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Primorsky Krai

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"Primorye" redirects here. For the inhabited localities in Russia, seePrimorye (inhabited locality).

Primorsky Krai,[a]informally known asPrimorye,[b]is afederal subject(akrai) of Russia, part of theFar Eastern Federal Districtin theRussian Far East.ThecityofVladivostokon the southern coast of the krai is itsadministrative center,and the second largest city in the Russian Far East, behindKhabarovskin the neighbouring Khabarovsk Krai. Primorsky Krai has the largest economy among the federal subjects in the Russian Far East, and apopulationof 1,845,165 as of the2021 Census.[11]

Primorsky Krai
Krai
Приморский край
Flag of Primorsky Krai
Flag
Coat of arms of Primorsky Krai
Coat of arms
Coordinates:45°20′N134°40′E/ 45.333°N 134.667°E/45.333; 134.667
CountryRussia
Federal districtFar Eastern[1]
Economic regionFar Eastern[2]
Administrative centerVladivostok[3]
Government
• BodyLegislative Assembly[4]
•Governor[5]Oleg Kozhemyako
Area
[6]
• Total
164,673 km2(63,581 sq mi)
• Rank23rd
Population
(2021 census)[7]
• Total
1,845,165
• Estimate
(2018)[8]
1,913,037
• Rank26th
• Density11/km2(29/sq mi)
•Urban
78.4%
•Rural
21.6%
Time zoneUTC+10(MSK+7Edit this on Wikidata[9])
ISO 3166 codeRU-PRI
License plates25, 125
OKTMOID05000000
Official languagesRussian[10]
Websitehttp:// primorsky.ru/
Full coat of arms of Primorsky Krai

The krai has Russia's onlyborder with North Korea,along theTumen RiverinKhasansky Districtin the southwestern corner of the krai.Peter the Great Gulf,the largest gulf in theSea of Japan,is on the south coast.

The territory of the krai was historically part ofManchuria.It wascededto theRussian EmpirebyQing Chinain 1860 as part of a region known asOuter Manchuria,forming most of the territory ofPrimorskaya Oblast.As a result, China permanently lost its coastline withthe Sea of Japan.During theRussian Civil Warit became part of theFar Eastern Republicbefore joining theSoviet Union,going through numerous changes until reaching its current form in 1938. Primorsky Krai is home to theRussian Navy'sPacific Fleetand is also known as the birthplace of North Korean leaderKim Jong-il.[12]

Etymology

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The name of the krai is derived from the Russian wordsприморский(primorsky), meaning "littoral" or "coastal", andкрай(kray), meaning "region" or "area".[13][14][15]It is informally known asPrimorye(Приморье,IPA:[prʲɪˈmorʲjɪ]) in Russian, and is occasionally translated asMaritime Territoryin English.[13]

Geography

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Main article:Geography of Primorsky Krai
  • Border length— over 3,000 kilometers (1,864 mi), including 1,350 kilometers (839 mi) of the sea borders.
  • Highest peak—Anik Mountain,1,933 meters (6,342 ft)
  • Rail network length— 1,628 kilometers (1,012 mi) (of which 345 kilometers (214 mi) are electrified).
  • Automobile road length— 12,633 kilometers (7,850 mi)

Primorsky Krai, bordered byChina(JilinandHeilong gian g),North Korea(Rason) andKhabarovsk Krai,and the relatively warm—although freezing in winter—waters of theSea of Japan,is the southeasternmost region of Russia, located between the42°and48° northlatitude and130°and139° eastlongitude. It is stretched in themeridianaldirection, the distance from its extreme northern point to its most southerly point being about 900 kilometers (559 mi).

Topography

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Ussuri River
Philippovsky Bay,Russky Island
Bikin National Park

Highlands dominate the territory of the krai. Most of the territory is mountainous, and almost 80% of it is forested. The average elevation is about 500 meters (1,640 ft).Sikhote-Alinis a mountainous formation, extending for the most part of the Krai. It consists of a number of parallel ranges: the Partizansky (Partisan), the Siny (Blue), the Kholodny (Cold), and others. There are manykarstcaves in the south of Primorye, including the relatively accessible Spyashchaya Krasavitsa cave (the Sleeping Beauty) in the Ussuriysky Nature Preserve. There are comparatively well-preserved fragments of ancient volcanoes in the area.

