Wikipedia

Public execution

Apublic executionis a form ofcapital punishmentwhich "members of the general public may voluntarily attend."[1]This definition excludes the presence of only a small number of witnesses called upon to assure executive accountability.[2]The purpose of such displays has historically been to deter individuals from defying laws or authorities. Attendance at such events was historically encouraged and sometimes even mandatory.

Execution of Louis XVI
Execution of Louis XVI,copperplate engraving, 1793
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Most countries have abolished the death penalty entirely, either in law or in practice.[3]While today most countries regard public executions with distaste, they have been practiced at some point in history nearly everywhere.[4]At many points in the past, public executions were preferred to executions behind closed doors because of their capacity fordeterrence.[5]However, the actual efficacy of this form of terror is disputed.[6]They also allowed the convicted the opportunity to make a final speech, gave the state the chance to display its power in front of those who fell under its jurisdiction, and granted the public what was considered to be a great spectacle.[7]Public executions also permitted the state to project its superiority over political opponents.[7][5]People were publicly executed so that the public could see the consequences of committing a crime.

Ancient era

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TheCrucifixion of Jesus,as depicted byJames Tissot

People werecrucifiedin ancientMacedonia,Persia,Jerusalem,Phoenicia,Rome,andCarthage.[8]

China

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Public executions were common in China from at least the Tang Dynasty.[9]

Medieval period

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Medieval Islam

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There are reports of public executions in early Islam.[10][where?]

Medieval Europe

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Documented public executions date back to at least thelate medieval period,and peaked in the later sixteenth century.[4]This peak was due in part to thewitch trials of the early modern period.In the late Middle Ages, executioners used increasingly brutal methods designed to inflict pain on the victim while still alive and to generate a spectacle in order to deter others from committing crimes. The cruelty of the mode of execution (including the amount victims were tortured before the actual execution) was also more or less extreme depending on the crime itself.[11]Punishments often invoked the "purifying" powers of earth (burial), water (drowning), and fire (burning alive). Victims were also decapitated, quartered, hanged, and beaten.[12]Bodies or body parts were often displayed in public places and authorities took pains to ensure that remains would stay visible for as long as possible.[13][4]

However, the death penalty was not used in all parts of Europe.Vladimir the Greatabolished the death penalty inKievan Rus' following his conversion to Christianity in 988.

Modern period

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Africa

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Liberia

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The public hanging of theHarper Sevenin Liberia in 1979

During the 1970s, Liberian presidentWilliam Tolbertused public hangings as a deterrent against crime, with sixteen convicted murderers hanged between 1971 and 1979. The public execution of theHarper Sevenin 1979 over a series of witchcraft-related ritual murders attracted particular attention.[14]

Asia

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According toAmnesty International,in 2012 "public executions were known to have been carried out inIran,North Korea,Saudi ArabiaandSomalia."[15]Amnesty International does not include Syria, Afghanistan, and Yemen in their list of public execution countries, but there have been reports of publicexecutions carried out there by state and non-state actors,such asISIL.[16][17][18]

Iran

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Main article:Public executions in Iran
2013 public hanging of the murderer Ali Mohammadzadeh inIran

Kuwait

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Kuwait has sometimes executed people in public. The prisoners are taken to the gallows and once a senior police officer gives the signed warrant, the prisoners are hanged.[19]

Amnesty International's Interim Deputy Director for the Middle East and North Africa, Rawya Rageh, criticized Kuwait's execution of five individuals, including one for a drug-related offense, as a return to executions with "vigour," urging the establishment of a moratorium on executions towards abolishing the death penalty. The executions were announced on 27 July 2023, after a pause of five years starting from 2017.[20]

North Korea

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Main article:Public executions in North Korea

