Prince-bishop

"Prince Bishop" redirects here. For the racehorse, seePrince Bishop (horse).

Not to be confused withPrince of the Church.

Aprince-bishopis abishopwho is also the civil ruler of somesecularprincipality andsovereignty,as opposed toPrince of the Churchitself, a title associated withcardinals.Since 1951, the sole extant prince-bishop has been theBishop of Urgell,Catalonia, who has remainedex officioone of twoco-princes of Andorra,along with theFrench president.

Johann Otto von Gemmingen,Prince-Bishop ofAugsburg(1591–1598)

Overview

In the West, with the decline ofimperial powerfrom the 4th century onwards in the face of thebarbarianinvasions, sometimesChristianbishops ofcitiestook the place of the Roman commander, made secular decisions for the city and led their own troops when necessary. Later relations between a prince-bishop and theburgherswere invariably not cordial. As cities demanded charters from emperors, kings, or their prince-bishops and declared themselves independent of the secular territorial magnates, friction intensified between burghers and bishops. The principality orprince-bishopric (Hochstift)ruled politically by a prince-bishop could wholly or largely have overlapped with his diocesan jurisdiction, but some parts of hisdiocese,even the city of his residence, could have been exempt from his civil rule, obtaining the status offree imperial city.If theepiscopal seewas anarchbishopric,the correct term was prince-archbishop; the equivalent in the regular (monastic) clergy wasprince-abbot.A prince-bishop was usually considered anelected monarch.With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title finally became defunct in theConfederation of the Rhine.However, in respect to the lands of the formerHoly Roman Empireoutside of French control, such as theHabsburg Monarchy,including Austria proper (Salzburg,Seckau), theLands of the Bohemian Crown(the bulk ofOlomoucand parts ofBreslau), as well as in respect to the parts of the1795-partitioned Polish state,including those forming part of theKingdom of Galicia and Lodomeriaor those acquired by theKingdom of Prussia,the position continued in some cases nominally and was sometimes transformed into a new, titular type, initially recognized by the German Empire and Austria-Hungary until their demise, with the title ultimately abolished altogether by the pope in 1951.

The sole exception is theBishop of Urgell,Catalonia, who no longer has any secular rights in Spain, but remainsex officioone of twoco-princes of Andorra,along with the French head of state (currently itsPresident), and thus the last extant prince-bishop.

In theByzantine Empire,the stillautocraticEmperors passed general legal measures assigning all bishops certain rights and duties in the secular administration of their dioceses, possibly as part of a development to put theEastern Churchin the service of the Empire,with itsEcumenical Patriarchalmost reduced to the Emperor's minister of religious affairs..The institution of prince-bishop was revived in the Orthodox Church in the modern times during the existence of thePrince-Bishopric of Montenegro.

History

Holy Roman Empire

Main article:Imperial church system

Arms of a Prince-Bishop with components from both princely and ecclesiastical heraldry.

Ecclesiastical lands in the Holy Roman Empire, 1780

Bishops had been involved in the government of the Frankish realm and subsequentCarolingian Empirefrequently as the clerical member of a duo of envoys styledMissus dominicus,but that was an individual mandate, not attached to the see. Prince-bishoprics were most common in the feudally fragmentedHoly Roman Empire,where many were formally awarded the rank of anImperial PrinceReichsfürst,granting them theimmediatepower over a certain territory and a representation in theImperial Diet(Reichstag).

