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Phaistos

This article is about the ancient city. For the modern municipality, seeFaistos.For the comic book character, seePhastos.
For other uses, seePhaistos (disambiguation).

Phaistos(Greek:Φαιστός,pronounced[feˈstos];Ancient Greek:Φαιστός,pronounced[pʰai̯stós],Linear B:𐀞𐀂𐀵Pa-i-to;Linear A:𐘂𐘚𐘄Pa-i-to[1]), alsotransliteratedasPhaestos,Festosand LatinPhaestus,is aBronze Agearchaeological siteat modernFaistos,a municipality in south centralCrete.It is notable for the remains of aMinoan palaceand the surrounding town.

Phaistos
Φαιστός
Pa-i-to[1]
Map of Minoan Crete
Alternative namePhaestus
LocationFaistos,Heraklion,Crete,Greece
RegionThe eastern point of a ridge overlookingMessara Plainto the east
Coordinates35°03′05″N24°48′49″E/ 35.05139°N 24.81361°E/35.05139; 24.81361
TypeMinoan palaceand city
Area8,400 m2(90,000 sq ft)[2]for the palace. The city extended a few km into the valley below.
History
MaterialTrimmed blocks of limestone and alabaster, mudbrick, rubble, wood
FoundedFirst settlement dates to about 3000 BCE. First palace dates to about 1850 BCE.[3]New palace dates to around 1700 BCE
PeriodsLate Neolithic to Late Bronze Age
CulturesMinoan
Site notes
Excavation dates1894, 1900–1920, 1950–1966, 2000-2004. 2007-present
ArchaeologistsAntonio Taramelli,Federico Halbherr,Luigi Pernier,Antonio Minto,Doro Levi,Vincenzo La Rosa, Fausto Longo
ConditionTamped soil, stone walkways, hand rails, lightly roofed areas[2]
Management23rd Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities
Public accessYes
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Ancient Phaistos was located about 5.6 km (3.5 mi) east of theMediterranean Seaand 62 km (39 mi) south ofHeraklion.Phaistos was one of the largest cities ofMinoan Crete.The name Phaistos survives fromancient Greekreferences to a city on Crete of that name at or near the current ruins.[4]

History

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Bronze Age

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Phaistos was first inhabited around 3600 BCE, slightly later than other early sites such asKnossos.During theEarly Minoanperiod, the site's hills wereterracedand monumental buildings were constructed on them. Like other large Minoan cities, there was a palace that was built in an area that had been used earlier for communal feasting. The palace was built on a hill in the East and an acropolis was built on a hill in the West.[5]The first palace was built in theMiddle MinoanIB period, around 2000 BCE.[6]The initial palace was destroyed and rebuilt three times in a period of about three centuries.[7][5]The palace history is divided into three construction phases because of its reconstructions.[8][9]The palace was destroyed around 1400 BCE and not rebuilt. This destruction may have been caused by a large earthquake.[10]

Phaistos was interconnected to various other residences, most notablyHagia TriadaandGortyn.[10][7]Hagia Triada has a smaller palace which may have been connected to the rulers of Phaistos as a vacation residence. Hagia Triada's port and relative closeness to Phaistos may have allowed for long distance trade and shared economic and political activity. Phaistos was one of the 3 largest cities of Minoan Crete along with Knossos andMalia.A road system connects the cities and the road from Phaistos to Knossos seems to the most prominent.[10]This indicates that trade and transportation between the two cities was important, and that Phaistos was a valuable trade partner.

SeveralartifactswithLinear Ainscriptions were excavated at this site. The name of the site also appears in partially deciphered Linear A texts and may be similar to Mycenaean 'PA-I-TO' as written on 62Linear Btablets found at Knossos.[4]Severalkoulourastructures (subsurface pits) have been found at Phaistos. Pottery has been recovered at Phaistos from in the Middle and Late Minoan periods. Bronze Age works from Phaistos includebridge spouted bowls,eggshell cups, tall jars and largepithoi.[11]Grape pips have been found in storage vessels at Phaistos, indicating the production of wine.[6]

