Portal:Cetaceans

The Cetaceans Portal

A Sperm Whale fluke

Cetacea(/sɪˈteɪʃə/;fromLatincetus'whale', fromAncient Greekκῆτος(kêtos)'huge fish,sea monster') is aninfraorderofaquatic mammalsbelonging to the orderArtiodactylathat includeswhales,dolphinsandporpoises.Key characteristics are their fully aquatic lifestyle,streamlinedbody shape, often large size and exclusivelycarnivorousdiet. They propel themselves through the water with powerful up-and-down movement of their tail which ends in a paddle-like fluke, using their flipper-shaped forelimbs to maneuver.

While the majority of cetaceans live in marine environments, a small number reside solely inbrackish waterorfresh water.Having acosmopolitan distribution,they can be found in some rivers and all of Earth's oceans, and many species inhabit vast ranges where they migrate with the changing of the seasons.

Cetaceans are famous fortheir high intelligence,complex social behaviour, and the enormous size of some of the group's members. For example, theblue whalereaches a maximum confirmed length of 29.9 meters (98 feet) and a weight of 173 tonnes (190 short tons), making it the largest animal ever known to have existed.

There are approximately 89 living species split into twoparvorders:Odontocetior toothed whales (containingporpoises,dolphins,other predatory whales like thebelugaand thesperm whale,and the poorly understoodbeaked whales) and the filter feedingMysticetiorbaleenwhales (which includes species like theblue whale,thehumpback whaleand thebowhead whale). Despite their highly modified bodies and carnivorous lifestyle, genetic and fossil evidence places cetaceans as nested withineven-toed ungulates,most closely related tohippopotamuswithin the cladeWhippomorpha.(Full article...)

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  Southern right whale

  
  Whalesare a widely distributed and diverse group of fullyaquaticplacentalmarine mammals.As an informal andcolloquialgrouping, they correspond to large members of the infraorderCetacea,i.e. all cetaceans apart fromdolphinsandporpoises.Dolphins and porpoises may be considered whales from a formal,cladisticperspective. Whales, dolphins and porpoises belong to the orderCetartiodactyla,which consists ofeven-toed ungulates.Their closest non-cetacean living relatives are thehippopotamuses,from which they and other cetaceans diverged about 54 million years ago. The twoparvordersof whales,baleen whales(Mysticeti) andtoothed whales(Odontoceti), are thought to have had theirlast common ancestoraround 34 million years ago. Mysticetes include fourextant(living)families:Balaenopteridae(the rorquals),Balaenidae(right whales),Cetotheriidae(the pygmy right whale), andEschrichtiidae(the grey whale). Odontocetes include theMonodontidae(belugas and narwhals),Physeteridae(thesperm whale),Kogiidae(the dwarf and pygmy sperm whale), andZiphiidae(the beaked whales), as well as the six families of dolphins and porpoises which are not considered whales in the informal sense.
  
  Whales are fully aquatic, open-ocean animals: they can feed, mate, give birth, suckle and raise their young at sea. Whales range in size from the 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) and 135 kilograms (298 lb)dwarf sperm whaleto the 29.9 metres (98 ft) and 190 tonnes (210 short tons)blue whale,which is the largest known animal that has ever lived. Thesperm whaleis the largest toothed predator on Earth. Several whale species exhibitsexual dimorphism,in that the females are larger than males. (Full article...)
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  Granny(born c. 1936-1951 approx, died c. 2016), also known asJ2,was a femaleorcaof the J pod ofsouthern resident orcasnotable for her long life. Early estimates placed her birth in 1911, putting her at 105 years old at the time of her death. However, this estimate was later theorized to have been based on mistaken information and more recent studies put her at 65–80 years old. If she was 105, she would have been the oldest known orca at the time of her death. Granny lived in the northeastPacific Oceanand coastal bays ofWashington stateandBritish Columbia.She was last seen on October 12, 2016, and was considered deceased by The Center for Whale Research in January 2017. (Full article...)
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  Reconstructed skeleton at theNatural History Museum of the University of Pisa

