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Piali Pasha

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Piali Pasha(Turkish:Piyale Paşa;Hungarian:Piali pasa) (c. 1515–1578) was anOttomanGrand Admiral(Kapudan Pasha) between 1553 and 1567, and aVizier(minister) after 1568. He is also known as Piale Pasha in English.

Piali Pasha
Bust of Piyale Pasha
Bornc. 1515
PossiblyHungary[1]
Died21 January 1578 (aged 62–63)
Istanbul,Ottoman Empire(modernTurkey)
Service/ branchOttoman Navy
Years of servicec.1553–1567
RankAdmiral
Spouse(s)
​
(m.1562)​
ChildrenAyşe Atike Hanımsultan
Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha
Sultanzade Mustafa Bey
Fatma Hanımsultan
Hatice Hanımsultan

Early life

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His exact place of birth is unknown, though he was probably born in Hungary.[1]He was ofHungarian[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]orCroatian[9][10][11][a]origin. It is said that Piali was the son of a shoemaker fromTolna,a Hungarian shoemaker according to Hidden, who speaks of the son of a "Hungarian shoemaker" as early as 1912,[7][3][8]or of a Croatian according to a 2007 entry in the TDV Islam Encyclopedia.[11]He would become a soldier and be captured by the Ottomans in the Hungarian battlefields[7](in the 1526Battle of Mohács).[12]

Piyale Pasha received his formal education at theEnderun School(Imperial Academy) inConstantinople(modern-day Istanbul),Ottoman Empire.He graduated from the Enderun with the title ofKapıcıbaşıand was appointedSanjak Bey(Province Governor) ofGallipoli.

Admiral of the Ottoman Fleet

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He was promoted toBahriye Beylerbeyi(i.e. First Lord of Admiralty) and became Admiral-in-Chief of the Ottoman Fleet at the age of 39.

In 1554 he captured the islands ofElbaandCorsicawith a large fleet which included famous Ottoman admirals likeTurgut ReisandSalih Reis.The following year SultanSuleiman the Magnificentassigned him with the task of helping France against the Spaniards upon request byCatherine de' Medici,mother of KingFrancis II,and Piyale Pasha set sail on 26 June 1555. The Ottoman fleet met the French fleet atPiombinoand successfully repulsed a Spanish attack on France while conquering several Spanish fortresses on the Mediterranean Sea.

Battle of Djerba

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Main article:Battle of Djerba

In June 1558, joined byTurgut Reis,Piyale Pasha sailed to theStrait of Messinaand the two admirals capturedReggio Calabria.From there, they went to theAeolian Islandsand captured several of them, before landing atAmalfi,the Gulf ofSalerno,and capturingMassa Lubrense,Cantone andSorrento.They later landed atTorre del Greco,the coasts ofTuscany,andPiombino.In September 1558 they assaulted the coasts of Spain before capturingMenorcaand inflicting particular damage on the island's ports.

This caused fear throughout the Mediterranean coasts of Spain, and KingPhilip IIappealed toPope Paul IVand his allies in Europe to bring an end to the rising Ottoman threat. In 1560 King Philip II succeeded in organizing aHoly Leaguebetween Spain, theRepublic of Venice,theRepublic of Genoa,thePapal States,theDuchy of Savoyand theKnights of Malta.The joint fleet was assembled atMessinaand consisted of 54 galleys and 66 other types of vessels under the command ofGiovanni Andrea Doria,nephew of the famous Genoese admiralAndrea Doria.

On 12 March 1560, the Holy League captured the island ofDjerbawhich had a strategic location and could control the sea routes betweenAlgiersandTripoli.As a response,Suleiman the Magnificentsent an Ottoman fleet of 86 galleys and galliots under the command of Piyale Pasha, which arrived at Djerba on 11 May 1560 and destroyed the Christian fleet in a matter of hours at theBattle of Djerba.Giovanni Andrea Doria managed to escape with a small vessel, but the surviving Christians, now under the command ofÁlvaro de Sande,took refuge in the fort on the island of Djerba which they had constructed during the expedition. Piyale Pasha andTurgut Reiseventually forced the garrison to surrender and Piyale Pasha took 5,000 prisoners, including de Sande, toConstantinople,where he was met by joyous crowds. He marriedSultana Gevher Han,daughter of Suleiman's sonSelim II.

In 1563 Piyale Pasha capturedNaplesand the fortresses around the city on behalf of France, but after the Ottoman forces left the city the French could not hold on to these and the Spaniards eventually took them back.[dubious–discuss]

Siege of Malta

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In 1565 Piyale Pasha, together with the generalKızılahmedli Mustafa PashaandTurgut Reis,was charged by Suleiman with the capture ofMalta,but the effort failed in the face of determined resistance by theMaltese Knights,costing the Ottoman fleet not only large numbers of casualties, but also the life of Turgut Reis.

In 1566 Piyale captured the island ofChiosand brought an end to the Genoese presence in theAegean Sea.He later landed onAbruzzo,Molise,andApuliain Italy and captured several strategic fortresses, includingFrancavilla al Mare,[13]Ortonaon August 10,[14]but failing to takePescara[15]

In 1568 he was promoted toVizier,becoming the first admiral in Ottoman history to reach this rank.

Conquest of Cyprus

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Further information:Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)

In 1570 he set sail forCyprus,then aVenetianpossession, with a large invasion force on board his ships. Having left Constantinople on 15 May 1570, the fleet arrived at Cyprus on 1 July 1570. On 22 July the Turks, under the command ofLala Mustafa,commenced the siege ofNicosia,capturing the city on 9 September. After capturingPaphos,LimassolandLarnacain rapid succession, they surrounded Magosa (Famagusta), the final Venetian stronghold on the island, on 18 September 1570 and finally took it on 1 August 1571, completing the conquest of Cyprus.