Classical and Roman era

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The site was reinhabited during theGeometric Age(8th century BCE).[12]Phaistos had its own currency, thestater.The city also created an alliance with other autonomous Cretan cities, and with the king ofPergamonEumenes II.[citation needed]Around the end of the 3rd century BCE, Phaistos was destroyed by the Gortynians and since then has not been present in the history of Crete.[12]ScotiaAphroditeand goddessLeto,who was also called Phytia, were worshiped there.Epimenides,the wise man invited by the Athenians to clean the city after theCylonian affair(Cyloneio agos) in the 6th century BCE, was a Cretan who may have descended from the people of Phaistos.[13]

Palace

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A layout of the palace with descriptors. Further excavation has revealed more of the site to the South and East.[7]

Phaistos is home to one of the structures commonly known as aMinoan Palace.The structure of Minoan palaces differs from actual palaces and have been proven to serve more purposes, but the name has stuck. These structures are complex buildings that have multiple uses. The palace at Phaistos seemed to have religious and political purposes as well as sections for storage, housing, and a theater.

The Minoan Palace at Phaistos was destroyed and rebuilt multiple times. The earliest iteration of the palace was used as a foundation for the newer reconstructions.[7]The new reconstructions of the palace shifted around slightly eastward of the original palace.[14]The reconstructions of the palace expanded on the first build and were made on multiple vertical levels that were interconnected by halls and stairs. The palace was around 2/3 as large as the palace at Knossos.[10] The first level contained the theater area and some shrines. The theater was larger than the one at Knossos. The second level consisted of servant and guest rooms as well as the commissariat quarter. Above this was the primary royal apartments. The fourth and final level was made up of the Hall of the State and balconies that overlooked the palace and its exterior.[7]

View of the entrance to the main section of the Phaistos palace.

The levels of the theater area, in conjunction with two staircases, gave access to the main hall of thepropylaeathrough large doors. A twin gate led directly to the central courtyard through a wide street. The floors and walls of the interior rooms were decorated with plates of sand and white gypsum stone. The upper floors of the west sector had spacious ceremonial rooms.

The entrance from the central courtyard led to the royal apartments in the northern section of the palace, with a view of the tops ofPsiloritis(Mount Ida). The rooms were constructed fromalabasterand other materials. The rooms for princes were smaller and less luxurious than the rooms of the royal departments.

A temple toRheawas found in the palace.[14]The temple is located in the Southern section of the palace. This temple was connected with theekdysia,which is a ritual practiced in Phaistos.[15]The temple was built after the Geometric age.

Excavation

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View of Phaistos palace section showing a portion of the excavated area.

Phaistos was located in 1853 byThomas Abel Brimage Spratt,a ship captain who surveyed sites around the Mediterranean. Spratt triangulated the location of Phaistos to a hill then known as Kastri ( "fort", "small castle" ) using the locations orGortyn,Matala,and the coast. A village of 16 houses remained on the ridge, but the vestiges of fortification walls indicated that a city had existed there.[16][17]

In 1894,Antonio Taramelliexcavated pottery at Phaistos at the behest ofFederico Halbherr.[18][19]Seal stones and cylinder seals were also found.[20]From 1900 to 1904 Federico Halbherr and his studentLuigi Pernierexcavated at Phaistos.[21][22]Occasional work continued at Phaistos until 1908 while Halbherr and Pernier excavated at the Minoan site ofHagia Triada,located about 3 kilometers away.[23][24][25]Between 1909 and 1922 Antonio Minto excavated on the hill of Christos Effendi, especially the fortification walls there.[26][27][28]

Excavated section of the Phaistos ruins

Between 1950 and 1966 anItalian School of Archaeology at Athensteam led byDoro Leviworked at Phaistos.[29][30]From 2000 to 2004 the effort was led by Vincenzo La Rosa.[31][32][33]Beginning in 2007 the Phaistos Project (also Progetto festos), led by Fausto Longo, under the aegis of the Italian Archaeological School of Athens has worked at the site, mainly conducting surveys, restorations, and targeted excavations.[34][35]To date 61Linear Ainscribed items have been found at Phaistos (26 tablets, 35 sealed documents).[36]Also found were 12 sealed roundels (9 inscribed with Linear A characters) and thousands of sealings (including nodules).[37][38]