Thestem duchiesof theGerman Kingdominside the Empire had strong and powerfuldukes(originally, war-rulers), always looking out more for theirduchy's "national interest"than for the Empire's. In turn the firstOttonian(Saxon) kingHenry the Fowlerand more so his son, EmperorOtto I,intended to weaken the power of the dukes by granting loyal bishops Imperial lands and vest them withregaliaprivileges. Unlike dukes they could not pass hereditary titles and lands to any descendants. Instead the Emperors reserved the implementation of the bishops of theirproprietary churchfor themselves, defying the fact that according tocanon lawthey were part of the transnationalCatholic Church.This met with increasing opposition by thePopes,culminating in the fierceInvestiture Controversyof 1076. Nevertheless, the Emperors continued to grant major territories to the most important (arch)bishops. The immediate territory attached to the episcopal see then became a prince-diocese or (arch)bishopric (Fürst(erz)bistum).The German termHochstiftwas often used to denote the form of secular authority held by bishops ruling a prince-bishopric withErzstiftbeing used for prince-archbishoprics.

EmperorCharles IVby theGolden Bull of 1356confirmed the privileged status of the Prince-Archbishoprics ofMainz,CologneandTrieras members of theelectoralcollege. At the eve of theProtestant Reformation,theImperial statescomprised 53 ecclesiastical principalities. They were finally secularized in the 1803German Mediatizationupon the territorial losses toFrancein theTreaty of Lunéville,except for the Mainz prince-archbishop and German archchancellorKarl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg,who continued to rule asPrince of AschaffenburgandRegensburg.With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title finally became defunct in the successorConfederation of the Rhine.

No less than three of the (originally only seven)prince-electors,the highest order ofReichsfürsten(comparable in rank with the Frenchpairs), were prince-archbishops, each holding the title ofArchchancellor(the only arch-office amongst them) for a part of the Empire; given the higher importance of an electorate, their principalities were known asKurfürstentum( "electoral principality" ) rather than prince-archbishopric.

