Presidential transition of Barack Obama

Thepresidential transitionofBarack Obamabegan when he won the United Statespresidential electiononNovember 4, 2008,and became thepresident-elect.Obama was formally elected by theElectoral Collegeon December 15, 2008. The results were certified by a joint session ofCongresson January 8, 2009, and the transition ended when Obama wasinauguratedonJanuary 20, 2009.

Presidential transition of Barack Obama

Outgoing President George W. Bush (left) and President-elect Barack Obama (right) meet in theOval Officeof theWhite Houseas part of the presidential transition
Date of election	November 4, 2008
Inauguration date	January 20, 2009
President-elect	Barack Obama(Democrat)
Vice president-elect	Joe Biden(Democrat)
Outgoing president	George W. Bush(Republican)
Outgoing vice president	Dick Cheney(Republican)
Headquarters	Chicago,IllinoisandWashington, D.C.
Executive Director	Chris Lu
Budget	$12 million
Staff	450
Website	http://change.gov/

Organization of the transition

Living presidentsGeorge W. Bush,George H. W. Bush,Bill Clinton,Jimmy Carter,and President-electBarack Obamaat theWhite HouseOval Officeon January 7, 2009

The Obama transitionorganizationwas called the Obama-Biden Transition Project.The transition team was convened during the height of thecampaign,well before the outcome could be known, to begin making preparations for a potential administration. It was co-chaired byJohn Podesta,who wasBill Clinton's fourth and lastWhite House chief of staffand the president/chief executive officerof theCenter for American Progress,Valerie Jarrett,who is one of Obama's longest-serving advisers,andPete Rouse,former Senate chief of staff forTom Daschlewho succeededRahm Emanuelas Obama's chief of staff.

On November 5, theGeneral Services Administrationdeclared that Obama was the "apparent winner," making him eligible to receive transition funding and other government services, and granting him access to their 2008 presidential transition headquarters in Washington, D.C.Podesta estimated that the transition would employ approximately 450 people and have a budget of about $12 million: $5.2 million would be paid by thefederal governmentand the remaining $6.8 million would be funded by private sources, with each contribution limited to $5,000. The transition project would not accept money frompolitical action committeesor federallobbyists.

Transition team

On November 5, Obama announced his complete transition team, which was organized as a nonprofit tax-exempt organization under U.S. federal tax code501(c)(4).The advisory board consisted ofCarol Browner,William M. Daley,Christopher Edley,Michael Froman,Julius Genachowski,Donald Gips,Janet Napolitano,Federico Peña,Susan Rice,Sonal Shah,Mark GitensteinandTed Kaufman.

General Services Administration letter to President-elect Barack Obama

Members of the transition team's senior staff included:

• Chris Lu– Executive Director
• Dan Pfeiffer– Communications Director
• Stephanie Cutter– Chief Spokesperson
• Robert Gibbs–Press Secretary
• Cassandra Butts– General Counsel
• Jim Messina– Personnel Director
• Patrick Gaspard– Associate Personnel Director
• Christine A. Varney– Personnel Counsel
• Melody Barnes– Co-director of Agency Review
• Lisa Brown– Co-director of Agency Review
• Phil Schiliro– Director of Congressional Relations
• Michael Strautmanis– Director of Public Liaison and Intergovernmental Affairs
• Katy Kale– Co-director of Operations
• Brad Kiley – Co-director of Operations

Joshua Gotbaum and Michael Warren headed the transition team of theTreasury Department.In addition,Thomas DonilonandWendy Shermanoversaw the transition of theState Department.Seth Harrisoversaw the transition in all of the labor, education, and transportation agencies withEdward B. Montgomeryleading theLabor Departmentagency review team,Mortimer Downeyleading theTransportation Departmentagency review team, and Judith Sherman leading theEducation Departmentagency review team. Finally,John P. WhiteandMichele Flournoyled the transition of theDefense Department.

Activities as the president-elect

Bush administration

President-elect Obama walking with President Bush during their November 10 meeting

Laura Bushmeets withMichelle Obama.

In mid-October, theGeorge W. Bushadministrationconvened a fourteen-member council to coordinate with and brief the winning campaign's transition team.The New York Timesreported that White House chief of staffJoshua Boltenthen planned to recruit his predecessor,Andrew Card,to oversee the activity.On November 6, Obama received his firstclassified intelligence briefingfromdirector of national intelligenceJohn Michael McConnellandCentral Intelligence AgencydirectorMichael Hayden.

President Bush invited Obama and his team to attend the2008 G-20 Washington summitheld between November 15 and 20 in order to introduce him to more than twenty world leaders who attended the event. However, Obama did not come, and his transition team instead sent formerRepublicanRep.Jim Leachand former Secretary of StateMadeleine Albrightto meet with the heads of state.Obama was expected to address aUnited Nationsglobal warmingsummit in Poland in December or allow a representative such asAl Goreto present his policies.