In 1908, thePhaistos Discwas found in a basement room (Room 101), along with aLinear Atablet, on the northern side of the palace in a Middle Minoan IIIb level.[39][9]The disc was found with assorted pottery that dates to approximately 1800 BCE, which was around when the palace could have been reconstructed.[7]Finding artifacts in Phaistos is difficult because the Minoans thoroughly cleaned the original palace ruins before beginning the later iterations. This left few archaeological remains to be found in the palace.[7]

Bronze Age Phaistos viewed from south of the ridge

The tombs of the rulers of Phaistos were found in acemeterynear the palace remains. To the southwest of Phaistos, tholos tombs have been found and cemeteries were found to the northwest.[40]Some items found in tombs at Phaistos have been declared as bronze armor scraps. Originally, tombs were built for communal use but after the 400 BCE, the use of small group and family tombs became common practice.[6]A clay model found at one of the larger tombs depicts couples at altars with offerings. The details of this model have been likened to theHagia Triada sarcophagus.

Pottery includingpolychromeitems and em Boss ing in imitation of metal work has been found at Phaistos. This imitation came in the form of making pottery extremely thin, being likened to eggshell.[6]This pottery also mimicked the shapes that metal items were made in. Many of the pottery items had fluting or em Boss ments. This metallurgy replication was mostly found in small vases and cups. Minoan pottery quality changed around 1800 BCE, and shiny vibrant colors were replaced by multiple dull colors.[6]

  • Bird clasping a fish. Decoration of a clay alabastron from Kalyvia, Phaistos, Crete. Early postpalatial period
    (1350–1300 BCE)
  • Fragments from Phaistos showing Linear A script (1850-1450 BCE)
  • Pithos from Phaistos depicting fish (1800-1700 BCE)
  • Both sides of the Phaistos disc