Arms	Name	Rank	Local name(s)	Imperial immediacy	Imperial Circle	Modern nation	Notes
	Augsburg	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Augsburg	c. 888–1803	Swabian	Germany	Augsburgbecame a Free Imperial City in 1276.
	Bamberg	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Bamberg	1245–1802	Franconian	Germany
	Basel	Bishopric	French:Principauté de Bâle German:Fürstbistum Basel	1032–1803	Upper Rhenish	France Germany Switzerland	Baseljoined theOld Swiss Confederacyas theCanton of Baselin 1501. Secularized as a result ofSwiss Mediation.A tiny fraction of the bishopric is not now in Switzerland:SchliengenandIsteinare both now in Germany; a very small part of theVogtei of St Ursanneis now in France.
	Brandenburg	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Brandenburg	c. 1165–1598	Upper Saxon	Germany	Founded in 948; annihilated 983; re-establishedc. 1161.Continued by Lutheran administrators after the Reformation in 1520; secularized and incorporated into theMargraviate of Brandenburgin 1571.
	Bremen	Archbishopric	German:Erzstift Bremen	1180–1648	Lower Saxon	Germany	Continued byLutheran administratorsfrom the Reformation in 1566 until 1645/1648.Bremenitself became autonomous in 1186, and was confirmed as a Free Imperial City in 1646.
	Breslau(Duchy of Nysa)	Bishopric	Czech:Niské knížectví German:Fürstentum/Herzogtum Neisse Polish:Księstwo Nyskie	fief of the Bohemian crown,after 1748 also of theKingdom of Prussia	None	Poland Czech Republic (temporal and diocesan territory) Germany (diocesan territory only)	Ceded 1335/1348 by Poland. After dissolution of the HRE, secularized in 1810 (Prussian part) and in 1850 (Austrian part). The princely title continued until 1951, elevated to archbishopric 1930
	Brixen	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Brixen Italian:Principato vescovile di Bressanone	1027–1803	Austrian	Italy	secularizedtoTyrol
	Cambrai	Bishopric, then archbishopric	French:Principauté de Cambrai German:Hochstift Kammerich	1007–1678	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	France	ToFranceby 1678Peace of Nijmegen
	Chur	Bishopric	German:Bistum Chur Romansh:Chapitel catedral da Cuira Italian:Principato vescovile di Coira	831/1170–1526	Austrian	Switzerland Liechtenstein	Secularized 1803 as a result ofSwiss Mediation.
	Cologne	Archbishopric electorate	German:Erzstift Köln, Kurköln	953–1803	Electoral Rhenish	Germany	Prince-electorand Arch-Chancellor ofItaly.Duke of Westphaliafrom 1180.Colognebecame aFree Imperial Cityin 1288.
	Constance	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Konstanz	1155–1803	Swabian	Austria Germany Switzerland	Greatly reduced during theReformation,when significant parts of Swabia and Switzerland became Protestant.
	Eichstätt	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Eichstätt	1305–1802	Franconian	Germany
	Freising	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Freising	1294–1802	Bavarian	Austria Germany
	Fulda	Abbey, then bishopric	German:Reichskloster Fulda, Reichsbistum Fulda	1220–1802	Upper Rhenish	Germany	Imperial Abbeyuntil 5 October 1752, when it was raised to a bishopric. Secularized in 1802 in theGerman Mediatization
	Geneva	Bishopric	French:Évêché de Genève German:Fürstbistum Genf	1154-1526	Upper Rhenish	France Switzerland	De jurereichsfreisince 1154.De factodominated by their guardians, thecounts of Geneva(until 1400) andSavoy(from 1401).Genevajoined theOld Swiss Confederacyin 1526.
	Halberstadt	Bishopric	German:Bistum Halberstadt	1180–1648	Lower Saxon	Germany
	Havelberg	Bishopric	German:Bistum Havelberg	1151–1598	Lower Saxon	Germany	Founded in 948; annihilated 983; re-established 1130. Continued by Lutheran administrators from Reformation in 1548 until 1598
	Hildesheim	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Hildesheim	1235–1803	Lower Saxon	Germany
	Lausanne	Bishopric	French:Principauté épiscopale de Lausanne German:Bistum Lausanne	1270–1536	None	Switzerland	Conquered by theSwisscity canton ofBernin 1536.
	Lebus	Bishopric	German:Bistum Lebus Polish:Diecezja lubuska	1248/1454/1506–1598	None	Germany Poland	Established 1124 in Poland, 1248-1372 disputed and 1372 ultimately lost to HRE. 1372–1454fief of the Bohemian crown,seated inFürstenwaldefrom 1385;reichsfreiostensibly from 1248, but challenged byBrandenburg.Continued byHohenzollernLutheran administrators from Protestant Reformation in 1555 until secularization in 1598.
	Liège	Bishopric	French:Principauté de Liége German:Fürstbistum Lüttich Walloon:Principåté d' Lidje	980–1789/1795	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Belgium Netherlands
	Lübeck	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Lübeck	1180–1803	Lower Saxon	Germany	Seated inEutinfrom the 1270s; Reformation started in 1535, continued by Lutheran administrators from 1586 until secularization in 1803.Lübeckbecame a Free Imperial City in 1226.
	Lyon	Archbishopric	French:Archevêque de Lyon Arpitan:Arch·evèque de Liyon	1157-1312	None	France	Seated inLyon;Reichsfreiheitconfirmed byFrederick Barbarossain 1157. Annexed by theKingdom of Francein 1312.
	Magdeburg	Archbishopric	German:Erzstift Magdeburg	1180–1680	Lower Saxon	Germany	Continued byLutheran administratorsbetween 1566 and 1631, and again from 1638 until 1680.
	Mainz	Archbishopric electorate	German:Erzbistum Mainz, Kurmainz	c. 780–1803	Electoral Rhenish	Germany	Prince-electorand Arch-Chancellor ofGermany.