The ranges are cut by the picturesque narrow and deep valleys of the rivers and by large brooks, such as thePartizanskaya,theKiyevka,the Zerkalnaya, the Cheryomukhovaya, the Yedinka, theSamarga,theBikin,and theBolshaya Ussurka.Most rivers in theKraihave rocky bottoms and limpid water. The largest among them is theUssuri,with a length of 903 kilometers (561 mi). The head of theUssuri Riveroriginates 20 kilometers (12 mi) east of Oblachnaya Mountain. The vast Khanka Lowlands extend into the west and southwest of Primorye, carpeted by coniferous-deciduous forest. A part of the Lowland surrounding the largest lake in theRussian Far East,Khanka Lake,is occupied by a forest-steppe.

Coast and islands

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The krai's coastline is fairly straight, except for the southernmost section around Vladivostok which contains theMuravyov-Amursky Peninsula. There are numerous islands in this area, the main ones beingLisy Island,Askold Island,Putyatin Island,Skrebtsov island,Sibiryakov Island,theEugénie Archipelago(the largest island of which beingRussky Island), theRimsky-Korsakov ArchipelagoandFurugelm Island.[16]

Flora and fauna

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The geographic location of Primorye accounts for the variety of itsflora.The territory of Primorye has not been subjected to the ice cover in the past in contrast to the rest of Siberia during the ice ages. The specifics of the geographic situation and the specific features of climate determine the unique diversity of the plant world at species and genetic levels and the richness of plant resources. In the flora of Primorye, there are more than two thousand species of higher plants, of which are about 250 species of trees, bushes, and ligneous lianas. Flora of mosses and lichens are very diverse. As part of the coastal flora, there are many valuable medicinal, technical and food plants, many relict and endemic species. About 200 species are listed in the IUCN Red List as rare and threatened extermination.

There are mountainous tundra areas, conifers and coniferous-deciduous forests, and forest-steppe, which is sometimes called the Far Eastern Prairie, where many ancient plant species have been preserved, includingferns,lotus,and the willowSalix arbutifolia(syn.Chosenia arbutifolia). The flora of the territory contains such plants asTaxus cuspidata,Juniperus rigida,Phellodendron amurense,Kalopanax,Aralia elata,Maackia amurensis,Alnus japonica,Actinidia kolomikta,Schisandra chinensis,Celastrus orbiculatus,Thladiantha dubia,Weigela,Eleutherococcus,Flueggea suffruticosa,Deutzia,Nelumbo nucifera,Betula schmidtii,Carpinus cordata,Acer mandshuricum,Parthenocissus tricuspidata,Vitis amurensis,Panax ginsengand many others.[17]

Thefaunaof Primorye is also diverse. The following animals are found in theKrai:Ussuri black bear(Ursus thibetanus),Amur tiger,Amur leopard(Panthera pardus orientalis),Eurasian lynx(Lynx lynx),wild boar(Sus scrofa),Manchurian deer(Cervus elaphus xanthopygos),Siberian roe deer(Capreolus pygargus),musk deer(Moschus moschiferus),long-tailed goral(Naemorhedus caudatus),sika deer(Cervus nippon),sable(Martes zibellina),Blakiston's fish owl(Bubo blakistoni),mandarinka duck(Aix galericulata),black stork(Ciconia nigra),scaly goosander(Mergus squamatus),chestnut-cheeked starling(Sturnia philippensis),black griffon(Aegypius monachus), large-winged cuckoo (familyCuculidae), and others. Among 690 species of birds inhabiting the territory of the formerUSSR,350 are found in Primorye. Rich fisheries ofsalmon,Hucho taimen,lenokand marine fisheries of crab, pollock and other species make the aquatic and maritime environment a valuable resource for the region. However, the rich diversity of wildlife in Primorye is threatened by poaching and the illegalwildlife trade.Wildlife Conservation Society,World Wildlife Fund,Wild Salmon Center,and Russian NGOs includingPhoenix Fundare active in the region's wildlife and habitat conservation.

Most of the world's population of wildSiberian tigersis found in Primorsky Krai
The cliffs Brat ( "Brother" ) and Sestra ( "Sister" ) in the environs of Nakhodka.