  
  Ambulocetus(Latinambulare"to walk" +cetus"whale" ) is agenusof early amphibiouscetaceanfrom theKuldana FormationinPakistan,roughly 48 or 47 million years ago during theEarly Eocene(Lutetian). It contains onespecies,Ambulocetus natans(Latinnatans"swimming" ), known solely from a near-complete skeleton.Ambulocetusis among the best-studied of Eocene cetaceans, and serves as an instrumental find in the study ofcetacean evolutionand their transition from land to sea, as it was the first cetacean discovered to preserve a suite of adaptations consistent with an amphibious lifestyle.Ambulocetusis classified in the groupArchaeoceti—the ancient forerunners of modern cetaceans whose members span the transition from land to sea—and in thefamilyAmbulocetidae,which includesHimalayacetusandGandakasia(also from the Eocene of theIndian subcontinent).
  
  Ambulocetushad a narrow, streamlined body, and a long, broad snout, with eyes positioned at the very top of its head. Because of these features, it is hypothesised to have behaved much like a crocodile, waiting near the water's surface to ambush large mammals, using its powerful jaws to clamp onto and drown or thrash prey. Additionally, its ears possessed similar traits to modern cetaceans, which are specialised for hearing and detecting certain frequencies underwater, although it is unclear ifAmbulocetusalso used these specialised ears for hearing underwater. They may have instead been utilised forbone conductionon land, or perhaps served no function for early cetaceans. (Full article...)
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  Theharbor porpoise(Phocoena phocoena)

  
  Porpoises(/ˈpɔːrpəsɪz/) are smalldolphin-likecetaceansclassified under the familyPhocoenidae.Although similar in appearance todolphins,they are more closely related tonarwhalsandbelugasthan to thetrue dolphins.There are eight extant species of porpoise, all among the smallest of thetoothed whales.Porpoises are distinguished from dolphins by their flattened, spade-shaped teeth distinct from the conical teeth of dolphins, and lack of a pronounced beak, although some dolphins (e.g.Hector's dolphin) also lack a pronounced beak. Porpoises, and othercetaceans,belong to thecladeCetartiodactylawitheven-toed ungulates.
  
  Porpoises range in size from thevaquita,at 1.4 metres (4 feet 7 inches) in length and 54 kilograms (119 pounds) in weight, to theDall's porpoise,at 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) and 220 kg (490 lb). Several species exhibitsexual dimorphismin that the females are larger than males. They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers. Porpoises useecholocationas their primarysensory system.Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. As all cetaceans, they have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep them warm in cold water. (Full article...)
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  Restored skeleton

  
  Brygmophyseter,known as thebiting sperm whale,is anextinctgenusoftoothed whalein thesperm whale familywith one species,B. shigensis.When it was first described in 1994, the species was placed in the genusScaldicetusbased on toothmorphology,but this was later revised in 1995. In 2006, it was classified into the genusNaganocetus,which is considered to be ajunior synonym.The only known specimen, a nearly complete skeleton, was dated to be around 16–15 million years old (middle Miocene).Brygmophyseteris thought to have been 6.5–7 meters (21–23 ft) long, and it probably had 11 or 12 teeth in the upper and lower jaws.Brygmophyseteris part of a group ofmacroraptorial sperm whales(often shortened to "raptorial" ) which tended to beapex predatorsusing their large teeth to catch struggling prey such aswhales.It had aspermaceti organwhich was probably used forbiosonarlike in the modernsperm whale.The whale has made an appearance onThe History Channel's TV seriesJurassic Fight Club.(Full article...)
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  Theblue whale(Balaenoptera musculus) is amarine mammaland abaleen whale.Reaching a maximum confirmed length of 29.9 m (98 ft) and weighing up to 199 t (196 long tons; 219 short tons), it is thelargest animal known ever to have existed.The blue whale's long and slender body can be of various shades of greyish-blue on its upper surface and somewhat lighter underneath. Foursubspeciesare recognized:B. m. musculusin the North Atlantic and North Pacific,B. m. intermediain the Southern Ocean,B. m. brevicauda(thepygmy blue whale) in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, andB. m. indicain the Northern Indian Ocean. There is a population in the waters off Chile that may constitute a fifth subspecies.
  