	Merseburg	Bishopric	German:Bistum Merseburg	1004–1565	None	Germany	Administered by the LutheranElectorate of Saxonybetween 1544 and 1565.
	Metz	Bishopric	French:Évêché de Metz German:Hochstift Metz	10th century–1552	Upper Rhenish	France	One of theThree Bishopricsceded to France by the 1552Treaty of Chambord.
	Minden	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Minden	1180–1648	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Germany
	Münster	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Münster	1180–1802	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Germany
	Naumburg	Bishopric	German:Bistum Naumburg-Zeitz			Germany	Under guardianship ofMeissenfrom 1259. Administered bySaxonyfrom 1564.
	Olomouc	Bishopric, then archbishopric	Czech:Arcibiskupství olomoucké German:Erzbistum Olmütz Polish:Archidiecezja ołomuniecka	fief of the Bohemian Crown,after 1742 also of theKingdom of Prussia	None	Czech Republic Poland	The Czech bishopric (later Metropolitan) ofOlomouc,as afief of the Bohemian Crown,was the peer of theMargraviate of Moravia,and from 1365 its prince-bishop was 'Count of the Bohemian Chapel', i.e., firstcourt chaplain,who was to accompany the monarch on his frequent travels. Secularized in 1803, but the princely title continued. However, all bishops' princely titles were abolished by the pope in 1951.
	Osnabrück	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Osnabrück	1225/1236–1802	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Germany	Alternated between Catholic and Protestant incumbents after theThirty Years' War;secularized in 1802/1803
	Paderborn	Bishopric	German:Fürstbistum Paderborn	1281–1802	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Germany
	Passau	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Passau	999–1803	Bavarian	Austria Germany	Princely title was confirmed at Nuremberg in 1217.
	Ratzeburg	Bishopric	German:Bistum Ratzeburg	1236–1648	Lower Saxon	Germany	Ruled by Lutheran administrators between 1554 and 1648.
	Regensburg	Bishopric, then archbishopric electorate	German:Hochstift Regensburg	1132?–1803	Bavarian	Germany	Regensburgbecame a Free Imperial City in 1245.
	Salzburg	Archbishopric electorate	German:Fürsterzbistum Salzburg	1278–1803	Bavarian	Austria	Raised to an electorate in 1803, but simultaneously secularized;seeElectorate of Salzburg.Since 1648, the archbishop has also borne the titlePrimas Germaniae,First [Bishop] of Germania, which used to include the right to preside over thePrinces of the Holy Roman Empire.However, all bishops' princely titles were abolished by the pope in 1951.
	Schwerin	Bishopric	German:Bistum Schwerin	1180–1648	Lower Saxon	Germany	Ruled by an administrator between 1516 and 1648.
	Speyer	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Speyer	888–1803	Upper Rhenish	Germany	Territories to the east of the Rhine were annexed by France in 1681, confirmed in 1697. Speyer became a Free Imperial City in 1294.
	Strasbourg	Bishopric	Alemannic German:Bistum Strossburi French:Évêché de Strasbourg German:Fürstbistum Straßburg	982–1803	Upper Rhenish	France Germany	Territories to the east of the Rhine were annexed by France in 1681, confirmed in 1697.
	Tarentaise	Archbishopric	French:Prince-évêque de Tarentaise Arpitan:Prince Evèque de Tarentèsa Italian:Principato vescovile di Tarantasia	1186-1769	Upper Rhenish	France	Count of Tarentaise from 996;reichsfreifrom 1186.De factodominated by their guardiansSavoy(from 1271). Secularized and annexed by theKingdom of Sardinia1769.
	Toul	Bishopric	French:Principauté de Toul German:Bistum Tull	10th century – 1552	Upper Rhenish	France	One of theThree Bishopricsceded to France by the 1552Treaty of Chambord,confirmed in 1648.
	Trent	Bishopric	Italian:Principato vescovile di Trento German:Fürstbistum Trient	1027–1803	Austrian	Italy	SecularizedtoTyrolin 1803.
	Trier	Archbishopric electorate	German:Erzbistum Trier, Kurtrier French:Archevêque Trèves	772–1803	Electoral Rhenish	Germany	Prince-electorand Arch-Chancellor ofBurgundy.
	Utrecht	Bishopric	Dutch:Sticht Utrecht	1024–1528	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Netherlands	Sold toCharles V, Holy Roman Emperorin 1528, after which it was moved to theBurgundian Circle.Founding member of theDutch Republicin 1579/1581, confirmed in 1648.
	Verden	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Verden	1180–1648	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Germany	Continued by Lutheran administrators after Reformation until 1645/1648, when it was continued as a secular and independent principality until its disestablishment in 1807. It became a part of theKingdom of Hanoverin 1815.
	Verdun	Bishopric	French:Principauté de Verdun German:Bistum Wirten	10th century – 1552	Upper Rhenish	France	One of theThree Bishopricsceded to France by the 1552Treaty of Chambord,confirmed in 1648.
	Worms	Bishopric	German:Bistum Worms	861–1801	Upper Rhenish	Germany	Wormscity rule established by BishopBurchard(1000–25). Episcopal residence atLadenburgfrom 1400. Held large estates in the formerLahngauregion. Territories on theLeft Bank of the Rhinelost by the 1797Treaty of Campo Formio;secularized at first to theFrench Empire,then toBadenandHesse-Darmstadtin 1815.
	Würzburg	Bishopric electorate	German:Hochstift Würzburg	1168–1803	Franconian	Germany	Duke of Franconia