On November 10, Obama traveled to theWhite Houseand met with President Bush to discuss transition issues whileFirst LadyLaura Bushtook his wifeMichelleon a tour of the mansion.NBC Newsreported that Obama advanced his economic agenda with Bush, asking him to attempt to pass a stimulus package in alame ducksession of Congress before the inauguration. He also urged Bush to accelerate the disbursement of $25 billion in funds to bail out theautomobile industryand expressed concern about additional Americans losing their homes asmortgagerates increase again.

The Bush administration reportedly went out of its way to make the transition as seamless as possible for the incoming administration, earning accolades from Obama staff members and outside experts alike. According to nearly all accounts, the Bush administration streamlined the process for new officials to obtainsecurity clearancesand planned training exercises for the incomingnational securityteam, to ensure that they would be ready to face a possible crisis on the first day in office. Part of this enhanced cooperation is required by laws passed at the behest of the9/11 Commission,while part is attributed to the difficulty that the Bush administration had with its own transition, which lasted only five weeks and was felt to have had a deleterious effect on Bush's ability to govern. "I'm not sure I've ever seen an outgoing administration work as hard at saying the right thing," said Stephen Hess of theBrookings Institution."This is really quite memorable."

During the transition, the Bush administration had many important matters to address, even as a lame duck president. There wasan ongoing financial crisis,and this was the first presidential transition since thepresidential transition of Richard Nixonto occur while the United States was at war.

Resignation from Senate offices

At the time of their election, President-elect Obama andVice President-electJoseph Bidenwere incumbentU.S. senatorsfromIllinoisandDelawarerespectively. In accordance with Article I, Section 6 of theUnited States Constitution,both were required to resign their respective Senate seats on or before January 20, 2009, in order to become president and vice president.

Obama Senate transition

During the transition period, Obama spoke from a lectern bearing the inscription "Office of the President Elect".

Obama resigned from the Senate effective November 16, 2008.Initially, it was thought that his replacement would be named by Illinois GovernorRod Blagojevich.Since the term for the seat expired in January 2011, it would come up for its normal election in 2010 with nospecial electionnecessary. Blagojevich was expected to name Obama's immediate successor in the Senate by January 3, 2009.However, on December 9, 2008, the status of Obama's succession in the Senate was cast in doubt afterBlagojevich was arrested on federal corruption charges,which included allegedly attempting to sell the appointment.Although placed in federal custody and released on $4,500 bail,as long as he remained governor Blagojevich continued to have sole authority to make the appointment.Several Democrats, including Sen.Dick Durbin,asked theIllinois General Assemblyto schedule a special election instead.

Speaking through a surrogate, Obama called for Blagojevich's resignation on December 10.Had Blagojevich resigned or been removed from office before making the appointment, the duty would have fallen to Illinois Lt. Gov.Pat Quinn,who would succeed Blagojevich as governor. However,Illinois SenatepresidentEmil Jonessaid that he would call the Senate back into session to write a law that would result in Obama's replacement being determined in a special election.

However, after the state legislature did not pass a law mandating a special election for the seat, on December 30, Blagojevich announced that he was appointingRoland Burris,a formerIllinois Attorney General,Illinois Comptroller,andU.S. Treasury Departmentofficial, to the seat, citing hisconstitutionalduty in the absence of a law requiring a special election. Blagojevich, Burris, and RepresentativeBobby Rushurged the public to consider the qualifications of Burris as a public servant and not the scandals in which Blagojevich was embroiled.

However, the Senate Democrats released a statement in which they reaffirmed that they would refuse to seat anyone appointed to the seat by Blagojevich, as that individual would be an ineffective representative of Illinois because of "questions of impropriety."

Some members of theCongressional Black Caucus,including Rush, expressed their support for seating Burris, who would be the only African-American in the Senate; Rush compared a Senate rejection of Burris to alynching.However, President-elect Obama released a statement condemning the appointment and again calling on Blagojevich to resign.In addition, theIllinois Secretary of State,Jesse White,reiterated that he would not certify any appointment made by Blagojevich, although at the time it was not clear whether this could prevent Burris from taking office.Furthermore, the Senate might not actually have been able to refuse to seat Burris, as he met all constitutional requirements for the office and was not involved in the Blagojevich corruption scandal (per theU.S. Supreme CourtdecisionPowell v. McCormack).

On January 9, 2009, theIllinois Supreme Courtruled in the caseBurris v. Whitethat the appointment only required the signature of the governor to be valid, and not that of the Illinois Secretary of State, and that the state of Illinois is not required to use the Senate's recommended certification form, as it is only "recommended" under the Standing Rules of the United States Senate.The Court further remarked that "no explanation has been given as to how any rule of the Senate, whether it be formal or merely a matter of tradition, could supersede the authority to fill vacancies conferred on the states by the federal constitution".Following the ruling, White provided Burris with a certified copy of the appointment's registration, and Burris delivered that copy, that bears the State Seal, to theSecretary of the Senate.His credentials declared valid, Burris was finally sworn in on January 15, 2009, by outgoing President of the SenateDick Cheney.