Final assignments

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After the defeat of the Ottoman fleet under the command ofMüezzinzade Ali Pashaat theBattle of Lepantoin 1571, Piyale Pasha was called to take back the command of the Ottoman navy. The Ottomans managed to rebuild a fleet as large as that lost at Lepanto in less than a year, andUluç Ali ReisreconqueredTunisiafrom Spain and their Hafsid vassals in 1574.

In 1573 Piyale Pasha once again landed on Apulia in Italy. This was his final naval expedition.

Death

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Piyale Pasha died on 21 January 1578 and is buried at thePiyale Pasha Mosquein Istanbul which he had built, under the direction of the architectMimar Sinan,in his final years.

Issue

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On 17 August 1562 he marriedGevherhan Sultan,daughter of future SultanSelim IIandNurbanu Sultanand granddaughter of SultanSüleyman I.

They had two sons and three daughters:

  • Ayşe Atike Hanımsultan (1563-1614/1616). She married Doğancıbaşı Kerim Ağa. Atike died around 1614/1615, shortly before the birth of Ahmed I's daughterAtike,who was named in her honor.
  • Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha (d. 1593). Firstly governor of Peloponnese, until his uncle Murad III, at the request of his mother, appointed him to the position of governor of Herzegovina.
  • Sultanzade Mustafa Bey. Probably died in infancy.
  • Fatma Hanımsultan. Married to some Ibrahim Bey.
  • Hatice Hanımsultan (disputed, maybe daughter of his wife's second marriage). She married Sinanpasazade Mehmed Pasha in November 1598, until Ahmed I executed him in 1605. It is not known if she remarried. Her palace (known as Piyale Pasha Palace) was left toIsmihan Kaya Sultanafter her death.

Legacy

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Several warships of theTurkish Navyhave been named after him.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^According toConflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia,Piyale Pasha was of Croat origin,[citation needed]but born in Hungary.[citation needed]According to an entry in the TDV Islam Encyclopedia, he was the son of a Croatian shoemaker from Torna, Hungary.[11]According to the majority of Western scholars, he was of Hungarian roots,[2][5][8][3]the son of a Hungarian shoemaker from Torna.[7]

References and sources

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  1. ^abHume, Martin A. S.(1969). Ketcham, Henry (ed.).Philp II. of Spain.Ardent Media (Haskell House Publishers 1969). p. 15.SBN838302068.Piali Pasha (1520-1571), was born in Hungary.
  2. ^abTaylor, Roderick (1998).Embroidery of the Greek Islands and Epirus.Interlink Books.p. 15.ISBN978-1-899296-05-7.When the Ottomans, under a renegade Hungarian admiral, Piali Pasha, took Chios in 1566 [...]
  3. ^abcAlexandros M. Vlastos; A. P. Ralli (1913).A History of the Island of Chios, A.D. 70-1822.J. Davy and Sons at the Dryden Press. p. 57.[...] and Piali Pasha (a Hungarian by descent), but deadly enemy of the Christians
  4. ^James Fitzmaurice-Kelly(1892).The Life of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra A Biographical Literary, and Historical Study, with a Tentative Bibliography from 1585 to 1892, and an Annotated Appendix on the Canto de Calíope.Chapman and Hall.p. 24.Turkish ships of war, under the command of Piali Pasha, a Hungarian renegade, appeared off the coast of Cyprus, and anchored in the bay of Limasol.
  5. ^abJohn Frederick Charles Fuller(1954).From the earliest times to the Battle of Lepanto.Minerva Press.p. 560.Also Selim's admiral Piali Pasha - a Hungarian renegade - and his general Mustafa Pasha favoured the enterprise, for in it they saw an opportunity to [...]
  6. ^Eric Forbes-Boyd (1970).Aegean Quest A Search for Venetian Greece.Norton.p. 71.ISBN978-0-393-08604-1.[...] save this one tree, which is Tenos'; and accordingly another attempt was made on Tenos by the Turks under Piali Pasha, a Hungarian renegade
  7. ^abcdHidden, Alexander W. (1912).The Ottoman Dynasty A History of the Sultans of Turkey from the Earliest Authentic Record to the Present Time, with Notes on the Manners and Customs of the People.N. W. Hidden viaPrinceton University.p. 154.Piali Pasha, the renowned admiral, was the son of a Hungarian shoemaker in the city of Torna in Hungary. He was captured in boyhood, reared in the Seraglio, [...]
  8. ^abcStephan Gaselee (1941). Philip Pandely Argenti (ed.).Chius Vincta.Cambridge University Press.p. xcvi.Piali Pasha, the son-in-law of the Sultan; formerly a Christian, of Hungarian origin.
  9. ^The companion guide to Istanbul and around the MarmaraJohn Freely
  10. ^Europe and IslamFranco Cardini
  11. ^abcİDRİS BOSTAN."PİYÂLE PAŞA".TDV Islam Encyclopedia.Archivedfrom the original on 25 August 2021.Retrieved26 August2021.
  12. ^History of the Ottoman empire and modern TurkeyArchived2012-02-23 at theWayback MachineStanford Jay Shaw
  13. ^Guida dell'Abruzzo,by Enrico Abbate; Rome (1903); page 346.
  14. ^E. Abbate, page 348.
  15. ^E. Abbate, page 305.
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