Poeciliidaeare afamilyof freshwaterray-finned fishesof the orderCyprinodontiformes,the tooth-carps, and include well-knownlive-bearing aquarium fish,such as theguppy,molly,platy,andswordtail.The original distribution of the family was theSoutheastern United Statesto north ofRío de la Plata,Argentina,andAfrica,includingMadagascar.Due to release of aquarium specimens and the widespread use of species of the generaPoeciliaandGambusiafor mosquito control, though, poeciliids can today be found in all tropical and subtropical areas of the world. In addition,PoeciliaandGambusiaspecimens have been identified in hot springs pools as far north asBanff, Alberta.[2]
| Poeciliidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Green swordtail,Xiphophorus hellerii | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cyprinodontiformes |
| Superfamily: | Poecilioidea |
| Family: | Poeciliidae Bonaparte,1831[1] |
| Subfamilies & Genera | |
|
See text | |
Live-bearing
editAlthough the whole family Poeciliidae is known as "live bearers" (viviparous), some species are egg-scattering with external fertilization. All African species are egg-layers, and (with the exception of the members of the genusTomeurus), all American species are live-bearers. Among the three subfamilies, the Aplocheilichthyinae are restricted to Africa, the Poeciliinae are primarily from the Americas (the only exception is the AfricanRhexipanchax), and the Procatopodinae are mainly from Africa (the South AmericanFluviphylaxandPseudopoeciliaare the only exceptions). This distribution suggests that the Poeciliidae antedate the split between Africa and South America 100 million years ago, and that live-bearing subsequently evolved in South America. Poeciliids colonized North America through theAntilles,while they were connected 44 million years ago. Poeciliids then moved to Central America by theAves land bridgeon theCaribbean Plate.When South America connected to Central America three million years ago, some further dispersal southward occurred, but South American species did not move into Central America.[3]
Among the live-bearing species, differences are seen in the mode and degree of support the female gives the developing larvae. Many members of the family Poeciliidae are considered to belecithotrophic(the mother provisions theoocytewith all the resources it needs prior to fertilization, so the egg is independent of the mother), but others arematrotrophic(literally "mother feeding": the mother provides the majority of resources to the developing offspring after fertilization). Lecithotrophy and matrotrophy are not discrete traits. Most scientific studies quantify matrotrophy using a matrotrophy index (MI), which is the dry mass of fully developed offspring divided by the dry mass of a fertilized egg.[4]
Members of the genusPoeciliopsis,for example, show variable reproductive life history adaptations.Poeciliopsis monacha,P. lucida,andP. prolificaform part of the samecladewithin that genus. However, their modes of maternal provisioning vary greatly.P. monachacan be considered to be lecithotrophic because it does not really provide any resources for its offspring after fertilization - the pregnant female is basically a swimming egg sac.P. lucidashows an intermediate level ofmatrotrophy,meaning that to a certain extent the offspring's metabolism can actually affect the mother's metabolism, allowing for increased nutrient exchange.P. prolificais considered to be highly matrotrophic, and almost all of the nutrients and materials needed for fetal development are supplied to the oocyte after it has been fertilized. This level of matrotrophy allowsPoeciliopsisto carry several broods at different stages of development, a phenomenon known assuperfetation.Because the space for developing embryos is limited, viviparity reduces brood size. Superfetation can compensate for this loss by keeping embryos at various stages and sizes during development.[5]
P. elongata,P. turneri,andP. presidionisform another clade that could be considered anoutgroupto theP. monacha,P.lucida,andP. prolificaclade. These three species are very highly matrotrophic - so much so that in 1947, C. L. Turner described the follicular cells ofP. turnerias "pseudo-placenta, pseudo-chorion, and pseudo-allantois".[citation needed]The greater degree of matrotrophy in a species is linked with a higher degree of placentation, including "a thicker maternal follicle, higher degree of vascularization, and greater number of villi in the placenta".[4]
The reason for placental evolution in Poeciliids is controversial, and involves two major groups of hypotheses, adaptive and conflict hypotheses.[6]Adaptive hypotheses, including the locomotor hypothesis,[7]Trexler-DeAngelis Model[8](reproductive allotment), and life-history facilitation,[9][6]broadly suggest that the placenta evolved to facilitate the evolution of another advantageous trait in the fish's environment. The conflict hypothesis suggests the placenta is a nonadaptive byproduct of genetic "tug-o-war" between the mother and the offspring for resources.[10]
Subfamilies and tribes
editThe family is divided intosubfamiliesandtribesas follows:[1][11]
- SubfamilyAplocheilichythinae[12]
- GenusAplocheilichthys[13]
- GenusHylopanchax[14]
- SubfamilyProcatopodinae[15]
- TribeFluviphylacini[16]
- GenusFluviphylax[17]
- TribeProcatopodini[15]
- GenusLaciris[18]
- GenusMicropanchax[19]
- GenusLacustricola[19]
- GenusPoropanchax[20]
- GenusPlatypanchax[21]
- GenusLamprichthys[22]
- GenusPantanodon[23]
- GenusHypsopanchax[19]
- GenusProcatopus[24]
- GenusPlataplochilus[21]
- GenusRhexipanchax[25]
- TribeFluviphylacini[16]
- SubfamilyPoeciliinae[26]
- TribeAlfarini[27]
- TribeGambusini[29]
- GenusBelonesox[30]
- GenusBrachyrhaphis[31]
- GenusGambusia[32]
- GenusHeterophallus[33]
- TribeHeterandriini[27]
- GenusHeterandria[34]
- GenusNeoheterandria[35]
- GenusPoeciliopsis[31]
- GenusPriapichthys[31]
- GenusPseudopoecilia[31]
- GenusXenophallus[27]
- TribePoeciliini[36]
- GenusLimia[32]
- GenusMicropoecilia[37]
- GenusPamphorichthys[31]
- GenusPhallichthys[27]
- GenusPoecilia[38]
- GenusXiphophorus[39]
- TribeCnesterodontini[27]
- GenusCnesterodon[40]
- GenusPhalloceros[41]
- GenusPhalloptychus[41]
- GenusPhallotorynus[35]
- GenusTomeurus[42]
- TribeScolichthyini[43]
- GenusScolichthys[43]
- TribeXenodexini[44]
References
edit- Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Family Poeciliidae".FishBase.October 2004 version.
