Wikipedia

Political colour

Political coloursare colours used to represent a politicalideology,movementorparty,either officially or unofficially.[1]They represent the intersection ofcolour symbolismandpolitical symbolism.Politicians making public appearances will often identify themselves by wearingrosettes,flowers,tiesorribbonsin the colour of their political party. Parties in different countries with similar ideologies sometimes use similar colours. As an example the colourredsymbolisesleft-wingideologies in many countries (leading to such terms as "Red Army"and"Red Scare"), while the colourblueis often used forconservatism,the colouryellowis most commonly associated withliberalismandright-libertarianism,andGreen politicsis named after the ideology's political colour.[2][3]The political associations of a given colour vary from country to country, and there are exceptions to the general trends,[2][3]for example red has historically been associated withChristianity,but over time gained association with leftist politics, while theUnited Statesdiffers from other countries in that conservatism is associated with red andliberalismwith blue.[2][3]Mass media has driven a standardisation of colour by political party, to simplify messaging, while historically the colour a candidate chose to identify with could have been chosen based on other factors such as family or regional variations.[4][5]

The Polling,byWilliam Hogarth,depicting a1754 electionto theBritish parliament,includes a blue flag representing the conservativeToriesand a buff flag representing the liberalWhigs

Associations of different colours

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Black

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Anarchists in Germany inblack bloc
The1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler(LSSAH) in their black uniforms.

Blackis primarily associated withanarchism[6](seeanarchist symbolism); black is a lack of colour, and anarchism is a lack of a state. It is used in contrast ofnational flags,to instead represent universal anarchism.[6]Black is also used to a lesser extent to represent ideologies on the opposite end of the spectrum:fascism(seeblackshirtsandSchutzstaffel) andjihadism(seeBlack Standard).[2]

The colours black and red have been used by anarchists since at least the late 1800s when they were used oncockadesby Italian anarchists in the 1874Bologna insurrection,and in 1877 when anarchists entered the Italian townLetinocarrying red and black flags to promote theFirst International.[7]During theSpanish Civil WartheCNTused a diagonally half strip of black and red, with black representing anarchism and red representing thelabour movementand the worker movement. The flag was quickly adopted by other anarchists, with the second colour used to distinguish specificanarchist philosophies:anarcho pacifismwith white,green anarchismwith green,anarcho-syndicalismandanarcho-communismwith red,mutualismwith orange, andanarcho-capitalismwith yellow, while black alone typically represents 'anarchism without adjectives'.

During thegolden age of piracy,the black flags of pirates such asBlackbeardandCalico Jackbecame popular symbols ofpiracy.The flags representeddeathandno quarterto those who did notsurrender.The black flag of thejolly roger,used by Calico Jack, turned into a popular and recognisable symbol of pirates, particularly of pirates of the Americas.[8][9]The skull and bones also became a hazardous symbol to displaypoisonssuch ascyanide,Zyklon Band other toxic substances. The black flag of piracy would later influence the symbols of anarchism, such as the symbols of theMakhnovshchinaand theKronstadt rebellion.The rise of internet piracy led to the symbols of the golden age of piracy becoming widely adopted, becoming the symbols of pirate sites such as thePirate bay.Black becoming a colour to representpirate parties.

Black was also used by someanti-racistandBlack nationalistparties, such as theBlack Panther Partyin the United States and thePopular Unityin Brazil.

Blue

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Blueis usually associated withcentre-rightorconservativeparties,[2]originating from its use by theTories(predecessor of theConservative Party) in the United Kingdom.[16]Blue is used by many international organisations of centre right and conservative parties, such as theInternational Democrat Union,theDemocrat Union of Africa,theAsia Pacific Democrat Union,theCaribbean Democrat Union(together with red), theEuropean Democrat Union,theEuropean People's Party,theEuropean Conservatives and Reformists Party.

Brown

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TheSturmabteilungof the Nazi Party, wearing their brown uniforms.