Europe

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During the seventeenth century, the use of premortem torture decreased; instead bodies were desecrated after death and for display purposes.[4]By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the number of capital punishments in Western Europe had fallen by about 85% from the previous century as the legal system shifted toward one that consideredhuman rightsas well as a more rational approach to criminal justice that centered around identifying the best methods for deterrence.[4][21]However, there were several resurgences throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, especially during times of social unrest.[4]Executions were condemned by eighteenth-centuryEnlightenmentthinkers likeJeremy BenthamandCesare Beccaria.[22]Enlightenment thinkers were not universally opposed to public executions—many anatomists found executions useful because they supplied healthy body parts to study and experiment on.[23]People also found postmortem torture (which was typically part of a public execution) disrespectful to the dead and believed that it could prevent the victim from getting into heaven.[24][4]

Publicgarrotingof 23-year-oldJuan Oliva Moncusí[es],on 4 January 1879 at theCampo de GuardiasinMadrid,for havingattempted to assassinate[es]the King of SpainAlfonso XII.

The first modern abolition of capital punishment was in Tuscany in 1786.[citation needed]

In Europe, the 19th and early 20th centuries saw a shift away from the spectacle of public capital punishment and toward private executions and the deprivation of liberty (e.g.incarceration,probation,community service,etc.).[25]This coincided with a general tendency to shield all death from public view.[26]

France

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In France, authorities continued public executions up until 1939.[25]Executions were made private after a secret film of serial killerEugen Weidmann's death by guillotine emerged and scandalized the process. Disturbing reports emerged of spectators soaking up Weidmann's blood in rags for souvenirs, and in response PresidentAlbert Lebrunbanned public executions in France for "promoting baser instincts of human nature."[27]

Germany

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Nazi Germany utilized public execution by hanging, shooting, and decapitation.[28]

United Kingdom

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In Great Britain, 1801 saw the last public execution atTyburn Hill,after which all executions inYorktook place within the walls ofYork Castle(but still publicly) so that "the entrance to the town should not be annoyed by dragging criminals through the streets." |[29]In London, those sentenced to death at theOld Baileywould remain atNewgate Prisonand wait for their sentences to be carried out in the street. As at Tyburn, the crowds who would come to watch continued to be large and unruly. The last public execution in Great Britain occurred in 1868,[25]after which capital punishment was carried out in the privacy of prisons. The last public execution (Hanging) in Scotland was that of Andrew Brown in Montrose in 1866.[30][31]

North America

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United States

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The last public execution in the United States occurred in 1936.[25]As in Europe, the practice of execution was moved to the privacy of chambers. Viewing remains available for those related to the person being executed, victims' families, and sometimes reporters.

Frances Larson wrote in her 2014 bookSevered: A History of Heads Lost and Heads Found:

"For as long as there were public executions, there were crowds to see them. In London in the early 19th century, there might have been 5,000 to watch a standard hanging, but crowds of up to 100,000 came to see a famous felon killed. The numbers hardly changed over the years. An estimated 20,000 watchedRainey Betheahang in 1936, in what turned out to be the last public execution in the U.S. "[32]

In the US, members of the public can visit the jail where an execution is about to take place.[33]

Oceania

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Australia

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Illustration of the public execution of convicted murdererJohn Knatchbullin Sydney in 1844

During the Australian colonial period, public executions continued until the second half of the 19th century, largely coinciding with the end of theconvict era.They were abolished by the colonies ofNew South Wales(including present-dayQueensland),Van Diemen's Land(present-dayTasmania) andVictoriain 1855, bySouth Australiain 1858, and byWestern Australiain 1871.[34]Public executions of Indigenous offenders continued in some jurisdictions in violation of the legislation.[35]

In South Australia and Western Australia, public executions were subsequently reintroduced solely forIndigenous Australianoffenders, in 1861 and 1875 respectively, on the basis that they were needed as a deterrent againstfrontier violenceagainst white settlers.[36][37]Public executions for Indigenous offenders were not formally abolished until 1971 in South Australia and 1952 in Western Australia, respectively, although the provisions of the criminal codes were long considered dormant.[38]The last public execution in Western Australia took place in February 1892, where three Indigenous men convicted of murder were hanged at the scene of the crime nearHalls Creek, Western Australia,in front of around 70 witnesses.[39]