  In general, blue whale populations migrate between their summer feeding areas near the poles and their winter breeding grounds near the tropics. There is also evidence of year-round residencies, and partial or age/sex-based migration. Blue whales arefilter feeders;their diet consists almost exclusively ofkrill.They are generally solitary or gather in small groups, and have no well-defined social structure other than mother–calf bonds. Blue whales vocalize, with afundamental frequencyranging from 8 to 25 Hz; their vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day.Orcasare their only natural predators. (Full article...)
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  Holotype skull ofA. deinodon

  
  Acrophyseteris agenusofextinctsperm whalethat lived in theLate Mioceneoff the coast of what is now Peru. The genus comprises two species:A. deinodonandA. robustus.It is part of a group ofmacroraptorial sperm whalesthat all share several features for hunting large prey, such as deeply rooted and thick teeth.Acrophysetermeasured 4–4.5 metres (13–15 ft) in length, making it the smallest macroraptorial sperm whale currently known. Because of its short pointed snout and strongly curved front teeth, it probably fed on the marine vertebrates of its time, such as seals and other whales. (Full article...)
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  Orca's Songis a 1987 picturebook written byAnne Cameronand illustrated in black and white by Nelle Olsen. Published byHarbour Publishing,the book is an adaptation of aPacific Northwest Indigenousstory.Orca's Songis apourquoi storyabout a black orca who falls in love with an osprey; the two mate to create a baby orca with the black and white patterning found on the whales.
  
  While some reviewers appreciated the art and text of the story, it received criticism from Indigenous authors and scholars who disputed Cameron's claim of sole authorship and copyright for the story. Consequently, reprints of the book began to attribute the storyteller Klopinum for the story's inspiration although Cameron retained sole authorship credit and copyright. The story has also been noted as an early example of alesbianrelationship (between Orca and Osprey) in picturebook literature and one of the few such picturebooks published before 2000 to lack a moralising tone. (Full article...)
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  Cetaceais aninfraorderthat comprises the 94 species ofwhales,dolphins,andporpoises.It is divided intotoothed whales(Odontoceti) andbaleen whales(Mysticeti), which diverged from each other in theEocenesome 50million years ago(mya). Cetaceans are descended from land-dwelling hoofed mammals, and the now extinctarchaeocetesrepresent the several transitional phases from terrestrial to completely aquatic. Historically, cetaceans were thought to have descended from the wolf-likemesonychians,butcladisticanalyses confirm their placement witheven-toed ungulatesin the order Cetartiodactyla.
  
  Whale populations were drastically reduced in the 20th century from intensivewhaling,which lead to a moratorium on hunting by theInternational Whaling Commissionin 1982. Smaller cetaceans are at risk of accidentally getting caught by fishing vessels using, namely,seine fishing,drift netting,orgill nettingoperations. (Full article...)
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  Boudewijn Seaparkdolphinarium inBruges,Belgium

  
  Adolphinariumis anaquariumfordolphins.The dolphins are usually kept in a pool, though occasionally they may be kept in pens in the open sea, either for research or public performances. Some dolphinariums (sometimes called dolphinaria in plural) consist of one pool where dolphins perform for the public, others are part of larger parks, such asmarine mammal parks,zoosortheme parks,with other animals and attractions as well.
  