Brownhas been associated withNazism,and in particular theNazi Partyin Germany, because of theSturmabteilung(SA), whose members were called "brown shirts". They were modelled onBenito Mussolini'sblackshirts,and the colour of their shirts was chosen because many brown uniforms intended for thecolonial troopsinGermany's African colonieswere cheaply available after the end ofWorld War I.In Europe and elsewhere, the colour brown is sometimes used to refer to fascists in general.[34]

Brown has also been used to refer to the generalfar-rightrather than exclusively Nazism and/or fascism. The French political term "red–green–brown alliance"denotes an alliance betweenleftists(red),Islamists(green), and thefar right(brown).[35][36]Just like its National Socialist context, the colour brown was chosen to refer to the far-right on account of its association with the NaziSturmabteilung.[37][38]There have been slight variations of the red–green–brown alliance which have also used the colour brown to indicate the far-right. In Russia, for example, the metonym "red-brown" was coined to refer to a unification of communists (red) and the far-right (brown).[39]

  • Brown is sometimes used to describe the opposite of green parties, that is to describe parties that care little about pollution.[40]

Buff

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Grey

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Green

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Main articles:Green politicsandList of green political parties
Green banner and signs at an anti-nuclear protest by theGreen Partyin Germany in 2008

Greenis the colour forenvironmentalist[45]andagrarian[46]parties and movements. Considered the holy colour of Islam (seegreen in Islam), it is used to representIslamism,as withHamas,Saudi Arabiaand manyIslamist parties.[47][48][49][2]

Magenta

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Magentais a colour that started being used in the 21st century to replace yellow for some liberal andcentristparties and organisations in Europe.[citation needed]It is not to be confused with the socialist or social democratic use of the colour pink.

Orange

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Orangeis the traditional colour of theChristian democraticpolitical ideology and most Christian democratic political parties, which are based onCatholic social teachingand/orneo-Calvinisttheology.[citation needed]Christian democratic political parties came to prominence in Europe andthe AmericasafterWorld War II.[59][60]Orange less frequently represents various kinds ofpopulistparties. Such is the case in Austria, Germany, France, Portugal, Switzerland, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Turkey.[61]

Pink

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Pinkis sometimes used bysocial democraticparties, such as inFranceandPortugal.The more traditional colour of social democracy is red (because social democracy is descended from the democratic socialist movement), but some countries have large social democratic parties alongside large socialist or communist parties, so that it would be confusing for them all to use red.[68]In such cases, social democrats are usually the ones who give up red in favour of a different colour. Pink is often chosen because it is seen as a softer, less aggressive version of red, in the same way that social democracy is more centrist and capitalistic than socialism.

  • In some European nations and the United States, pink is associated with homosexuality and the pink flag is used as a symbol in support of civil rights forLGBTpeople;[69]it is commonly used to representqueer anarchism.This use originates in Nazi German policy of appendingpink trianglesto the clothing of homosexual prisoners.
  • TheAustrianliberal partyNEOSuses pink as its main colour.

Purple

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Purple placards and clothing at anInternational Women's Dayevent in Spain

Althoughpurplehas some older associations withmonarchism,it is the most prominent colour that is not traditionally connected to any major contemporary ideology. As such, it is sometimes used to represent a mix of different ideologies, or new protest movements that are critical of all previously existing large parties andminor parties.

Red

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Red flags and a banner at a socialist rally inLyon,France, onInternational Workers' Dayin 2009

Redis often associated withthe left,especiallysocialismandcommunism.[2]The oldest symbol of socialism (and by extension communism) is thered flag,which dates back to the French Revolution in the 18th century and therevolutions of 1848.Before this nascence, the colour red was generally associated with Christianity due to the symbolism and association ofChrist's blood. The colour red was chosen to represent the blood of the workers who died in the struggle against capitalism.[88]All major socialist and communist alliances and organisations—including theFirst,Second,ThirdandFourthInternationals—used red as their official colour. The association between the colour red and communism is particularly strong. Communists use red much more often and more extensively than other ideologies use their respective traditional colours.

Saffron

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Saffronis traditionally associated withHinduism,Hindutvaand theHindu nationalist movement.[93]Saffron was chosen because in Hinduism, the deep saffron colour is associated with sacrifice, religious abstinence, quest for light and salvation. Saffron or "Bhagwa" is the most sacred colour for the Hindus and is often worn by Sanyasis who have left their home in search of the ultimate truth.

Teal

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White

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Whiteis today mainly linked topacifism(as in thesurrender flag).[2]

