of the telescope, paid US$10 million. The Justice Department asserted that the companies should have known about the flawed testing. Trade groupAerospace Industries Associationprotested when concerns were raised in the aerospace industry that aerospace companies might be held liable for failed equipment.

KH-9 Hexagon

Perkin-Elmer built the optical systems for theKH-9 Hexagonseries ofspy satellitesat a facility inDanbury, Connecticut.

External links

• Official website
• • Historical business data for PerkinElmer, Inc.:
  • SEC filings

• PerkinElmer Announces New Business Alignment Focused on Improving Human and Environmental HealthArchived2010-02-23 at theWayback Machine
• SEC filings for PerkinElmer, Inc.
• Photographs from the Perkin-Elmer-Applera CollectionScience History Institute
• Digital Collections(Extensive collection of print photographs and slides depicting the staff, facilities, and instrumentation of the Perkin-Elmer Corporation predominately dating from the 1960s and 1970s)