Pope Severinus(died 2 August 640) was thebishop of Romeelected in October 638. He was caught up in apower strugglewith Byzantine EmperorHeraclius,who pressured him to acceptMonothelitism.Severinus refused, which for over eighteen months hindered his efforts to obtainimperial recognitionof his election. Hispontificatewas finally sanctioned on 28 May 640, but he died two months later.
Severinus | |
|---|---|
| Bishop of Rome | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Papacy began | 28 May 640 |
| Papacy ended | 2 August 640 |
| Predecessor | Honorius I |
| Successor | John IV |
| Personal details | |
| Born | |
| Died | (aged 55) Rome, Byzantine Empire |
Early career
editSeverinus was aRoman.His father was named Avienus, according to theLiber Pontificalis.The name of the father suggests descent from members of theRoman Senate.[1]A previousAvienuswasRoman consulin 501.[2]Already an old man, Severinus waselectedto succeedHonorius Iaspopein mid-October 638.[3]
Monothelite controversy
editPatriarchSergius I of Constantinoplehad drawn up theEcthesisin response to the orthodox synodical letter of PatriarchSophronius of Jerusalem.On learning of the death of Honorius, Sergius convinced EmperorHeracliusto issue this document as an imperial edict in December 638, thus valid across the entire empire. Eustachius, themagister militum,carried it toIsaac the Armenian,theexarch of Ravenna,with instructions that he was to ensure the new pope's acceptance of theMonotheliteteaching. With its declaration ofJesus Christonly possessing one will, Severinus refused to sign it. The exarch therefore refused toconfirm the papal electionin the emperor's name, a situation that endured for over eighteen months.[3]
Isaac was determined to achieve his aim, so he commissionedMaurice,thechartoularios,to plunder theLateran Palaceand force Severinus to agree to theEcthesis.Maurice gathered together a party of local discontented nobles and approached the local soldiers, theexercitus Romanus,and convinced them that the pope had withheld their pay and was keeping the arrears in the Lateran. A mob soon formed and they rushed en masse to the palace. Severinus managed to keep the hostile forces out of the palace. Maurice tried another tactic and three days later he was admitted into the palace with the city judges whom he won over to his side. They sealed up the treasures, and Maurice sent word to the exarch that he was free to come to the palace and help himself to the accumulated riches. Isaac soon appeared, and after exiling the leading clergy within the Lateran, spent the next eight days looting the palace, prudently sending a share to the emperor at Constantinople to prevent his displeasure.[4]
Meanwhile, at Constantinople, thepapal legateshad continued to seek the confirmation of Severinus. Emperor Heraclius still refused to grant his confirmation unless Severinus signed theEcthesis.At first they were clearly told that unless they would go back and persuade the pope to accept theEcthesis,they were wasting their time. The legates sought to persuade an unwell and slowly dying Heraclius that they were not there to make professions of faith, but to transact business. The envoys were unwilling to agree to this demand, but they were also unwilling to allow the Roman See to remain vacant indefinitely, so they offered to show Severinus the document and ask him to sign it if he thought it was correct. They made it clear that if the emperor was going to force Severinus to sign it, that all the clergy of the See of Rome would stand together, and such a route would only end in a lengthy and destructive stalemate. This offer was apparently satisfactory, and imperial recognition of the papal election was granted on 28 May 640.[5]
Death and legacy
editSeverinus died on 2 August 640, two months after his pontificate had finally started.[3]In theLiber Pontificalis,Severinus was described as a kind, generous and mild holy man, a benefactor to the clergy, and a friend to the poor.[6]
Notes
edit- ^Martindale, Jones & Morris (1992), p. 155
- ^Martindale, John R., "Fl. Avienus iunior 3",Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire,Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1980, pp. 577–581
- ^abcAttwater, p. 69
- ^Richards,Popes and the papacy,p. 184
- ^Jeffrey Richards,The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), p. 183
- ^Mann, p. 350
References
edit
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913)..Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Martindale, John R.; Jones, A.H.M.; Morris, John (1992),The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire – Volume III, AD 527–641,Cambridge University Press,ISBN978-0-521-20160-5
- Maxwell-Stuart, P. G.Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy from St. Peter to the Present,Thames & Hudson, 2002, p. 57.ISBN0-500-01798-0.
- Mann, Horace K.,The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Volume 1: The Popes Under the Lombard Rule, from St Gregory I (the Great) to Leo III, Part 1(London, 1912)
- Attwater, Aubrey (1939).A Dictionary of Popes: From Peter to Pius XII.