The suffragan-bishoprics ofGurk(established 1070),Chiemsee(1216),Seckau(1218), andLavant(1225) sometimes used theFürstbischoftitle, but never held anyreichsfreiterritory. However, all bishops' princely titles were abolished by the pope in 1951.

ThePatriarchate of Aquileia(1077–1433) was conquered byVenicein 1420 and officially incorporated after the 1445Council of Florence.

InBresciaBishop Notingus was made count of Brescia in 844.

Thearchbishops of Besançonhad been rulers in the Middle Ages overBesançon,anImperial cityfrom 1307, which in 1512 joined theBurgundian Circle.In theBishopric of Belley,SaintAnthelm of Belleywas grantedReichsfreiheitby EmperorFrederick I,but submitted temporal authorities to theDuchy of Savoyin 1401.

TheBishopric of Sion(French:Principauté épiscopale de Sion,German:Bistum Sitten) was from 999 a classic example of unified secular and diocesan authority. It progressively lost its powers since the Renaissance, and was finally replaced by theRepublic of the Seven Tithingsin 1634.

State of the Teutonic Order

Order's State in 1466: Livonian episcopal territories in violet, Prince-Bishopric of Warmia in cyan

Upon the incorporation of theLivonian Brothers of the Swordin 1237, the territory of theOrder's Statelargely corresponded with theDiocese of Riga.BishopAlbert of Rigain 1207 had received the lands ofLivoniaas an Imperial fief from the hands of German kingPhilip of Swabia,he however had to come to terms with the Brothers of the Sword. At the behest ofPope Innocent IIItheTerra Marianaconfederation was established, whereby Albert had to cede large parts of the episcopal territory to theLivonian Order.Albert proceeded tactically in the conflict between the Papacy and EmperorFrederick II:in 1225 he reached the acknowledgement of his status as a Prince-Bishop of the Empire, though theRoman Curiainsisted on the fact that the ChristianizedBalticterritories were solely under the suverainty of theHoly See.By the 1234 Bull of Rieti,Pope Gregory IXstated that all lands acquired by the Teutonic Knights were no subject of anyconveyancingby the Emperor.

Within this larger conflict, the continued dualism of the autonomous Riga prince-bishop and theTeutonic Knightsled to a lengthy friction. Around 1245 the Papal legateWilliam of Modenareached a compromise: though incorporated into the Order's State, the archdiocese and its suffragan bishoprics were acknowledged with their autonomous ecclesiastical territories by the Teutonic Knights. The bishops pursued the conferment of the princely title by the Holy Roman Emperor to stress their sovereignty. In the originalPrussianlands of the Teutonic Order, Willam of Modena established the suffragan bishoprics ofCulm,Pomesania,SamlandandWarmia.From the late 13th century onwards, the appointed Warmia bishops were no longer members of the Teutonic Knights, a special status confirmed by the bestowal of the princely title by EmperorCharles IVin 1356.