Biden Senate transition

Biden had indicated that he would remain in the Senate until he was sworn in as vice president on January 20, 2009.Although he was sworn in for a seventh Senate term in early January 2009, he resigned from the seat on January 15, 2009, having served just over 36 years in the body.He was Delaware's longest-serving senator.

On November 24, 2008, Delaware Gov.Ruth Ann Minnerannounced thatTed Kaufmanwould serve as Biden's appointed replacement.Kaufman was sworn in on January 16, 2009.Aspecial electionwas held in November 2010, which elected Democratic candidateChris Coons.

During his abbreviated final term in the Senate, Biden went on a diplomatic fact-finding trip toIraq,Afghanistan,and Pakistan, becoming the first vice-president-elect to undertake such a mission before entering office.

Change.gov website

On November 5, 2008, the transition team launchedchange.gov,the official website of the transition.

The website included ablogand jobs page.It also had a section that allowed visitors to share stories or their visions for the country.Visitors were able to comment on issues important to them using theCitizen's Briefing Book.Individuals applying for work within the Obama administration via this site were required to go through intensive consumer and criminal background checks performed by theChoicePoint Corporation.The website used aCreative Commons license.

As part of their efforts towards transparency, on December 5 the transition team announced that "all policy documents from official meetings with outside organizations will be publicly available for review and discussion on Change.gov." After the inauguration, many of the functions of change.gov were transferred to a redesigned White House website.

Administration appointments

See also:Cabinet of Barack Obama

Thirty-one of the appointments to the transition team had previously worked in theClinton administration,including Podesta, chief of staffRahm Emanuel,and Biden's chief of staffRon Klain.

Announcements

Obama held near-daily press conferences as president-elect to announce his administration nominees to the public.He introduced the nominees and occasionally took questions from the press regarding issues such as economic difficulties and the war in Afghanistan.

The appointments ofLawrence SummersandTimothy F. Geithnerto key economic positions were criticized, on grounds that they had been prominently involved in creating many of the conditions that led to thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008,so "failure is being rewarded."Summers was a leading advocate of thederivativesderegulation, together withAlan GreenspanandRobert Rubin,and during his transition to Secretary of the Treasury, the act that keptcommercial banksout ofWall Street,theGlass–Steagall Act,was repealed.Geithner instead was criticized for his failure to pay $34,000 in income taxes.

The appointment ofEric Holderfor attorney general raised concerns, due to his role in the last-minute pardon issued byBill Clintonfor fugitive financierMarc Rich.

During his first press conference as president-elect, on November 7, Obama remarked about former first ladyNancy Reaganholdingseancesin the White House, which gained widespread attention.Termed his "first gaffe,"Obama called Mrs. Reagan later that evening to apologize for what his spokesperson said was a "careless and off-handed remark."

• Chief of staff:RepresentativeRahm EmanuelofIllinoiswas selected by President-elect Obama on November 6, two days after the election.
• Deputy Chiefs of Staff:Jim Messina,current director of personnel for the Obama Transition team and former chief of staff to SenatorMax Baucus;andMona Sutphen,a former career foreign service officer who worked for President Clinton'sNational Security Council.
• Senior Advisors to the President:Campaign strategistDavid AxelrodandPete Rouse,who has been serving as Obama's Senate chief of staff.
• Senior Advisor and Assistant to the Presidentfor Intergovernmental Relations and Public Liaison:Valerie Jarrett,a lawyer who served as Chicago's planning commissioner and later was chairperson of theChicago Transit Authority.In 1995, Jarrett left public service to join the Habitat Corporation, a Chicago real estate management company.
• Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs:Phil Schiliro.
• White House Counsel:Greg Craig.
• Cabinet Secretary:Chris Lu,former legislative director of Obama's Senate office.
• Staff Secretary:Lisa Brown,executive director of theAmerican Constitution Society.
• Press Secretary:Robert Gibbs,announced on November 22.
• Communications Director:Ellen Moran.
• Deputy Director of Communications:Dan Pfeiffer.
• Chair of the White HouseCouncil on Environmental Quality:Nancy Sutley,a well-known member of theLGBTcommunity, and Deputy Mayor of Los Angeles.
• Deputy Director ofWhite House Office of Health Reform:Jeanne Lambrew.
• White House photographer:Pete Souza.

Cabinet and top advisors

There was one withdrawal,New MexicoGovernorBill Richardson,whom Obama had namedSecretary of Commerce.Richardson's administration was, at the time, the subject of a federal corruption probe; while maintaining that his administration was responsible for no wrongdoing, he withdrew so as to prevent a lengthy confirmation process from hindering the work of theU.S. Department of Commerce.The position was filled byGary Locke.

Obama namedTim Kaineas new chairman of theDemocratic National Committee,replacingHoward Deanwho has clashed with Obama and his advisors in the past. Kaine served concurrently asGovernor of Virginiauntil his term ended in January 2010.