- "Poeciliidae".Integrated Taxonomic Information System.Retrieved4 June2004.
- ^abRichard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014)."Family-group names of Recent fishes".Zootaxa.3882(2): 001–230.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1.PMID25543675.
- ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-05-09.Retrieved2013-07-26.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^Hrbek, T., J. Seekinger, and A. Meyer. 2007. A phylogenetic and biogeographic perspective on the evolution of poeciliid fishes.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution43:986-998.
- ^abKwan, Lucia; Fris, Megan; Rodd, F. Helen; Rowe, Locke; Tuhela, Laura; Panhuis, Tami M. (2015-03-12)."An examination of the variation in maternal placentae across the genusPoeciliopsis(Poeciliidae)".Journal of Morphology.276(6): 707–720.doi:10.1002/jmor.20381.ISSN0362-2525.PMID25765517.S2CID10946526.
- ^Thibault, R. E., and R. J. Schultz. 1978. Reproductive adaptations among viviparous fishes (Cyprinodontiformes Poeciliidae). Evolution 32:320-333.
- ^abFurness, Andrew I.; Avise, John C.; Pollux, Bart J.A.; Reynoso, Yuridia; Reznick, David N. (May 2021)."The evolution of the placenta in poeciliid fishes".Current Biology.31(9): 2004–2011.e5.Bibcode:2021CBio...31E2004F.doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.008.ISSN0960-9822.PMID33657405.S2CID232093911.
- ^Thibault, Roger E.; Schultz, R. Jack (June 1978)."Reproductive Adaptations Among Viviparous Fishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)".Evolution.32(2): 320–333.doi:10.2307/2407600.ISSN0014-3820.JSTOR2407600.PMID28563744.
- ^Trexler, Joel C.; DeAngelis, Donald L. (November 2003)."Resource Allocation in Offspring Provisioning: An Evaluation of the Conditions Favoring the Evolution of Matrotrophy".The American Naturalist.162(5): 574–585.doi:10.1086/378822.ISSN0003-0147.PMID14618536.S2CID23879988.
- ^Pires, Marcelo N.; Bassar, Ronald D.; McBride, Kevin E.; Regus, John U.; Garland, Theodore; Reznick, David N. (2011-03-24)."Why do placentas evolve? An evaluation of the life-history facilitation hypothesis in the fish genus Poeciliopsis".Functional Ecology.25(4): 757–768.Bibcode:2011FuEco..25..757P.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01842.x.ISSN0269-8463.
- ^Crespi, Bernard; Semeniuk, Christina (May 2004)."Parent-Offspring Conflict in the Evolution of Vertebrate Reproductive Mode".The American Naturalist.163(5): 635–653.doi:10.1086/382734.ISSN0003-0147.PMID15122484.S2CID13491275.
- ^J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).Fishes of the World(5th ed.). Wiley. p. 371.ISBN978-1-118-34233-6.
- ^Myers,1928 (Banded Lampeyes)
- ^Bleeker,1863
- ^Poll& J.G. Lambert, 1958
- ^abFowler,1916 (Lampeyes)
- ^Roberts,1970
- ^Whitley,1920
- ^Huber, 1981
- ^abcMyers, 1924
- ^Clausen, 1967
- ^abAhl,1928
- ^Regan,1911
- ^Myers, 1955
- ^Boulenger,1904
- ^Huber, 1999
- ^Bonaparte, 1831 (Livebearers)
- ^abcdeHubbs,1924
- ^Meek,1912
- ^Gill,1889
- ^Kner,1960
- ^abcdeRegan, 1913
- ^abPoey,1854
- ^Regan, 1914
- ^Agassiz,1853
- ^abHenn,1916
- ^Bonaparte, 1931
- ^Hubbs, 1926
- ^Bloch&Schneider,1801
- ^Heckel,1848
- ^Garman,1895
- ^abEigenmann,1907
- ^Eigenmann, 1909
- ^abRosen,1967
- ^abHubbs, 1950