Arms	Name	Rank	Local name(s)	Territory	Modern nation	Notes
	Courland	Bishopric	German:Hochstift Kurland Latvian:Kurzemes bīskapija Low German:Bisdom Curland	Terra Mariana	Latvia	Established about 1234, the smallest of the Livonian dioceses.Secularizedin 1559 and occupied by PrinceMagnus of Denmark.From 1585 under the suzerainty of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,part of theDuchy of Livonia.
	Dorpat	Bishopric	Estonian:Tartu piiskopkond German:Hochstift Dorpat Low German:Bisdom Dorpat	Terra Mariana	Estonia	BishopHermann,appointed by his brother BishopAlbert of Riga,received the title of a prince-bishop by KingHenry VII of Germanyin 1225. Dorpat (Estonian:Tartu) remained asuffragan dioceseofRiga.Dissolved in the course of theProtestant Reformationin 1558.
	Ösel-Wiek	Bishopric	Estonian:Saare-Lääne piiskopkond German:Bistum Ösel-Wiek Low German:Bisdom Ösel-Wiek	Terra Mariana	Estonia	Established onSaaremaaisland in 1228 under Bishop Gottfried, appointed by BishopAlbert of Riga,vested with the title of a prince-bishop by KingHenry VII of Germany.It remained asuffragan dioceseofRiga.Dissolved in the course of theProtestant Reformationin 1559.
	Riga	Archbishopric	German:Erzbistum Riga Latvian:Rīgas arhibīskapija Low German:Erzbisdom Riga	Terra Mariana	Latvia	Episcopal see atÜxküll1186–1202. In 1225Albert of Rigareceived the title of a Prince-bishop ofLivoniaby EmperorFrederick II.Last ArchbishopWilliam of Brandenburgresigned in 1561 during theLivonian War,territory fell to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, toSwedenin 1621.
	Warmia	Bishopric	German:Fürstbistum Ermland Polish:Biskupie Księstwo Warmińskie	Prussia	Poland (temporal and diocesan territory) Lithuania Russia (diocesan territory only)	Established by Papal legateWilliam of Modenain 1243, princely title documented in theGolden Bull of 1356.Incorporated into theJagiellon kingdom of Polandin 1466 and re-established as an autonomous prince-bishopric under thePolish crownin 1479 (see below).

Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Three bishoprics were initially parts of the Kingdom of Poland and its offshoots before being subsequently incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, namely the bishoprics ofWolin/Kamień (Wollin/Cammin)(1140-1181),Lubusz (Lebus)(1125-1372) andWrocław (Breslau)(1201-1335/1348), with the latter two of them continuing, however, as suffragan to the Polisharchbishopric of Gnieznofor many years later (until 1424 in the case of Lebus and until 1821 in the case of Breslau). On the other hand, the Prince Bishopric of Warmia was obtained byPolandfollowing theSecond Peace of Thorn.