  Whilecetaceanshave been held in captivity since the 1860s, the first commercial dolphinarium was opened only in 1938. Their popularity increased rapidly until the 1960s. Since the 1970s, increasing concern foranimal welfareled to stricter regulation, which in several countries ultimately resulted in the closure of some dolphinariums. Despite this trend, dolphinariums are still widespread in Europe, Japan and North America. The most common species of dolphin kept in dolphinariums is thebottlenose dolphin,as it is relatively easy to train and has a long lifespan in captivity. While trade in dolphins is internationally regulated, other aspects of keeping dolphins in captivity, such as the minimum size and characteristics of pools, vary among countries. Though animal welfare is perceived to have improved significantly over the last few decades, many animal rights groups still consider keeping dolphins captive to be a form ofanimal abuse.(Full article...)
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  Species of the infraorder Cetacea

  
  Theevolution of cetaceansis thought to have begun in theIndian subcontinentfromeven-toed ungulates(Artiodactyla) 50 million years ago (mya) and to have proceeded over a period of at least 15 million years.Cetaceansare fully aquaticmammalsbelonging to the order Artiodactyla and branched off from other artiodactyls around 50mya.Cetaceans are thought to have evolved during theEocene(56-34 mya), the second epoch of the present-extending Cenozoic Era. Molecular and morphological analyses suggest Cetacea share a relatively recent closest common ancestor withhippopotamiand that they are sister groups. Being mammals, they surface to breathe air; they have fivefinger bones(even-toed) in their fins; they nurse their young; and, despite their fully aquatic life style, they retain many skeletal features from their terrestrial ancestors. Research conducted in the late 1970s inPakistanrevealed several stages in the transition of cetaceans from land to sea.
  
  The two modernparvordersof cetaceans –Mysticeti(baleen whales) andOdontoceti(toothed whales) – are thought to have separated from each other around 28–33 mya in a second cetaceanradiation,the first occurring with thearchaeocetes.The adaptation ofanimal echolocationin toothed whales distinguishes them from fully aquatic archaeocetes andearly baleen whales.The presence ofbaleenin baleen whales occurred gradually, with earlier varieties having very little baleen, and their size is linked to baleen dependence (and subsequent increase in filter feeding). (Full article...)
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  Thedwarf sperm whale(Kogia sima) is asperm whalethat inhabits temperate and tropical oceans worldwide, in particular continentalshelvesandslopes.It was firstdescribedbybiologistRichard Owenin 1866, based on illustrations bynaturalistSir Walter Elliot.The species was considered to besynonymouswith thepygmy sperm whale(Kogia breviceps) from 1878 until 1998. The dwarf sperm whale is a small whale, 2 to 2.7 m (6 ft 7 in to 8 ft 10 in) and 136 to 272 kg (300 to 600 lb), that has a grey coloration, square head, small jaw, and robust body. Its appearance is very similar to the pygmy sperm whale, distinguished mainly by the position of thedorsal finon the body–nearer the middle in the dwarf sperm whale and nearer the tail in the other.
  
  The dwarf sperm whale is asuction feederthat mainly eats squid, and does this in small pods of typically one to four members. It is preyed upon by thekiller whale(Orcinus orca) and large sharks such as thegreat white shark(Carcharodon carcharius). When startled, the whale can eject a cloud of red-brown fluid. Most of what is known of the whale comes frombeachedindividuals, as sightings in the ocean are rare. Many of these stranded whales died from parasitic infestations orheart failure.(Full article...)
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  Bottlenose dolphin surfing in the wake of a research boat

  
  Thebottlenose dolphinis atoothed whalein the genusTursiops.They are common,cosmopolitanmembers of the familyDelphinidae,the family ofoceanic dolphins.Molecular studiesshow the genus contains threespecies:thecommon bottlenose dolphin(Tursiops truncatus), theIndo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin(Tursiops aduncus), andTamanend's bottlenose dolphin(Tursiops erebennus). Others, like theBurrunan dolphin(Tursiops (aduncus) australis), may be alternately considered their own species or be subspecies ofT. aduncus.Bottlenose dolphins inhabit warm andtemperateseas worldwide, being found everywhere except for theArcticandAntarctic Circleregions. Their name derives from the Latintursio(dolphin) andtruncatusfor the truncated teeth (the type specimen was old and had worn down teeth; this is not a typical characteristic of most members of the species).
  