Obama namedAneesh Choprafor the new position ofChief Technology Officer of the United States,Vivek Kundraas Chief Information Officer andJeffrey ZientsChief Performance Officerand deputy director for management of the Office of Management and Budget

Initial reaction to Obama's choice ofLeon Panettaas CIA director was mixed, with some intelligence professionals expressing concern that Panetta lacked specific intelligence experience,and others such as former Congressman and co-chair of theIraq Study GroupLee H. Hamiltonpraising the choice.

Domestic policy

• 
  Kathleen Sebelius
  Secretary of Health and Human Services
  (announced February 28, 2009)
• 
  Shaun Donovan
  Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
  (announced December 13, 2008)
• 
  Eric Shinseki
  Secretary of Veterans Affairs
  (announced December 7, 2008)
• 
  Arne Duncan
  Secretary of Education
  (announced December 16, 2008)
• 
  Tom Vilsack
  Secretary of Agriculture
  (announced December 17, 2008)
• 
  Ray LaHood
  Secretary of Transportation
  (announced December 19, 2008)
• 
  Hilda Solis
  Secretary of Labor
  (announced December 19, 2008)
• 
  Melody Barnes
  Director,Domestic Policy Council
  (announced November 24, 2008)
• 
  Gil Kerlikowske
  Director,National Drug Control Policy
  (announced February 10, 2009)

Economic policy

• 
  Timothy Geithner
  Secretary of the Treasury
  (announced November 24, 2008)
• 
  Gary Locke
  Secretary of Commerce
  (announced February 25, 2009)
• 
  Christina Romer
  Chairwoman,Council of Economic Advisers
  (announced November 24, 2008)
• 
  Lawrence Summers
  Assistant to the President for Economic Policy
  Director,National Economic Council
  (announced November 24, 2008)
• 
  Paul Volcker
  Chairman,Economic Recovery Advisory Board
  (announced November 26, 2008)
• 
  Peter R. Orszag
  Director,Office of Management and Budget
  (announced November 25, 2008)
• 
  Ron Kirk
  United States Trade Representative
  (announced December 19, 2008)

Environment and energy

• 
  Steven Chu
  Secretary of Energy
  (announced December 15, 2008)
• 
  Ken Salazar
  Secretary of the Interior
  (announced December 17) (the nomination was given aSaxbe fix)
• 
  Lisa P. Jackson
  Administrator of the EPA
  (announced December 15, 2008)
• 
  Nancy Sutley
  Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality
  (announced December 15, 2008)
• 
  Carol Browner
  Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change
  (announced December 15, 2008)

Foreign affairs and national security

• 
  Hillary Clinton
  Secretary of State
  (announced December 1)(the nomination was given aSaxbe fix)
• 
  Robert Gates
  Secretary of Defense
  (continuation of previous administration's appointment, announced December 1)
• 
  Eric Holder
  Attorney General
  (announced December 1, 2008)
• 
  Janet Napolitano
  Secretary of Homeland Security
  (announced December 1)
• 
  James L. Jones
  Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
  (announced December 1)
• 
  Dennis Blair
  Director of National Intelligence
  (announced January 2009)
• 
  Leon Panetta
  Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
  (announced January 2009)
• 
  Susan Rice
  U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
  (announced December 1)