Arms	Name	Rank	Local name(s)]	Years under Polish crown or offshoots	Modern nation	Notes
	Wolin/Kamień	Bishopric	Polish:Biskupie Księstwo Kamieńskie German:Hochstift Cammin	1140-1181	Poland (temporal and diocesan territory) Germany (diocesan territory only)	Established 1140 in the Polish Duchy of Pomerania. Since 1181 part of HRE.Reichsfreiheitobtained 1248 from and lost 1544 again toDuchy of Pomerania.Secularized in 1650, to BrandenburgProvince of Pomerania
	Kraków(Duchy of Siewierz)	Bishopric	Polish:Księstwo Siewierskie	1443-1791	Poland	Wenceslaus I, Duke of Cieszyn,sold aDuchy of Siewierzto theBishop of KrakówZbigniew Cardinal Oleśnickifor 6,000 silverGroschenin 1443. This tiny duchy had its own laws, treasury and army. In 1790, theGreat Sejmtook over the Duchy of Siewierz to the State Treasury and incorporated it directly into thePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
	Lebus	Bishopric	Polish:Diecezja lubuska German:Bistum Lebus	1124-1248/1372	Germany Poland	Established 1124 in Poland, 1248-1372 disputed and 1372 ultimately lost to HRE. 1372-1454fief of the Bohemian crown,seated inFürstenwaldesince 1385;Reichsfreiheitostensibly since 1248, but challenged byBrandenburg.Continued byHohenzollernLutheran administrators after Protestant Reformation in 1555 until secularization in 1598.
	Warmia	Bishopric	Polish:Biskupie Księstwo Warmińskie German:Fürstbistum Ermland	1466-1772	Poland (temporal and diocesan territory) Lithuania Russia (diocesan territory only)	Established as a part of the State of the Teutonic Order (see above) by Papal legateWilliam of Modenain 1243, with princely title documented in theGolden Bull of 1356.Incorporated into theJagiellon kingdom of Polandin 1466 and re-established as an autonomous prince-bishopric under thePolish crownin 1479. It was ultimately abolished in the course of thePrussianannexation in 1772 during theFirst Partition of Poland.
	Wrocław(Duchy of Nysa)	Bishopric	Polish:Księstwo Nyskie German:Fürstentum/Herzogtum Neisse Czech:Niské knížectví	1201-1335/1348	Poland Czech Republic (temporal and diocesan territory) Germany (diocesan territory only)	Ceded 1335/1348 to Lands of the Bohemian Crown (part of HRE). After dissolution of the HRE, secularized in 1810 (Prussian part) and in 1850 (Austrian part), but the princely title continued until 1951, elevated to archbishopric 1930

England

Durham

Main article:County Palatine of Durham

Thebishops of Durham,while not sovereign, held extensive rights usually reserved to the English, and later British, monarch within the county palatine of Durham. In 1075Walcher,the bishop of Durham, was allowed to purchase the earldom of Northumbria; this marked the beginning of the bishops' temporal powers, which expanded during the Middle Ages before being gradually curbed from the sixteenth century onwards.Except for a brief period of suppression during theEnglish Civil War,the bishopric retained some temporal powers until it was abolished by theDurham (County Palatine) Act 1836,when its powers returned to the Crown.The last institution of the palatinate, itscourt of chancery,was abolished in 1974.

Other English Prince-bishoprics

Main articles:Isle of ElyandHexhamshire

• TheIsle of Elywas aroyal liberty,and between 1109 and 1535 a county palatine, with traces of the bishop's princely status remaining until 1837.
• Hexhamshirewas a county palatine under theArchbishop of Yorkfrom at least the 14th century until 1572; prior to that, it was a royal liberty.

France

From the tenth century civil wars on, many bishops took over the powers of the local count, as authorised by the king. For example, at Chalons-sur-Marne the bishop ruled the lands 20 km around the town, while the Archbishop of Rheims demarcated his territory with five fortresses of Courville, Cormicy, Betheneville, Sept-Saulx and Chaumuzy. A number of French bishops did hold a noble title, with a tiny territory usually about their seat; it was often aprincelytitle, especially Count but also Prince or Baron, including actual seigneurial authority and rights.Indeed, six of the twelve originalPairies(the royal vassals awarded with the highest precedence at Court) were episcopal: theArchbishop of Reims,theBishop of Langres,and theBishop of Laonheld aducaltitle, the bishops ofBeauvais,Chalôns,andNoyonhadcomitalstatus. They were later joined by theArchbishop of Paris,who was awarded a ducal title, but with precedence over the others.