Climate

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History

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Further information:History of the Russian Far East,History of Manchuria,andRussian Manchuria (Russia)

The area is believed to have been settled by several Tungusic and Mongolic tribes, such as theSushen,the proto-MongolShiweiand theMohe.Although, there are other popular theories, such as the fact that the place was earlier settled by theAinu people.

TheUdege peopleare said to have traditionally settled in territories along theBikin Riverlong ago, however, they are possibly ofJianzhou Jurchenorigin.[19]

During theBalhae Kingdom,most of the krai was within the boundaries of the provinces of Dingli, Anbian and Anyuan. After Balhae was conquered by the Khitans, the territory became part ofLiao dynasty's Eastern Circuit andJin dynasty's Supin Circuit. It then came underMongolandManchurule.

The acquisition ofSiberiaby theTsardom of Russiaand the subsequent Russian expansion to the Far East brought the Russians into direct contact withChina.TheNerchinsk Treatyof 1689 demarcating the borders of the two states gave all lands lying south of theStanovoy Mountains,including Primorye, to the Qing Empire. However, with the weakening of theQing Empire[further explanation needed]in the second half of the 19th century, Russia began its expansion into the area. In 1858, the towns ofKhabarovskandBlagoveshchenskwere founded. In 1858,Nikolay Muravyov-Amurskysigned theAigun Treatywith China, followed by theBeijing Treatytwo years later. As a result of the two treaties, the Sino–Russian border shifted south in theAmur Annexationto theAmurandUssuri Rivers,granting Russia full control of Primorye.

Primorskaya Oblastwas established as the easternmost division of theRussian Empirein 1856. It included the territory of modern Primorsky Krai as well as the territories of modernKhabarovsk KraiandMagadan Oblast,stretching from Vladivostok to theChukchi Peninsulain the far north.

In the period from 1859 to 1882, ninety-five settlements were established in the Primorye region, including Vladivostok,Ussuriysk,Razdolnoye, Vladimiro-Aleksandrovskoye,Shkotovo,Pokrovka,Tury Rog, andKamen-Rybolov.Russians began migrating to these regions. The population was primarily engaged in hunting, fishing and cultivation. More than two-thirds of the territory's inhabitants followed these occupations.

Coat of arms of Primorskaya Oblast in the beginning of the 20th century

During the latter part of the 19th century, there was a significant resource, industrial and resulting economic development in Primorye. Coal mining became a prominent industry, as did the export ofsea-kale,velvet antlers,timber,crab,dried fish,andtrepangs.The rapid economic expansion of Primorye was financed in large measure by Russian and foreign capital investment.

After the Russian Revolution and the victory of the communists, the new government renamed Primorskaya Oblast as theZemstvo of Maritime Territory.It was defined as theFar-Eastern Republic(1920–1922). Within theRussian SFSR,this became Far-Eastern Oblast (1922–1926) and then Far-Eastern Krai (1926–1938).

The area became a battleground for allied and Bolshevik troops during theSiberian Intervention.In 1922, shortly before the end of theCivil War,Primorye came under Bolshevik control. The new government directed the economic, scientific, and cultural development of the territory. TheSoviet Governmentspent the following ten years combating "bourgeois ideology" in many areas of life and culture. As a result, the music, theater, literature, and the fine arts of Primorye were censored.

Primorsky was the center of the ethnic Korean minority of Russia. The Pos'et Korean National Raion was created under the policy ofKorenizatsiya.The Krai had 105 both fully and mixed Korean towns where residents used the Korean language as an official language. Nearly 200,000 ethnic Koreans were living in the Krai by the time of theirdeportation in 1938.[20]The Soviet Union had earlier deported ethnic Chinese from western Siberia.

During this period, the Soviet government emphasizedcentralized planningof the economy. As in the rest of the Soviet Union, priority was given to heavy industry, with a special emphasis on mining and commercial fishing. There was a widespread investment in the construction of rail and sea transit, and new port facilities were constructed.

Primorsky Krai was formed by further subdivision of Far-Eastern Krai in 1938, as part of the Stalin-era policy of "unbundling". Primorsky Krai, as defined in 1938, corresponds to the northeastern part of the historical region ofRussian Manchuria.