  Numerous investigations of bottlenose dolphin intelligence have been conducted, examiningmimicry,use ofartificial language,object categorization, andself-recognition.They can use tools (sponging; using marine sponges to forage for food sources they normally could not access) and transmit cultural knowledge from generation to generation, and their considerable intelligence has driven interaction with humans. Bottlenose dolphins gained popularity fromaquariumshows and television programs such asFlipper.They have also been trained by militaries to locatesea minesor detect and mark enemy divers. In some areas, they cooperate with local fishermen by driving fish into their nets and eating the fish that escape. Some encounters with humans are harmful to the dolphins: people hunt them for food, and dolphins are killed inadvertently as abycatchoftunafishing and by getting caught incrab traps.(Full article...)
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  Skeleton at theMuseo Capellini di Bologna

  
  Orcinus citoniensisis an extinct species of orca identified in theLate Plioceneof Italy and theEarly Pleistoceneof England. It was smaller than the modernkiller whale(O. orca), 4 m (13 ft) versus 7 to 10 m (23 to 33 ft), and had around 8 more teeth in its jaw. It may have resembled the modern killer whale in appearance, and could represent atransitional speciesbetween the modern killer whale and other dolphins.O. citoniensiscould have hunted fish and squid in pods, and coexisted with other large predators of the time such as theorcinineHemisyntrachelusand the extinct sharkOtodus megalodon.(Full article...)
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  Atlantic white-sided dolphincaught in a drive hunt inHvalbaon theFaroe Islandsbeing taken away with a forklift

  
  Dolphin drive hunting,also calleddolphin drive fishing,is a method ofhuntingdolphinsand occasionally other smallcetaceansby driving them together with boats, usually into a bay or onto a beach. Their escape is prevented by closing off the route to the open sea or ocean with boats and nets. Dolphins are hunted this way in several places around the world including theSolomon Islands,theFaroe Islands,Peru,andJapan,which is the most well-known practitioner of the method. In large numbers dolphins are mostly hunted for theirmeat;some end up indolphinariums.
  
  Despite the controversial nature of the hunt resulting in international criticism, and the possible health risk that the often polluted meat causes, tens of thousands of dolphins are caught in drive hunts each year. (Full article...)

Selected picture

Dolphins at Loro Parque, Tenerife.

Photo credit:Piotrus

A dolphinarium is an aquarium for dolphins. The dolphins are usually kept in a large pool, though occasionally they may be kept in pens in the open sea, either for research or for public performances. Some dolphinariums consist of one pool where dolphins perform for the public (such as above atLoro Parque), others have expanded into much larger parks, keeping other marine animals and having other attractions.

More ondolphinariums

More did you know...

A Bottlenose Dolphin Breaching the water

• ...dolphinsoften leap clear of the water when travelling at speed. This is because thedensityof water is much greater than that of air and they are able to travel faster by leaping out of the water.

• ...bothwhalesanddolphinscarry ‘whale lice’ — smallcrustaceansthat inhabit folds in theskinof whales and dolphins, feeding off the loose skin.

• ...whale and dolphin mothers ‘suckle’ their young underwater! Mothers have muscularmammary glandsand ‘squirt’ their milk into the calf’s mouth, to ensure that the calf takes in as much of the energy richmilkas possible.

• ...on average, awhaleordolphinwill eat four to five percent of its body weight in food per day. That means that a 100 tonblue whalewill eat almost five tons ofkrillper day, or that a 200kgbottlenose dolphinwill eat 10kg of fish per day!

• ...newborn cetacean calves ‘suckle’ three to four times each hour and will suckle from their mothers for six months or more.

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Here are someCetaceans WikiProjecttasksyou can do. Patrol: Look through theCategory:Cetaceansforrecent changes Assessment:Unassessed cetacea articlesandunknown-importance cetacea articles. Copyedit/Formatting: Bottlenose dolphin, Beached whale, Cetacea Expand: Hector's beaked whale, Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale, Shepherd's beaked whale, Archaeoceti, Cumberland Sound beluga, Blubber, Baiji, Humpback dolphin, Amazon river dolphin Verify: Spinner dolphin,Whale,Dolphin,Cetacea Stubs: Bolivian river dolphin(new species), Cephalorhynchus Images: Pictures of thebaijiare wanted.