New Zealand

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Public executions were abolished in New Zealand by theExecutions of Criminals Act 1858,which specified that executions had to be carried out "within the walls or the enclosed yard of some gaol, or within some other enclosed space".[40]The act came into force on 3 June 1858, three months after the country's last public hanging in central Auckland.[41]

Papua New Guinea

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In the Australian-administeredTerritory of New Guinea,legally aLeague of Nations mandateafter 1920, public executions were used as a "tool of government". In 1933, a district officer reported that two executions inNew Britainhad been carried out before crowds of hundreds of people, and that "execution of the murderers on the spot has done much to make these natives fall in with the wishes of the government".[42]

Following theJapanese occupation of New Guinea,22 New Guinean civilians convicted of collaboration offences – members of theOrokaiva people– were publicly executed by theAustralian New Guinea Administrative Unit(ANGAU) in 1943 and 1944.[43]The hangings were intended as a deterrent against other prospective collaborationists, with the offenders "hung two at a time from early in the morning until late in the afternoon in front of thousands of local people".[44]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Hood, Roger."Capital punishment".Encyclopedia Britannica.Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.Retrieved3 October2018.
  2. ^Blum, Steven A. (Winter 1992)."Public Executions: Understand the" Cruel and Unusual Punishments "Clause"(PDF).Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly.19(2): 415. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2014-03-26.
  3. ^Tonry, Michael H. (2000).The Handbook of Crime & Punishment.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-514060-6.
  4. ^abcdefgWard, Richard (2015), Ward, Richard (ed.),"Introduction: A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse",A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse,Wellcome Trust–Funded Monographs and Book Chapters, Basingstoke (UK): Palgrave Macmillan,ISBN978-1-137-44401-1,PMID27559562,retrieved2022-09-19
  5. ^abGarland, David. Meranze, Michael. McGowen, Randall (2011).America's death penalty: between past and present.New York University Press.ISBN978-0-8147-3266-3.OCLC630468201.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^McKenzie, Andrea Katherine (2007).Tyburn's martyrs: execution in England, 1675-1775.Hambledon Continuum.ISBN978-1-84725-171-8.OCLC255621799.
  7. ^abCawthorne, Nigel (2006).Public Executions: From Ancient Rome to the Present Day.Chartwell Books. pp.6–7.ISBN978-0-7858-2119-9.
  8. ^Plutarch (1916)."Lives. Fabius Maximus".Digital Loeb Classical Library.doi:10.4159/dlcl.plutarch-lives_fabius_maximus.1916.Retrieved2022-09-19.
  9. ^Benn, Charles D. (2004).China's golden age everyday life in the Tang dynasty.Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-517665-0.OCLC845680499.
  10. ^"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".iranicaonline.org.Retrieved2022-09-19.
  11. ^Royer, Katherine (2015-10-06).The English Execution Narrative, 1200–1700.doi:10.4324/9781315654676.ISBN9781317319788.
  12. ^van., Dülmen, Richard (1991).Theatre of horror: crime and punishment in early modern Germany.Basil Blackwell.ISBN0-7456-0616-4.OCLC229423501.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^Ruff, Julius R.; Spierenburg, Pieter (June 1986)."The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression; From a Preindustrial Metropolis to the European Experience".The American Historical Review.91(3): 652.doi:10.2307/1869169.ISSN0002-8762.JSTOR1869169.
  14. ^van der Kraaij, Fred."The Maryland Ritual Murders: After the Hanging".Liberia Past and Present.Retrieved29 September2024.