On April 18, 1942, the region became accidentally involved inWorld War II,which the United States had entered after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Primorsky Krai was the location where one of 16United States Army Air CorpsB-25 Mitchellmedium bomberslanded. The group had been launched fromUSSHornetto carry out theDoolittle Raidon Japan. Japan and the Soviet Union were not then at war. The landing occurred 40 miles (65 km) west of Vladivostok; the bomber's crew could not return to their base, the aircraft carrierHornet,by the mission plan.[21]The crew later returned home via Iran.

During the 1970s, the Soviet Union expanded scientific institutions in Primorye, especially in the city ofVladivostok.Several large research institutions are located here, such as the Institute of Biology and Agriculture, the Pacific Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, the Institute of Marine Biology, the Pacific Institute of Geography, the Pacific Oceanological Institute, as well as several Institutes affiliated with theFar Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Science.

By the early 1990s, once-small enterprises in the city had developed into large companies. Some of the most prominent include theDVMP(FESCO) shipping company, the Dalmoreprodukt fishing company, ProgressArsenyevAircraft Works, and Vostok Mining. Commercial fishing plays an important part in the economy of the Primorye and includes firms like Vladivostok Trawling and Refrigerating Fleet (VBTRF), the Active Marine Fisheries Base ofNakhodka,and the Fishing and Marine Transport Fleet of Primorye. Numerous enterprises of theRussian military-industrial complexwere also established in Primorye.

TheUdege people,led byPavel Sulyandziga,are trying to gain control over their traditional territories along theBikin Riverand in particular aTerritory of Traditional Natural Resource Useof federal status.[19]

Politics

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Krai Administration Building

During theSovietperiod, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Primorsky CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After 1991, the head of the Oblast administration and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside electedregional parliament.

The Charter of Primorsky Krai is the fundamental law of the region. TheLegislative Assembly of Primorsky Kraiis the province'sregionalstanding legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as the guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with theConstitution of Russia.

Administrative divisions

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Main article:Administrative divisions of Primorsky Krai

Economy

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See also:Category:Companies based in Primorsky Krai
Agriculture in Primorsky Krai

Primorsky Krai's economy, the most balanced in the Russian Far East,[citation needed]is also the largest in absolute terms. Food production is the most important sector, represented mainly byfish processing.Annual catch exceeds two milliontonnes,or one half of the Russian Far East total. Second ismachine building,where half of the output is geared toward thefishing industryandshipyards.Defenseis another important sector, producing naval vessels and militaryaircraft.Theconstructionmaterials industry here provides for the whole Russian Far East. Lead smelting is conducted inRudnaya Pristanon the coast.

Thetimberindustry, though inrecession,[when?]is still second only toKhabarovsk Krai's with an annual yield of about 3 million cubic meters oftimber.Primorsky Krai is the largestcoalproducer in the Russian Far East and generates moreelectricitythan any other Russian Far East administrative division, but power shortages are common.Agricultureis also important; the krai produces rice, milk, eggs, and vegetables.


The krai's proximity toPacific Rimmarkets gives it an edge over most other Russian Far East administrative divisions in developingforeign trade.Major trade items areseafoodproducts, timber products, and ferrous metals. Major trading partners are Japan, China, and South Korea.

Road through Gorniye Kluchi village

The economy will be further diversified with the addition of as many as 8 government sanctioned casinos to be built in the Primorye Gambling Zone, which encompasses the entire Primorsky Krai.[22]Primorsky Entertainment Resort City, under development byNagaCorp Ltd.of Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia, will be the largest. The development is expected to cost in the region of RUB11.6 billion (approximately HK$2.7 billion, US$350 million) and have a total footprint of 214.89 hectares.[23]

Primorsky Krai's compact territory is well endowed withinfrastructure.Itsrailwaydensity is twice the Russian average.[citation needed]Railroads connect it with China and North Korea. Vladivostok, the eastern terminus of theTrans-Siberian Railway,was surpassed as a port by the nearbyNakhodka-Vostochny Portcontainer,coalandtimberterminals. Primorsky Krai-based shipping companies provide 80% of marine shipping services in theRussian Far East.All the krai's significant ports are now open to international shipping.

The largest companies in the region include Far-Eastern Energy Company, NNK-Bunker, Mazda Sollers, andVostochny Port.[24]

Natural resources

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Coal

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More than 100 deposits ofcoalare known in Primorsky Krai. The commercial deposits of coal are connected to the Partizansky and Razdolnensky coal basins, the Podgorodnensky deposit, the Uglovsky basin, and the Shkotovsky, Pavlovsky, Bikinsky, Rettikhovsky, and Suputinsky deposits.