In literature and myth

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References to Phaistos in ancient Greek literature are quite infrequent. Phaistos is referenced byHomer,in the Iliad, as "well populated",[41]and the Homeric epics indicate its participation in theTrojan War.[42]The historianDiodorus Siculusindicates that Phaistos, as well asKnossosandKydonia,are the three towns founded by KingMinosonCrete.[43]However,PausaniasandStephanus of Byzantiumindicate that the founder of the city was Phaestos, son ofHerculesor Ropalus.[44][citation needed]The city of Phaistos is associated with the mythical king of CreteRhadamanthys.[10]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ab[1]Nagy, Gregory, "Greek-like elements in Linear A", Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 4.4, pp. 181-211, 1963
  2. ^abStratis, James C. (October 2005),Kommos Archaeological Site Conservation Report(PDF),kommosconservancy.org
  3. ^LaRosa, Vincenzo (November–December 1995)."A hypothesis on earthquakes and political power in Minoan Crete"(PDF).Annali di Geofisica.38(5–6): 883.The 1850 date was proposed byDoro Levi,who did not agree with Evans on every point.
  4. ^abPrivitera, Santo (2011). "Looking for a Home in a Houseless Town: Exploring Domestic Architecture in Final Palatial Ayia Triada".Hesperia Supplements.44:263–272.
  5. ^abPapapostolou, J. A. (1981).Crete: Knossos, Phaistos, Mallia, Aghia, Triadha, Zakros, and the Herakleion Museum.Clio Editions. pp. 72–73.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. ^abcdeHood, Sinclair (1981).The Minoans; The Story of Bronze Age Crete.Praeger Publishers Inc.
  7. ^abcdefgHawes, Charles Henry; Hawes, Harriet Boyd (1922).Crete, The Forerunner of Greece.London and New York Harper & Brothers.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^[2]Blomberg, Mary, and Göran Henriksson, "Orientations of the Minoan palace at Phaistos in Crete", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 6.1, pp. 185-192, 2006
  9. ^abLa Rosa, Vincenzo (2012). "Phaistos". In Cline, Eric (ed.).The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean.Oxford University Press. pp. 582–596.doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0044.ISBN978-0199873609.
  10. ^abcdeMellersh, H. E. L. (1967).Minoan Crete.Evans Brothers Limited London.
  11. ^C. Michael Hogan,Phaistos Fieldnotes,The Modern Antiquarian (2007)
  12. ^abCucuzza, Nicola (1998)."Geometric Phaistos: a survey".British School at Athens Studies.2:62–68 – via JSTOR.
  13. ^Plutarch.Life of Solon.
  14. ^abWunderlich, Hans Georg (1972).The Secret of Crete.Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 124, 130.
  15. ^Cucuzza, Nicola (1998)."Geometric Phaistos: a survey".British School at Athens Studies.2:62–68 – via JSTOR.
  16. ^Spratt, T A B (1865).Travels and Researches in Crete.Vol. I. London: John Van Voorst. p. 1.
  17. ^Spratt, T A B (1865).Travels and Researches in Crete.Vol. II. London: John Van Voorst. pp. 23–25.
  18. ^[3]Taramelli, Antonio, "Cretan Expedition XIX. A Visit to Phaestos", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 4, pp. 418-436, 1901
  19. ^[4]Halbherr, Federico, "Report on the Expedition of the Institute to Crete", The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts 11.4, pp. 525-538, 1896
  20. ^[5]Evans, Arthur, "Cretan Pictographs and Prae-Phoenician Script: With an Account of a Sepulchral Deposit at Hagios Onuphrios Near Phaestos in Its Relation to Primitive Cretan and Aegean Culture", B. Quaritch, 1895
  21. ^Pernier, L., "Lavori eseguiti a Phaestos dalla Missione Archeologica Italiana nel 1900: relazione", RAL IX, pp. 631-636, 1900
  22. ^Pernier, L., "Il Palazzo di Phaestos", MonAnt12, pp. 1-131, 1902
  23. ^Federico Halbherr, "Lavori eseguiti dalla missione archeologica italiana ad Haghia Triada e nella necropoli di Phaestos dal 15 maggio al 12 giugno 1902", Roma: Tipografia della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, 1902
  24. ^Pernier, L., "II palazzo minoico di Festos I", Rome: Instituto d'archaeologia e storia dell'arte, 1935
  25. ^Pernier, L., and L. Banti, "II palazzo minoico di Festos II,", Rome: Instituto d'archaeologia e storia dell'arte, 1951
  26. ^Minto, A., "Fortificazioni elleniche di Festòs" BdA, 4, pp. 179-183, 1910
  27. ^Minto, A., "Fortificazioni elleniche di Festòs", ASAtene, 4-5, p. 161-175, 1921-1922
  28. ^[6]Greco, Alessandro, Alexia Giglio, and Andrea Betto, "The Forgotten Notebook. From Antonio Minto to the “Phaistos Project”: Archaeological research on Christos Effendi–an INSTAP project ", Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Κρήτης 4: Πρακτικά της 4ης Συνάντησης Β’(Ρέθυμνο, 24-27 Νοεμβρίου 2016), Ρέθυμνο 2020. Υπ. Πο. Α.–Εφορεία Αρχαι οτήτων Ρεθύμνου, pp. 329-341, 2020
  29. ^Levi, D., "The Recent Excavations at Phaistos", SIMA 11, Lund, 1964
  30. ^Levi, Doro, "Festòs e la civiltà minoica", Rome: Edizioni dell’Ateneo, (1976–1981)
  31. ^[7]Caloi, Ilaria, "Preserving memory in Minoan Crete: filled-in bench and platform deposits from the First Palace of Phaistos", Journal of Greek Archaeology 2, pp. 33-52, 2017
  32. ^La Rosa, V., "Le campagne di scavo 2000-2002 a Festòs", Annuario della Scuola di Atene 80, pp. 635-745, 2000-2002
  33. ^La Rosa, V., "I saggi della campagna 2004 a Festòs", Annuario della Scuola di Atene 82, pp. 611-670, 2004
  34. ^Greco, Alessandro, et al., "Phaistos Project. The linear section on the southeast slope of the Christos Effendi hill and the evolution of Phaistos in the Protopalatial period: a contextual reassessment", Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Κρήτης 4: Πρακτικά της 4ης Συνάντησης Β’(Ρέθυμνο, 24-27 Νοεμβρίου 2016), Ρέθυμνο 2020. Υπ. Πο. Α.–Εφορεία Αρχαι οτήτων Ρεθύμνου, pp. 313-328, 2020
  35. ^[8]Greco, Alessandro, and Orazio Palio, "Hagia Photinì and the “urban” development of Phaistos: an up-to-date survey. a project by “Progetto Festos” and “INSTAP”. "Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Κρήτης 4: Πρακτικά της 4ης Συνάντησης Β’(Ρέθυμνο, 24-27 Νοεμβρίου 2016), Ρέθυμνο 2020. Υπ. Πο. Α.–Εφορεία Αρχαι οτήτων Ρεθύμνου, pp. 357-374, 2020
  36. ^[9]Salgarella, Ester, "Drawing lines: The palaeography of Linear A and Linear B", Kadmos, vol. 58, no. 1–2, pp. 61–92, 2019doi:10.1515/kadmos-2019-0004
  37. ^Branigan, Keith, "The earliest Minoan scripts – the pre-palatial background, Kadmos, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 1969
  38. ^Perna, Massimo, "The roundels of Phaistos", Kadmos, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 103-122, 1995
  39. ^Pernier, Dr. Luigi, "Rendieonti della Reale Aeeademia dei Lincei, Classe di Seienze Morali, Storiche e Filologiche", Series V, vol. 17, pp. 642-651, 1908
  40. ^Papapostolou, J. A. (1981).Crete: Knossos, Phaistos, Mallia, Aghia, Triadha, Zakros, and the Herakleion Museum.Clio Editions. pp. 72–73.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  41. ^Iliad, B 648, Odyssey, C 269
  42. ^Homer Iliad Book II.Catalogue of Ships(2.494-759)
  43. ^Diodorus SiculusBibliotheca historica
  44. ^Pausanias Description of Greece, Book II: Corinth (IV, 7)