General images -

The following are images from various cetacean-related articles on Wikipedia.

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  Archaeomysticetes, likeJanjucetus,had teeth.
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  A protest against Japan's scientific whaling
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  Pygmy right whale illustration
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  Humpback whale illustration
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  South Atlantic right whale illustration
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  World population graph ofblue whales
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  Antarctic minke whale illustration
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  Biosonarby cetaceans (fromToothed whale)
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  Spectrogramof dolphin vocalizations. Whistles, whines, and clicks are visible as upside down V's, horizontal striations, and vertical lines, respectively. (fromToothed whale)
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  Possible relationships between cetaceans and other ungulate groups. (fromEvolution of cetaceans)
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  Megalodonhunted Miocene baleen whales (fromBaleen whale)
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  Eden's whale illustration
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  North Atlantic right whale illustration
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  The skeleton of abowhead whalewith the hind limb and pelvic bone structure circled in red. This bone structure stays internal during the entire life of the species. (fromEvolution of cetaceans)
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  Their eyes are relatively small for their size.
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  Fin whale illustration
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  Common minke whale illustration
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  Fossil ofSqualodon(fromToothed whale)
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  Aphylogenetic treeshowing the relationships among cetacean families. (fromEvolution of cetaceans)
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  Humpback whales lunge-feeding in the course ofbubble net fishing
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  Pacific white-sided dolphinsporpoising(fromToothed whale)
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  The heart of a blue whale with a person standing next to it
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  The nose of the whale is filled with a waxy substance that was widely used in candles, oil lamps, and lubricants (fromToothed whale)
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  Archaeocetes (like thisBasilosaurus) had aheterodontdentition (fromEvolution of cetaceans)
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  Orangewhale liceon a right whale
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  A humpback whale skeleton. Notice how the jaw is split into two.
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  Blue whale illustration
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  Dolphins(aquatic mammals) andichthyosaurs(extinctmarine reptiles) share a number of unique adaptations for fully aquatic lifestyle and are frequently used as extreme examples ofconvergent evolution(fromEvolution of cetaceans)
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  Orca hunting aWeddell seal(fromToothed whale)
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  Baleen whales vary considerably in size and shape, depending on their feeding behavior. (fromBaleen whale)
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  Accessorybaleenplates taper off into small hairs (fromBaleen whale)
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  Atlantic white-sided dolphincaught in adrive huntin Hvalba on theFaroe Islandsbeing taken away with a forklift (fromToothed whale)
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  Anatomy of thebottlenose dolphin(fromToothed whale)
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  Bryde's whale (rorqual) (fromBaleen whale)
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  Pakicetus attockiskeleton (fromEvolution of cetaceans)
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  Bowhead whale illustration
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  Acrophyseterskull (fromEvolution of cetaceans)
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  Diagram illustrating sound generation, propagation and reception in a toothed whale. Outgoing sounds are red and incoming ones are green (fromToothed whale)
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  A whale as depicted byConrad Gessner,1587, in hisHistoriae animalium(fromToothed whale)
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  The remains of aNorth Atlantic right whaleafter it collided with a shippropeller
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  Features of asperm whaleskeleton (fromToothed whale)
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  Sei whale illustration
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  An orca by the name of Ulises performing at SeaWorld, 2009 (fromToothed whale)
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  Gray whale illustration
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  Restoration ofJanjucetus hunderi(fromBaleen whale)
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  Japanese scientific whaling on a pair ofAntarctic minke whales(fromBaleen whale)
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  Female right whale with calf
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  Species of the infraorder Cetacea (fromEvolution of cetaceans)

Did you know(auto-generated)

• ... thatCelia Kayewon theGolden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomerin 1965 for her starring role inIsland of the Blue Dolphins?
• ... that theSouth Asian river dolphinis nearly blind and relies onecholocationfor navigation?
• ... that one of the first researchers to proposedolphin-assisted therapyfor humans later renounced it?
• ... that one can swim withhumpback whalesin theNiue Nukutuluea Multiple-Use Marine Park?

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• List of cetaceans
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