Partizansky Basin:The city ofPartizanskis located in the southern part of the basin. The total area of the basin is 6,000 km2(2,300 sq mi). The basin has been known since the 19th century and has been explored since 1902. Five regions—Staropartizansky, Melnikovsky, Belopadinsky, Molchanovsky, andSergeyevsky—are within the limits of the basin. The coal isanthracite coal.By the output of volatile substances and caking ability, rich coals prevail. The reserves of coal in the basin total 193.6 milliontonnes.The deposits are maintained by the mines of the Partizanskugol Association. A coal-mining factory also operates in this area.

Razdolnensky Basin:The total area of this basin is about 4,500 km2(1,700 sq mi). The basin is located to the north and the west of the city ofUssuriysk.The basin includes the following deposits: Ussuriysky, Lipovetsky, Verkhne-Razdolnensky, Konstantinovsky, and Alekseye-Nikolsky. The deposits were prospected as early as 1868. The mining of coal has been conducted since 1909. By the output of volatile substances and coking ability, long-flame coals prevail. The reserves of coal in the basin total of 66.7 million tons. The deposits are maintained by the mines and the open-pit coal mines of the Lipovetskoye Mine Administration.

Uglovsky Basin:Located 30 km (19 mi) northeast ofVladivostok,the basin's band extends about 40 km (25 mi) to the northeast ofAmursky Bayand ranges from 6 to 14 km (3.7 to 8.7 mi) in width. Coals in the basin have been known since 1859. The mining of coal has been executed since 1867 in the Tavrichansky deposit, and since 1911 in the Artyomovsky deposit. The coal isbrown coal,which is used as a power fuel. In the long years of operation, the stocks of coal in the basin have been considerably depleted. The reserves of coal in the basin total 233.7 million tons. The mines of the Tavrichansky Mine Administration and the Artyomugol Association operate on the basis of the deposits.

Podgrodnensko-Surazhevsky:This coal-bearing region is located close toVladivostok.The stocks of the Podgrodnensky deposit are estimated to be a total of 19.6 million tons. The coal isanthracite coal.By the output of volatile substances and caking ability, the coal is hard (non-bituminous). The deposits are maintained by the Podgorodenka mine of the Artyomugol Association.

ThePaleogene-Neogene depositsof Primorsky Krai are the Bikinsky, Pavlovsky, Shkotovsky, Rettikhovsky, Rakovsky, and Khasansky deposits. The deposits are the major sources of fuel for the largest heat and power stations of Primorye: Luchegorskaya and Vladivostokskaya. The coal isbrown coal.

TheBikinsky Depositis the largestbrown coaldeposit in Primorsky Krai. Its total area is 260 km2(100 sq mi). The reserves total 1,113.9 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness is 1,800 m (5,900 ft). The Luchegorsky Open-Pit Coal Mine maintains the mine and provides fuel to the largest power station in the krai, the Luchegorsky Hydro-Electric Power Station.

Pavlovsky Deposit:The total area is 400 km2(150 sq mi). The reserves total 400 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness is up to 400 m (1,300 ft). The mining is maintained by the Pavlovsky-1 and Pavlovsky-2 Open-Pit Coal Mines. Coal is used as fuel for the Vladivostok Heat and Power Plant-2.

Skotovsky Deposit:The total area is 150 km2(58 sq mi). The reserves total 251.6 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness ranges from 800 to 950 m (2,620 to 3,120 ft). Maintenance is by the open-pit mine of the Artyomugol Association.

The coal of the Pavlovsky, Skotovsky, and Bikinsky deposits containsgermaniumandnon-ferrous metals.

Tin

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See also:Sable tin deposit

The major areas of occurrence of commercialtinstocks areKavalerovsky,Krasnoarmeysky,andDalnegorskyDistricts. There are more than 30 deposits of tin in Primorsky Krai. The extraction of tin ore is maintained by Khrustalnenskaya Tin Extracting Company, Dalpolimetal Stock Company, and Vostok Mining Company. All tin-extracting enterprises of the krai have a 30-year supply of ore.