France also counted a number of prince-bishops formerly within the Holy Roman Empire such those of Besançon, Cambrai, Strasbourg, Metz, Toul, Verdun, and Belley. The bishops of Arles, Embrun, and Grenoble also qualify as princes of episcopal cities. The bishop of Viviers was Count of Viviers and Prince de Donzère. The bishop of Sisteron was also Prince de Lurs, the title of count was held by the Archbishop of Lyons, and the bishops of Gap, Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux, Vienne and Die were Seigneurs of their cities.

Never part of the empire were Lisieux, Cahors, Chalon-sur-Saône, Léon, Dol and Vabres whose bishops were also counts. Ajaccio was Count of Frasso. The bishops of Sarlat, Saint-Malo (Baron de Beignon) and of Luçon were Barons and Tulle was Viscount of the city. The bishop of Mende was governor and count, Puy held the title Count of Velay, Quimper was Seigneur of the city and Comte de Cornouailles, Valence was Seigneur and Count of the city. Montpellier's bishop was Count of Mauguio and Montferrand, Marquis of Marquerose and Baron of Sauve, Durfort, Salevoise, and Brissac. The bishop of Saint-Claude was Seigneur of all the lands of Saint-Claude. The bishops of Digne (Seigneur and Baron), Pamiers (co-Seigneur), Albi, Lectoure, Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Papoul, Saint-Pons, and Uzès were Seigneurs of the cities.

Portugal

From 1472 to 1967, the bishop ofCoimbraheld thecomitaltitle of Count ofArganil,being thus called "bishop-count" (Portuguese:Bispo-Conde). The use of thecomitaltitle declined during the 20th century sincePortugalhas become a republic and nobility privileges have ceased to be officially recognized, and was ultimately discontinued.

Montenegro

Further information:Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro

Thebishops of Cetinje,who took as thePrince-Bishops of Montenegrothe place of the earlier secular (Grand)Voivodesin 1516, had a unique position ofSlavonic,Orthodoxprince-bishops ofMontenegrounderOttomansuzerainty.It was eventually secularized and became ruled by hereditary princes and ultimatelyKings of Montenegroin 1852, as reflected in their styles:

• firstVladika i upravitelj Crne Gore i Brda( "Bishop and Ruler of Montenegro and the Highlands" )
• from 13 March 1852 (New Style):Po milosti Božjoj knjaz i gospodar Crne Gore i Brda( "By the grace of GodPrince and Sovereign of Montenegro and the Highlands ")
• from 28 August 1910 (New Style):Po milosti Božjoj kralj i gospodar Crne Gore( "By the grace of God, King and Sovereign of Montenegro" )

Contemporary

TheBishop of Urgell,Catalonia, who no longer has any secular rights in Spain, remainsex officioone of twoco-princes of Andorra,along with the French head of state (currently itsPresident)

Modern informal usage

The term has been used by Episcopalians in North America to describe modern bishops with commanding personalities usually of previous generations.One such individual was BishopHorace W. B. Doneganof whom Episcopalsuffragan bishopRobert E. Terwilligersaid "We often say that Bishop Donegan is the last prince bishop of the church because in his graciousness, in his presence, in his total lack of any crisis of identity, we have seen what a bishop is; and we know that it is a kind of royalty in Christ."

Anglican ArchbishopRobert Duncanexpressed his view that the pastoral changes "in the 1970s was a revolution in reaction to those prince bishops – they had all this authority, they had all this power." So systems such as the Commission on Ministry system in the Episcopal Church "was to replace an individual's authority with a committee's authority."

See also

• Crown-cardinal
• Lord Bishop
• Political Catholicism
• Prince-abbot
• Prince-Provost
• Prince of the Church
• Temporal power

Sources and external links

• Catholic Encyclopaediapassim
• The Prince-Bishop of Münster
• Albert of Buxhoeveden, Prince-Bishop of Livonia
• Heraldica.org - here French peerage
• Westermann,Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte(in German)
• WorldStatesmensearch under each present country