Table

Proposed Obama administration personnel at the time of Inauguration January 20, 2009
Cabinet and cabinet-level Position Designate White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel† Director of the Office of Management and Budget Peter Orszag† Secretary of Defense Robert Gates Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke Secretary of Veterans Affairs Eric Shinseki Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Shaun Donovan Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Lisa Jackson† Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis Position Designate Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner Secretary of State Hillary Clinton Attorney General Eric Holder Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice† Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius Secretary of Energy Steven Chu Secretary of Education Arne Duncan Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack Trade Representative Ronald Kirk† †Cabinet-levelposition
Executive Office of the President Position Designee Senior Advisor to the President Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Affairs Public Liaison Valerie Jarrett Senior Advisor to the President Pete Rouse Deputy White House Chief of Staff Jim Messina Staff Secretary Lisa Brown Personal Secretary Katie Johnson Cabinet Secretary Chris Lu Chief of staff to theFirst Lady Jackie Norris White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs White House Social Secretary Special Assistant to the President Desirée Rogers Assistant to the President for Economic Policy (Director of theWhite House National Economic Council) Lawrence Summers Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy (Director of theWhite House Domestic Policy Council) Melody Barnes Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change Carol Browner Deputy Director of theOffice of Management and Budget Rob Nabors Chair of thePresident's Economic Recovery Advisory Board Paul Volcker Director of Speechwriting Jon Favreau Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (National Security Adviser) Jim Jones Director of Public Liaison Christina Tchen Director of White House Office of Health Reform Nancy-Ann Min DeParle Deputy Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change Heather Zichal Co-chair of thePresident's Council of Advisers on Science and Technology Eric Lander DeputyWhite House Counselwith a Focus on Domestic Policy and Ethics Cassandra Butts Deputy Director of Legislative Affairs for the Senate Shawn Maher Special Assistant to the President Director of Communications for the First Lady Camille Johnston Deputy Press Secretary for the First Lady Semonti Mustaphi White House Director of Presidential Personnel Don Gips Associate Counsel to the President Susan Sher Position Designee Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs Phil Schiliro Deputy White House Chief of Staff Mona Sutphen Senior Advisor to the President David Axelrod White House Counsel Greg Craig Director of the White House Office of Political Affairs Patrick Gaspard Assistant to the President for Communications (White House Director of Communications) Ellen Moran Deputy Assistant to the President for Communications (Deputy White House Director of Communications) Dan Pfeiffer Deputy Chief of Staff to theFirst Lady Melissa Winter Director of theWhite House Council of Economic Advisers Christina Romer Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy (deputy director of theWhite House Domestic Policy Council) Heather Higginbottom White House Director of Scheduling and Advance Alyssa Mastromonaco Staff Director and Chief Economist of thePresident's Economic Recovery Advisory Board Member of theWhite House Council of Economic Advisers Austan Goolsbee Director of Intergovernmental Affairs Cecilia Muñoz Director of theWhite House Military Office Louis Caldera Chief of staff to the Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Relations Public Liaison Michael Strautmanis Deputy Director of White House Office of Health Reform Jeanne Lambrew Chair of theWhite House Council on Environmental Quality Nancy Sutley Assistant to the President for Science and Technology (Director of theWhite House Office of Science and Technology Policy) Co-chair of thePresident's Council of Advisers on Science and Technology John Holdren Co-chair of thePresident's Council of Advisers on Science and Technology Harold Varmus Deputy Cabinet Secretary Liz Sears Smith Deputy Director of Legislative Affairs for the House of Representatives Dan Turton Press Secretary for the First Lady Katie McCormick Lelyveld Director of the Office of Management and Administration Bradley Kiley Chief Performance Officer deputy director for Management at the Office of Management and Budget Jeffrey Zients Director of White House Office of Urban Policy Adolfo Carrion*
Other Position Designee Chair of theSecurities and Exchange Commission Mary Schapiro Member of the Board of Governors of theFederal Reserve System Daniel Tarullo Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere (Administrator of theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Jane Lubchenco Solicitor General Elena Kagan Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel Dawn Johnsen Director of National Intelligence Dennis Blair Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Leon Panetta Position Designee Chair of theCommodity Futures Trading Commission Gary Gensler Administrator of theSmall Business Administration Karen Mills Deputy Attorney General David Ogden Associate Attorney General Tom Perrelli Surgeon General Regina Benjamin Deputy Secretary of State James Steinberg Jacob Lew Special Assistant to the President Eugene Kang * Although identified by sources to the press, selection awaited official announcement by the office of the President Elect.
Office of the Vice President Position Designate Chief of Staff to the Vice President Ron Klain Counsel to the Vice President Cynthia Hogan Counselor to the Vice President Mike Donilon Assistant to the Vice President for Intergovernmental Affairs Public Liaison Evan Ryan Assistant to the Vice President Director of Communications Jay Carney Deputy Chief of Staff to the Vice President Alan Hoffman Deputy National Security Adviser to the Vice President Brian McKeon Director of Communications for the Second Lady Courtney O'Donnell Position Designate Chief of Staff to the Second Lady Catherine Russell Director of Administration for the Office of the Vice President Moe Vela Domestic Policy Adviser to the Vice President Terrell McSweeny Chief Economist and Economic Policy Adviser to the Vice President Jared Bernstein Press Secretary to the Vice President Elizabeth Alexander Deputy Press Secretary to the Vice President Annie Tomasini Director of Legislative Affairs Sudafi Henry Residence Manager and Social Secretary for the Vice President and the Second Lady Carlos Elizondo

Emerging agenda

Obama's developingpresidential agendawas divided into domestic and foreign policy issues. In most cases, this agenda involved addressing crises already underway. His principalstrategic decisionsconcerned how quickly to move bills through Congress.Some of his advisors suggested moving quickly, asFranklin D. Rooseveltdid in 1933, under the belief that a moremoderateapproach would waste valuable time early in hispresidency,when hispolitical capitalwill be strongest. Others suggested moving more slowly, asBill Clintondid before his attempt to enact anational healthcare program,based on the notion that rapid change could quickly wear down anybipartisanconsensus.He was expected, in any case, to issue a series ofexecutive orderswithin days of his inauguration, including a reversal of Bush-era executive orders restricting funding tofamily planning(includingabortion) services andstem-cell research.There was also a possibility that a new cabinet level advisory post would be created overseeing theDepartment of Energy,Department of the Interiorand theEnvironmental Protection Agency.

According to Podesta, the transition team planned to conduct an exhaustive review of Bush's executive orders in an effort to find quick changes that could be implemented on the first day in office. Podesta also says that there is a great deal that can be accomplished without waiting for Congress to act and that Obama wanted to move quickly once in office to restore "a sense that the country is working on behalf of the common good."