Tungsten

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There are four major commercial deposits oftungsteninKrasnoarmeyskyandPozharskyDistricts. The mining of only two of them is currently maintained, at Vostok-2 and Lermontovskoye by the Primorsky Mining Group and Lermontovskoye Mining Company. The enterprises have a 10-year reserve supply. The ores are complex, containingcopper,gold,silver,bismuth,and other metals besides tungsten.

Lead and zinc

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There are more than 10 commercial deposits ofleadandzincin the territories ofDalnegorsky,Kavalerovsky,andKrasnoarmeyskyDistricts. The mining of the deposits of lead and zinc is maintained by Dalpolimetal Stock Company. The enterprise has a 40-year supply of ore.

Silver

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Among the deposits of precious metals in Primorsky Krai,silverand gold-silver deposits predominate. Ten deposits of silver are found in the Krai. The majority of silver-polymetal ore deposits are located inDalnegorsky Districtand are maintained by Dalpolimetal Stock Company. Silver is extracted simultaneously with tungsten from tungsten ores deposits inKrasnoarmeyskyandPozharskyDistricts.

Gold

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More than 60 deposits ofgoldare found in the territory of the krai. Most of them are placer deposits. The southern part of the krai is the richest in placer deposits. Significant gold placer sites are at Kommisarovsky (the Pogranichnaya river), Fadeyevsky (the Fadeyevka river), Krinichny (the Bolshaya Rudnevka river), Nakhodkinsky (the Korobkovka river), and Soboliny (the Sobolinaya river). OkeanArteland Primorsky Mine are engaged in gold extraction. Gold is also extracted from complex deposits of tungsten ores.

Fluorspar

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The Voznesenovsky and Pogranichny deposits of rare-metal-fluorsparore are located inKhorolsky District.The Voznesenovskoye deposit was prospected in 1948. It is maintained by the Yaroslavsky Mining Group Stock Company and there is a 20-year supply of ore. The ore is a complex ore. Fluorspar totals 10 percent of the mineral content of the ore. The ore contains such rare metals asberyllium,lithium,tantalum,andniobium.TheUsuglinskoye mineis one of the largest fluorite mines in Russia, having estimated reserves of 2.9 million tonnes of ore.

Boron

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Russia's largest deposit ofboron-containing ore (boron silicates) is located inDalnegorsky District.The deposit is operated byBor Stock Company.The enterprise has 50 years' supply of borosilicates stocks.

Limestone

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There are more than 100 large deposits of various construction materials.

TheSpasskaya groupincludes the Spasskoye and Dlinnogorskoyelimestonedeposits. The stocks total more than 100 million tons and are maintained by Spassktsement Stock Company.

TheSuchanskaya groupincludes the Novitskoye and Chandolazskoye limestone deposits, which are located inPartizansky District.These deposits are suitable for the production of Portlandcementof 400 and 500 types. The stocks total approximately more than 1 billion tons.

TheMaikhinskaya groupincludes the Maikhinskoye and Glubinnogorskoye deposits located inShkotovsky District.The estimated stocks of limestone in both deposits total about 60 million tons.

Ashlar stones

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There are numerous deposits ofgranites,porphyrites, andmarbleswhich, when polished, acquire a smooth surface of beautiful color. These deposits are located in Lesozavodsky,Khorolsky,Khasansky,Spassky,Chernigovsky,Partizansky,and other districts.

TheAmbinskoye depositof marble is located in Khasanky District. This marble is highly decorative and is easily polished. The estimated stocks total more than 2 million m3(70.6 million ft3).

TheKnorringskoye depositofashlarstones is located inChernigovsky District.The estimated stocks total about 10 million m3(35.3 million ft3). They are similar in color to the famous American ashlar stones.

Clays

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There are more than 100 deposits offusible claywhich is used inbrickproduction in the krai. Fusible clay deposits are found almost everywhere in the krai, except its northeastern parts. The Uglovskaya, Ussuriyskaya, and Spasskaya group of fusible clay deposits are noteworthy in this area.

The krai's largest stocks, a total of more than fifteen million tons, is the Uglovskaya group of deposits located inUglovoyesettlement. The deposits provide raw material to the brick factories inVladivostokandArtyom.