  15. ^Rogers, Simon; Chalabi, Mona (2013-12-13)."Death penalty statistics, country by country".The Guardian.Retrieved2015-12-13.
  16. ^"ISIS extremist reportedly kills his mother in public execution in Syria".Fox News. 2016-01-08.Retrieved2016-05-30.
  17. ^"ISIS Fast Facts".Cable News Network.Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.3 September 2018.Retrieved9 October2018.
  18. ^"Video: Taliban shoot woman 9 times in public execution as men cheer".CNN. 2012-07-09.Retrieved2016-05-30.
  19. ^"Kuwait executes three for murder (WARNING GRAPHIC IMAGES)".2 April 2013.Retrieved2024-02-08.
  20. ^"Kuwait: Five hanged as Kuwait continues execution spree into second year".Amnesty International.2023-07-28.Retrieved2023-07-31.
  21. ^Maestro, Marcello (1973)."A Pioneer for the Abolition of Capital Punishment: Cesare Beccaria".Journal of the History of Ideas.34(3):463–468.doi:10.2307/2708966.ISSN0022-5037.JSTOR2708966.
  22. ^Bedau, Hugo (1983-01-01)."Bentham's Utilitarian Critique of the Death Penalty".Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology.74(3):1033–1065.doi:10.2307/1143143.JSTOR1143143.
  23. ^Marland, Hilary; Richardson, Ruth (February 1990)."Death, Dissection, and the Destitute".The American Historical Review.95(1):119–120.doi:10.2307/2163011.ISSN0002-8762.JSTOR2163011.PMC5379396.
  24. ^BANNER, STUART (2009-06-30).The Death Penalty.Harvard University Press.doi:10.2307/j.ctvjght8w.ISBN978-0-674-02051-1.
  25. ^abcdWilliam J. Chambliss (2011).Corrections.SAGE Publications. pp.4–5.ISBN978-1452266435.
  26. ^Chambliss, William J. (2011-05-03).Corrections.SAGE Publications.ISBN978-1-4522-6643-5.
  27. ^Steiker, Carol S.; Steiker, Jordan M. (2019).Comparative Capital Punishment.Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 167.ISBN978-1-78643-325-1.
  28. ^Dandō, Shigemitsu (1997).The Criminal Law of Japan: The General Part.F.B. Rothman.ISBN978-0-8377-0653-5.
  29. ^"Executions in York: History of York".historyofyork.org.uk.Retrieved2020-04-13.
  30. ^"Scotlands Last execution".british executions.
  31. ^"Murder on the Nymph".The Bellman.
  32. ^Larson, Frances (November 2014). "Very Short Book Excerpt: The Allure of Execution".The Atlantic(This passage was adapted from the book 'Severed: A History of Heads Lost and Heads Found.'). p. 27.
  33. ^Cameron, Claire (2020-12-12)."'There's nothing to prepare you': what it's like to witness an execution ".the Guardian.Retrieved2022-12-02.
  34. ^Anderson, Steven (2016).Death of a Spectacle: The Transition from Public to Private Executions in Colonial Australia(PDF)(Ph.D. thesis). University of Adelaide. p. 5.
  35. ^Lennan and Williams (2012)."The Death Penalty in Australian Law"(PDF).Australasian Legal Information Institute.Sydney Law Review. p. 665.Archived(PDF)from the original on 16 November 2019.
  36. ^Anderson 2016,p. 106.
  37. ^Anderson 2016,pp. 113–114.
  38. ^Anderson 2016,p. 118.
  39. ^Anderson 2017,p. 117.
  40. ^"Execution of Criminals Act 1858 (21 and 22 Victoriae 1858 No 10)".New Zealand Legal Information Institute.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2012.
  41. ^Derby, Mark (2020).Rock College: An unofficial history of Mount Eden Prison.Massey University Press.ISBN978-0-9951318-5-9.
  42. ^Finnane, Mark (2022). "'Upholding the Cause of Civilization': The Australian Death Penalty in War and Colonialism ".International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy.11(3): 26.doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.2473.hdl:10072/418380.
  43. ^Finnane 2022,p. 27.
  44. ^Johnson, R. Wally (2020).Roars from the Mountain: Colonial Management of the 1951 Volcanic Disaster at Mount Lamington.Pacific Series.ANU Press.p. 58.ISBN9781760463557.JSTORj.ctv103xdsm.
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