Economic agenda

Further information:American Recovery and Reinvestment Plan

Theeconomicagenda under development initially focused on short-term measures intended to hold off widespread economic losses so that a longer-term economic agenda could then be formulated. That approach subsequently shifted to a longer-term stimulus plan, with a goal of creating 2.5 million jobs over a two-year period. With a cost of $700 to $800 billion, the stimulus plan would cost more than a quarter million dollars per job created (divide 750 billion by 2,500,000 yielding $300,000).In a nationally televised interview on December 7, he acknowledged that his agenda has changed over the past month, and that a short-term stimulus package had again become his first priority. He wanted to emphasize "shovel ready"infrastructure projects to create new jobs quickly.Barack Obama said he hoped to sign the stimulus package into law soon after taking office on January 20.

Obama's most immediate concern was an economic stimulus proposal that some CongressionalDemocratshad advocated. Like previous stimulus packages, that proposal wasdemand-side(Keynesian) in nature. It would likely consist of increased funding forunemployment benefits,theFood Stamp Program,andinfrastructureprojects, rather thantax rebates.In fact, Obama claimed to be planning "the largest infrastructure program in roads and bridges and other traditional infrastructure since the building of theInterstate Highway Systemin the 1950s. "However, he also emphasized his plans to "green" thefederal governmentby updatingheatingand lighting systems in federal buildings, as well as significant investment in technology initiatives such as mandatoryelectronic medical records,improved computers in schools, and universal availability ofbroadband Internet access.

Additional funding forMedicaidwas also being considered. A similar stimulus bill was passed by theHouse of Representativeson September 26, 2008, but never approved by theSenate.Obama promised to promote a stimulus bill early in his presidency if one was not passed before his inauguration on January 20, 2009. In addition, Obama considered the request of the U.S. automotive industry for a cash infusion of $50 billion in addition to the $25 billion that had already been approved, but emphasizing that his support is "conditioned on them making significant adjustments."

Obama also planned to push for a program to spend $150 billion over 10 years to develop newrenewable energysources. This money would also be used to encourageenergy conservationand help the auto industry developfuel-efficientvehicles. However,Mother Jonesreported that theWindfall Profits Taxon oil companies, which he frequently cited during the campaign, had been dropped from the agenda early in the transition.

According to the transition's website, Obama also hoped to rekindlevolunteerismby expandingAmeriCorpsand thePeace Corpsand also creating a new Classroom Corps. Other volunteer efforts reportedly include a Health Corps, Clean Energy Corps, and Veterans Corps.Middleandhigh schoolstudents would be asked to do 50 hours ofcommunity servicework a year. College students would be eligible for $4,000 intuitiontax creditsin exchange for community service work. Improved volunteerism programs aimed atsenior citizenswere projected, as well as augmented Youth Build andHead Startprograms.

Agenda on healthcare

On December 5, Tom Daschle, who was designated to lead Obama's efforts forhealth care reform,announced a month-long campaign to solicit public input on the shape of that reform. People were encouraged to hold community meetings to discuss the issue, and to post their thoughts on change.gov, where over 10,000 comments had already been posted. Although Democratic leaders had met in private for several months to prepare a legislative package for unveiling in January, Daschle was anxious to avoid the appearance that the transition was working behind closed doors to create a sweeping agenda for change.

This technique, developed by grass roots organizations likeMoveOn.org,was designed to reinforce the notion that Obama intended to aggressively pursue his health care reform agenda despite the worsening economy. "President-elect Obama has made health reform one of his top priorities, and I'm here to tell you that his commitment to changing the healthcare system remains strong and focused", said Daschle.

During a news conference on December 11, 2008, Obama linked health care reform to the upcoming economic stimulus package, noting that "It's not something that we can sort of put off because we're in anemergency.""This is part of the emergency. "He expected the stimulus legislation to include a $40 billion increase in Medicaid spending over two years, plus a massive investment inhealth information management technology.Consideration was also being given to funding for retraining medical workers, expansion of theState Children's Health Insurance Program(SCHIP), and expansion of theCOBRAprovisions, which allow unemployed workers to purchasehealth insurancethrough their previous employer'splan.

Foreign policy agenda

Further information:Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration

One of the principalforeign policyissues that Obama ran on during the presidential campaign was his promise to withdraw most American troops from theIraq Warwithin sixteen months of his inauguration. Another issue concerned the three areas that President Bush had been focusing on during the final months of his term:Iran's nuclear development,North Korea's nuclear arsenal,and theIsraeli-Palestinian peace talks.In all three cases, a diplomatic structure had already been established, although some of the Bush administration's goals differ from those Obama that would adopt as president.

The Annapolis Conference gathers in November 2007.