There are more than twenty deposits ofrefractory clayandfireclay.The clay is suitable for the manufacture of bricks andceramics.The largest deposits are located inOktyabrskyandChernigovsky District,and inArtyom.

TheLipovetskoye Depositof refractory clay is located in Oktyabrsky District. The estimated stocks total about 1.5 million tons and are maintained by the Lipovetsky Brick Factory.

TheOzernovskoye depositof fireclay is located in Uglovoye settlement. The estimated stocks total about 2 million tons and have been used for the manufacture of bricks since 1964.

Porcelain stones

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Primorsky krai's best-known Gusevskoye deposit ofporcelain stoneis located inKhasansky District.The material is used by the Vladivostok and Artyom Porcelain Factories. The estimated stocks total about 3 million tons.

Feldspar rhyolites

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TheSergeyevskoye depositof ceramicrhyolitesis located inPartizansky District.It may be used for the manufacture ofporcelain.

Demographics

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Life expectancy at birth in Primorsky Krai
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1897190,012—
1926633,800+233.6%
1939906,805+43.1%
19591,381,018+52.3%
19701,721,285+24.6%
19791,977,779+14.9%
19892,258,391+14.2%
20022,071,210−8.3%
20101,956,497−5.5%
20211,845,165−5.7%
Source: Census data

Demographics in the past

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SeveralTungusicandPaleosiberianpeoples lived here before Russian colonization:Udege,Nanai,Nivkh,Orochs,Ulchs,Oroks,andManchus.[citation needed]

Contemporary demographics

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Population:According to the2021 Census,[11]the population of the krai was 1,845,165, down from 1,956,497 recorded in the2010 Census,[25]and further down from 2,258,391 recorded in the1989 Census.[26]Due to its geographical location, the krai boasts a mixture of not only ethnic Russians, but alsoUkrainians,Koreans,Volga Germans,Buryats,Nanai,Japanese,ChineseandOrochs.TheUdegeand their sub-minority, theTaz,are the region's aboriginals.

Vital statistics for 2022:[27][28]

  • Births: 16,150 (8.7 per 1,000)
  • Deaths: 27,690 (14.9 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):[29]
1.43 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):[30]
Total — 68.61 years (male — 63.98, female — 73.45)

Settlements

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Ethnic groups

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Russian children inNakhodka

In the 2021 Census, the following ethnic groups were listed:

Ethnicities in Primorsky Krai in 2021[31]
Ethnicity Population Percentage
Russians 1,391,736 75.4%
Ukrainians 11,337 0.6%
Koreans 7,785 0.4%
Uzbeks 6,365 0.3%
Armenians 4,378 0.2%
Tatars 3,946 0.2%
Other Ethnicities 48,432 2.6%
Ethnicity not stated 371,186 20.1%

Religion

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Religion in Primorsky Krai as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[32][33]
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 26.6%
OtherOrthodox
 
 1.6%
OtherChristians
 
 6.7%
Rodnoveryand other native faiths
 
 0.6%
Spiritual but not religious
 
 23.6%
Atheismandirreligion
 
 34.7%
Other and undeclared
 
 6.2%

According to a 2012 survey[32]26.6% of the population of Primorsky Krai adheres to theRussian Orthodox Church,6% areunaffiliatedChristians,1% adheres to otherEastern Orthodox churchesor is an Eastern Orthodox believer without belonging to any church, and 1% of the population adheres to theSlavic native faith(Rodnovery) or to local Siberian native faiths. In addition, 24% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious,35% isatheist,and 6.4% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. This is one of the least religious regions in Russia.[32]

Meteorite

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The krai is the location of the massiveSikhote-Alin meteorite,which fell February 12, 1947, in theSikhote-Alin Mountains,near the village of Paseka (approximately 440 km northeast of Vladivostok).[citation needed]