  • Historically, it was associated with support forabsolute monarchy,starting with the supporters of theBourbon dynastyof France because it was the dynasty's colour. Partly due to this association, white also came to be associated withJacobitism,itself allied with the Bourbons. White cockades, white ladies' gloves, andRosa pimpinellifolia(the 'burnet' or 'Stuart' rose) symbolised support for the exiledHouse of Stuart.Because some of the Russian "Whites" had similar goals to the French "Whites" of a century earlier,[citation needed]it was used by theWhiteswho fought against the communist "Reds" in theRussian Civil War(see alsoWhite Army), although the Whites included many different people with many ideologies, such as monarchists, liberals, anticommunist social democrats and others.
    • Because of its use by anti-communist forces in Russia, the colour white came to be associated in the 20th century with many differentanti-communistand counter-revolutionary groups,[98]even those that did not support absolute monarchy (for example, the Finnish "Whites"who fought against the socialist"Reds"in the civil war following theindependence of Finland). In some revolutions, red is used to represent the revolutionaries and white is used to represent the supporters of the old order, regardless of the ideologies or goals of the two sides.[citation needed]
  • In Italy, a red cross on a white shield (scudo crociato) is the emblem of Catholic parties from the historicalChristian Democracyparty.[99]
  • The white uniforms for theSingapore's political party, thePeople's Action Party,represents itsconservatism,and to promote unity and pure political ideologies.[100]
  • In the politics of the United Kingdom, white represents independent politicians such asMartin Bell.[citation needed]
  • TheYorkshire Party,aDevolutionistPolitical Partywith elected representatives inYorkshire,uses a stylisedWhite Rose of Yorkas its emblem.

Yellow and gold

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Yellowandgoldare the colours most strongly associated withright-libertarianismandliberalism.[2][3][101][102]

By country

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Germany

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In Germany, colours are commonly used by media and politicians as signals of political affiliation; this public practice helps them reach the increasing number of unaffiliated voters. [108][109][110][111]

Colour schemes used by major political parties in Germany include the following:

United Kingdom

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United States of America

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In this map of the2012 United States presidential electionresults, the states are colour-coded by the political colour of the party whose candidate won their electoral college votes, but the political meanings of red and blue in the United States are the opposite of their meanings in the rest of the world.
  • In theUnited Statesthe two major political parties use thenational colours,i.e. red, white and blue. Historically, the only common situation in which it has been necessary to assign a single colour to a party has been in the production of political maps in graphical displays of election results. In such cases, there had been no consistent association of particular parties with particular colours. Between the early 1970s and 1992, most television networks used blue to denote states carried by theDemocratic Partyand red to denote states carried by theRepublican Partyin presidential elections. A unified colour scheme (blue for Democrats, red for Republicans) began to be implemented with the 1996 presidential election; in the weeks following the 2000 election, there arose the terminology ofred states and blue states.Political observers latched on to this association, which resulted from the use of red for Republican victories and blue for Democratic victories on the display map of a television network. As of November 2012, maps for presidential elections produced by the U.S. government also use blue for Democrats and red for Republicans.[114]In September 2010, the Democratic Party officially adopted an all-blue logo.[32]Around the same time, the official Republican website began using a red logo.
    • This association has potential to confuse foreign observers in that, as described above, red is traditionally a left-wing colour (as used with theDemocratic Socialists of America), while blue is typically associated with right-wing politics.[1]This is further complicated by the diversity offactions in the Democratic Partyranging from conservatives to right-libertarians todemocratic socialistsalongside the dominant centrist and social liberal elements of the party that outside the United States often each use different political colours.
    • The conservativeBlue Dog Coalitionwithin the Democratic Party adopted the colour blue at its founding, before the 2000 election solidified the red-blue convention.
    • There is some historical use of blue for Democrats and red for Republicans: in the late 19th century and early 20th century,Texascounty election boards used colour-coding to help Spanish speakers and illiterates identify the parties,[115]but this system was not applied consistently in Texas and was not picked up on a national level. For instance in1888,Grover ClevelandandBenjamin Harrisonused maps that coded blue for the Republicans, the colour Harrison perceived to represent the Union and "Lincoln's Party "and red for the Democrats.[116][better source needed]
    • InPuerto Rico,the main party, the pro-statehoodNew Progressive Partyuses blue, while thePopular Democratic Partyuses red, and thePuerto Rican Independence Partyuses green.

References

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  1. ^In state elections and parliaments, CDU and CSU are sometimes depicted in blue or grey.

See also

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References

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  2. ^abcdefghiAdams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006).Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design.Gloucester, Mass.:Rockport Publishers.pp.86.ISBN159253192X.OCLC60393965.
  3. ^abcdSawer, Marian (1 May 2007)."Wearing your Politics on your Sleeve: The Role of Political Colours in Social Movements".Social Movement Studies.6(1):39–56.doi:10.1080/14742830701251294.ISSN1474-2837.S2CID145495971.[The party colours in the UK] are red for Labour, yellow (gold) for the Liberal Democrats, blue for Conservatives, and green for Greens. This particular alignment of colours with the political spectrum tends to be taken for granted in much of the world [...].
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