In the Middle East, Bush began a new approach to the peace process, the so-calledAnnapolis process,which attempted to encourage Israeli and Palestinian leaders to agree on the outlines of a peace accord. Although both sides cited some success in these discussions, critics believed the talks unduly ignoredHamas,which has been labeled by the United States as a terrorist organization, despite the fact that it had held an enormous amount of political power in the region. Obama had not specified what his approach would be, although it was considered likely that he would appoint a high-level Middle East envoy, in part to free his Secretary of State so that other matters can also be addressed.Hamas expressed a willingness to talk to Obama, who has said that he would reciprocate only if it renouncedterrorism,recognized Israel's right to exist, and agreed to abide by past agreements.The Hamas leader inGaza,Ismail Haniyeh,said the Hamas government would accept aPalestinian statethat followed theGreen Lineand would offer Israel a long-term truce if Israel recognised the Palestinians' national rights.

During his second term, Bush pursued an agreement with North Korea to end its nuclear weapons programs. To that end, Bush agreed to remove North Korea from the State Department's list ofState Sponsors of Terrorism,which Obama supported.Obama had criticized Bush for taking so long to engage with North Korea, and indicated he would be eager to engage in a more proactive manner in order to reach an agreement. A senior North Korean official recentlytold reporters that "we are ready to deal" with the incoming Obama administration.

Obama also deliberated on how to deal with Iran. Outgoing Secretary of StateCondoleezza Ricehad assembled a coalition of six states—all five members of the United Nations Security Council plus Germany—to confront Iran.While the group won approval from theUnited Nations,Iran largely ignored its demands. While Obama had previously advocated carefully planned direct talks with Iran, he was now being seen as likely to build on the current coalition to broker an agreement with Iran.

In addition, Obama formulated a policy to deal with the U.S.missile defense shieldthat was under construction in Poland. He discussed the matter with both PolishPresidentLech Kaczyńskiand RussianPresidentDmitry Medvedev.While his advisors were working on a missile shield policy, his position at that time was simply that one might be deployed if and when it has been "proved to be workable".

Obama also planned to revoke a series of executive orders enacted by Bush that authorizedenhanced interrogation techniqueswhich many critics have labeled astortureagainst "detainees."The revocations would have the effect of requiring the CIA to abide by theArmy Field Manualwhen it interrogated prisoners. Resistance was expected, however, from some in theIntelligence Community,regarding the practicality of a complete revocation of these orders. Obama also hoped to close thedetention campatGuantanamo Bay Naval BaseinCuba,although issues were expected to arise because many of the detainees had been held without evidence or had been coerced in their confessions, which would not be admissible in afederal court.

A November 20, 2008,Los Angeles Timesarticle stated, "Antiwar groups and other liberal activists are increasingly concerned at signs that Barack Obama's national security team will be dominated by appointees who favored the Iraq invasion... 'It's astonishing that not one of the 23 senators or 133 House members who voted against the war is in the mix,' said Sam Husseini of the liberal groupInstitute for Public Accuracy."

National defense

Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, who was retained in the Obama Administration, outlined an agenda for reform of theDepartment of Defense.His ideas centered on a perceived need to shift purchasing priorities away from costly high tech weapons, and toward lower cost alternatives that are more appropriate for the wars the U.S. was currently fighting, as well as those he believed might lie in the immediate future. He noted that there are limits to U.S. military power, and believed that the emphasis should be shifted away from fighting, and toward training, advising and equipping allied forces to fight.

Specific areas Gates and Obama agreed on were said to include:

• Improved coordination and cooperation between the military and theState Department,as well as othercivilianagencies.
• Improving the "security capacity" of USalliesto allow them to increase their participation in theWar on Terrorism.
• Being attentive to the risk fromconventional military forces,as well asinsurgencies.
• Shifting troops and other resources fromIraqtoAfghanistan.
• Continued expansion of theArmyandMarine Corps.
• Overhaul of thePentagon's procurement system.

Energy policy

Obama made energy policy one of his topmost priorities in his 2008 campaign.Towards his energy goals ofUnited States energy independencethrough investment inalternative energyproduction he has set the following objectives:

• Within ten years save more oil than current imports from the Middle East and Venezuela combined.
• By 2015 put one millionplug-in hybridvehicles on the road.
• By 2012, 10% of U.S. electricity shall come fromrenewable sourcesand 25% by 2025.
• By 2050, 80% of currently emittedgreenhouse gasesshall be eliminated.

To achieve these objectives, Obama proposed the following measures

• Over 10 years invest $150 billion for energy development with a lower CO₂emissions including:
  • Transition to adigital electricity grid.Create a Grid Modernization Commission to facilitate adoption ofsmart gridpractices.
  • Accelerate commercialization ofplug-in hybridtechnology.
  • Create 5 milliongreen collarjobs involved in projects such as in construction, retrofitting buildings to make them moreenergy efficientor to generate their own power.
• Develop and deployclean coal technology.
• Establish a nationallow-carbon fuel standard.
• Weatherize one million homes annually.
• Increase"CAFE" fuel efficiency standardsfor vehicles.
• Set construction of theAlaska natural gas pipelineas a high priority.
• Establish a "use it or lose it" approach to existingoil and gas leasesgranted for federal land.
• Establish an economy-widecap and tradeprogram.