Sister districts

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See also

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References

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  1. ^Russian:Приморский край,romanized:Primorskiy kray,lit. 'Maritime Territory',Russian pronunciation:[prʲɪˈmorskʲɪjkraj]
  2. ^Russian:Приморье,Russian pronunciation:[prʲɪˈmorʲjɪ]
  1. ^Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г.(President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District.Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР.(Gosstandartof the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions,as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ^№14-КЗ 6 октября 1995 г. «Устав Приморского края», в ред. Закона №610-КЗ от 5 мая 2010 г «О внесении изменений в Устав Приморского края». Вступил в силу с момента официального опубликования. Опубликован: в виде отдельного издания, 16 октября 1995 г.(#14-KZ October 6, 1995Charter of Primorsky Krai,as amended by the Law #610-KZ of May 5, 2010On Amending the Charter of Primorsky Krai.Effective as of the moment of the official publication.).
  4. ^Charter, Article 8.3.1
  5. ^Charter, Article 8.4
  6. ^"Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)".Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography.Archived fromthe originalon 9 February 2022.Retrieved29 August2023.
  7. ^"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации".Federal State Statistics Service.Retrieved1 September2022.
  8. ^"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года".Federal State Statistics Service.Retrieved23 January2019.
  9. ^"Об исчислении времени".Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации(in Russian). 3 June 2011.Retrieved19 January2019.
  10. ^Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of theConstitution of Russia.
  11. ^abRussian Federal State Statistics Service.Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1[2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1](XLS)(in Russian).Federal State Statistics Service.
  12. ^"Kim Jong Il, leader of North Korea, dies | HISTORY".
  13. ^ab"Primorye | kray, Russia".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved2020-09-12.
  14. ^"приморский translations and declension".en.openrussian.org.Retrieved2020-09-12.
  15. ^"край translations, 37 examples and declension".en.openrussian.org.Retrieved2020-09-12.
  16. ^Hu, Yang; Hu, Yunfeng (1 January 2020)."Detecting Forest Disturbance and Recovery in Primorsky Krai, Russia, Using Annual Landsat Time Series and Multi–Source Land Cover Products".Remote Sensing.12(1): 129.Bibcode:2020RemS...12..129H.doi:10.3390/rs12010129.Retrieved8 December2023.
  17. ^Hu, Yang; Hu, Yunfeng (1 January 2020)."Detecting Forest Disturbance and Recovery in Primorsky Krai, Russia, Using Annual Landsat Time Series and Multi–Source Land Cover Products".Remote Sensing.12(1): 129.Bibcode:2020RemS...12..129H.doi:10.3390/rs12010129.
  18. ^"Climate Primorsky Krai: Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Primorsky Krai - Climate-Data.org".en.climate-data.org.Retrieved2020-10-14.
  19. ^abDiscrimination against indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian FederationArchived2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine.(Parallel report submitted to theUN Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination,RAIPON,June 13, 2008)
  20. ^Pohl 1999,p. 10
  21. ^See the article on theDoolittle Raid.
  22. ^"Russia Casino Gambling".[World Casino Directory].Retrieved2015-02-22.
  23. ^"NagaCorp's Primorsky Entertainment Resort City in Vladivostok".[World Casino Directory].Retrieved2015-02-22.
  24. ^"Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО".СБИС(in Russian).Retrieved20 October2018.
  25. ^Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011).Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1[2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1].Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census](in Russian).Federal State Statistics Service.
  26. ^Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров[All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers].Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989](in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – viaDemoscope Weekly.
  27. ^"Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022".ROSSTAT.Archived fromthe originalon 2 March 2023.Retrieved21 February2023.
  28. ^"Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022".ROSSTAT.Archived fromthe originalon 2 March 2023.Retrieved21 February2023.
  29. ^Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости[Total fertility rate].Russian Federal State Statistics Service(in Russian). Archived fromthe original(XLSX)on 10 August 2023.Retrieved10 August2023.
  30. ^"Демографический ежегодник России"[The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian).Federal State Statistics Service of Russia(Rosstat).Retrieved2022-06-01.
  31. ^"Национальный состав населения".Federal State Statistics Service.Retrieved30 December2022.
  32. ^abc"Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia".Sreda, 2012.
  33. ^2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps."Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017.Archived.
  34. ^"Alberta Korea Office".albertacanada.4 December 2023.

Sources

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toPrimorsky Krai.
  • №14-КЗ 6 октября 1995 г. «Устав Приморского края», в ред. Закона №359-КЗ от 18 декабря 2008 г.(#14-KZ October 6, 1995Charter of Primorsky Krai,as amended by the Law #359-KZ of December 18, 2008. ).
  • А. Р. Артёмьев и др. "История Российского Приморья". Дальнаука, 1998.
    (A. R. Artyomyev et al.History of Russian Primorye.Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1998)
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