Further reading

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  • Adams, E. (2007). "Approaching Monuments in the Prehistoric Built Environment: New Light on the Minoan Palaces."Oxford Journal Of Archaeology,26(4), 359–394.
  • [10]Betancourt, P., "A Great Minoan Triangle: The Changing Characters of Phaistos, Hagia Triadha, and Kommos during the Middle Minoan-Late Minoan III Periods", in J.W. Shaw and Maria C. Shaw (eds.), pp. 31-34, 1985
  • Borgna, Elisabetta. (2004). "Social Meanings of Food and Drink Consumption at LM III Phaistos." InFood, Cuisine and Society in Prehistoric Greece.Edited by Paul Halstead and John C. Barrett. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 174–195.
  • Carinci, Filippo Maria, "Pottery workshops at Phaestos and Haghia Triada in the protopalatial period", Aegaeum 11, pp. 317-322, 1997
  • Davaras, Costis. (2003). Führer zu den Altertümern Kretas, Athen, pp. 274–282.
  • Driessen, Jan, and Florence Gaignerot-Driessen. (2015).Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation. Aegis, 7.Louvain-La-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain.
  • Leitao, David D. (1995).The Perils of Leukippos. Initiatory Transvestism and Male Gender Ideology in the Ekdusia at Phaistos.Classical Antiquity 14:130–163.
  • Myers, J. Wilson, Eleanor Emlen Myers, and Gerald Cadogan, eds. (1992).The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete.Berkeley: Univ. of California Press; London: Thames and Hudson.
  • Shaw, Joseph W. (2015).Elite Minoan Architecture: Its Development at Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia. Prehistory monographs, 49.Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press.
  • [11]Rosa, Vincenzo La, "Preliminary considerations on the problem of the relationship between Phaistos and Hagia Triadha", in J. W. Shaw and M.C. Shaw (eds.), pp. 45-54, 1985
  • Shelmerdine, Cynthia W., ed. (2008).The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • Vansteenhuyse, Klaas. (2011). "Centralisation and the Political Institution of Late Minoan IA Crete." InState Formation in Italy and Greece: Questioning the Neoevolutionist Paradigm.Edited by Nicola Terrenato and Donald C. Haggis. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 61–74.
  • Watrous, L. Vance, Despoina Hadzi-Vallianou, and Harriet Blitzer. (2004).The Plain of Phaistos: Cycles of Social Complexity in the Mesara Region of Crete.Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Univ. of California.
  • [12]Uchitel, Alexander, "“River” and “Earth”: Two “provinces” of the Minoan principality of Phaistos-Hagia Triada ", 2016
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