Appointees recruited by Obama with experience on energy policy included Peter Orszag, an expert on cap and trade programs, who was named as director of the Office of Management and Budget. John Podesta, transition chief, was an early advocate of Detroit's refocus on using lower carbon alternatives to gasoline.

Secret Service preparations

Barack Obama being sworn in as the 44thpresident of the United States.

George W. Bushdeparting in a Marine Corps helicopter as he looks atU.S. Capitolafter theInauguration of Barack Obama.

TheSecret Service,of theU.S. Department of Homeland Security,was the lead agency for both security and logistics for theInaugural Ceremony.Their plan was to open the event to as many spectators as possible.Securitywas expected to be strict, and vast portions of downtownWashingtonwould be closed to all traffic. Initially, it was thought that up to 4 million people would descend upon the area of theNational Mall,but later reports from the Secret Service suggested that the number might not be that high. Arrangements for 8000police officerswere made, however, and parking for up to 10,000tour buseswas arranged. AMetrospokesperson warned that thesubway system"will be utterly overwhelmed."Campingwas not permitted on the mall.

On November 13, 2008, the Secret Service announced that Obama'scodenamewould be "Renegade". In addition, his wife's is "Renaissance" and his daughters' are "Rosebud" and "Radiance".

Residential transition

In keeping with tradition, President Bush left a letter (shown here on theResolute desk) to Obama in theOval Office.

The first family visited bothSidwell Friends SchoolandGeorgetown Day Schoolbefore deciding on Sidwell.The residential transition began with the first of two interim stops at theHay-Adams Hotelon January 4.The second interim stop was a move toBlair Houseon January 15, the traditional interim move date for residents-elect.The residential transition began earlier than for most incoming presidents because the daughters began school at Sidwell on January 5.During the campaign, Michelle Obama had stated that the residential transition would be planned to be as unified as possible for all members of the family.Michelle's mother,Marian Robinson,made plans to move into the White House to assist with child care.In the current real estate market, the Obamas did not intend to sell theirSouth SideChicago home that sits on the border between theHyde ParkandKenwoodcommunity areas.

JennaandBarbara Bushhad much advice for Malia and Sasha Obama. The Bush twins sent the Obama daughters an open letter that was published inThe Wall Street Journal.

The outgoing Bush family did not take much with them as they left the White House. Among the items they left behind was their officialstate china service,aLenoxgilt-edged style with a green basket weave border, estimated to be worth $492,798. However, what they did not take with them can be included in the collection of the presidential library.

Vice PresidentDick Cheneywas injured moving out of hisresidencejust before the inauguration and used awheelchairduring the ceremony.

Assessment of the transition

Experts have given the transition high praise. Numerous experts have referred to the transition between Bush and Obama as the "gold standard" for presidential transitions.Both the Bush and Obama ends of the transition have been praised.

The transition has been praised as "seamless", in part, for its adherence to Obama's insistence that there be "one president at a time", with Obama largely avoiding giving comment during the transition on matters Bush was handling, such as the ongoing financial crisis.

See also

• Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
• Barack Obama election victory speech 2008
• First inauguration of Barack Obama

Further reading

• Halchin, L. Elaine (November 25, 2008)."Presidential Transitions: Issues Involving Outgoing and Incoming Administrations"(PDF).Congressional Research Service.RetrievedJanuary 14,2009.
• "Transcript: President-Elect Obama's First News Conference".The New York Times.November 7, 2008.RetrievedNovember 7,2008.
• Sweet, Lynn (November 5, 2008)."Jarrett, Podesta, Rouse to lead Obama transition; Bill Daley co-chair".Chicago Sun-Times.Archived fromthe originalon December 10, 2008.RetrievedNovember 5,2008.
• Baker, Peter; Jeff Zeleny (November 5, 2008)."For Obama, No Day to Bask as He Starts to Build His Team for Transition".The New York Times.RetrievedNovember 5,2008.
• Baker, Peter (November 4, 2008)."No Time for Laurels; Now the Hard Part".The New York Times.RetrievedNovember 5,2008.(Initial likely appointments to the transition team.)
• "Possible Presidential Appointments".The New York Times.October 25, 2008.RetrievedNovember 5,2008.
• Espo, David (October 17, 2008)."Obama's transition team meets, candidate pushes on".Associated Press. Archived fromthe originalon October 21, 2008.RetrievedNovember 5,2008.(Pre-election meeting of the Obama transition team.)

External links

• Presidential Transition ResourceofficialGeneral Services Administration(GSA)/National Archives and Records Administration(NARA) website
• Change.govarchive of the Obama-Biden presidential transition project
• Obama's PresidencyfromBBC News
• The Obama Transitionfrom theFinancial Times
• Lost in Transitionfrom theNational Journal
• The Presidential Transitionfrom theIBM Center for the Business of Government
• The New TeamfromThe New York Times,profiles of potential members of the Obama administration
• HLS and the new administration: Whom will Obama choose?from theHarvard Law Record,November 13, 2008
• Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count,January 9, 2009 (C-Span video)