Wikipedia

Karapapakhs

(Redirected fromQarapapaqs)
For the municipality in Azerbaijan, seeQarapapaq.
Not to be confused withKarakalpaks.

TheKarapapakhs(Azerbaijani:Qarapapaqlar;Turkish:Karapapaklar), orTerekeme[1](Azerbaijani:Tərəkəmələr;Turkish:Terekemeler), are aTurkicpeople, who originally spoke the Karapapakh language, a westernOghuzlanguage closely related toAzerbaijaniandTurkish.Nowadays, the Karapapakh language has been largely supplanted by Azerbaijani and Turkish.

Karapapakhs
Qarapapaqlar, Karapapaklar

Group of KarapapakhHamidiyeh Cavalry,
Ottoman Empire, 1901
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Originally Karapapakh, nowadays mostlyAzerbaijani,Turkish,PersianandRussian
Religion
Sunni Islam,Shia IslamandAli-Illahism
Related ethnic groups
OtherTurkic peoples
EspeciallyAzerbaijanisandTurks

After moving intoWestern Asiain the Middle Ages together with other Turkic speakers andMongolnomads, the Karapapakhs settled along theDebedriver in easternGeorgia(along the present-dayGeorgian-Armenian border). They moved toQajar Iran,and theOttoman Empireafter theTreaty of Turkmenchaywas concluded between Iran and Russia in 1828. The Karapapakhs who remained within the Russian Empire were counted as a separate group in Tsarist population figures. During theSoviet Union's existence, the Karapapakhs were culturally and linguistically assimilated by theAzerbaijanis,and they were counted as "Azerbaijanis" in the1959and1970 Soviet censuses.In 1944 the Karapapakh in the Soviet Union weredeporteden massetoSoviet Central Asia.

The Karapapakhs have traditionally beenSunnis,Shias,and adherents ofAli-Illahism.According to the latest western ethnographic works that primarily dealt with the ethnography of theSoviet Union,most Karapapakhs in the 1980s lived inTurkey,Iran,Soviet Central Asia (primarily theUzbek SSR) and the Soviet republics of theCaucasus(primarily theGeorgian SSRand theArmenian SSR).

Name

edit

Karapapakh translates as "black hat" in Oghuz Turkic.[2]The Karapapakhs are sometimes referred to asTerekeme[3]orTarakama(fromArabic:تراكمة,romanized:Tarākameh,thebroken pluralforTurkmen—a term traditionally used for anyTurkicnomadic people).

History

edit

The Karapapakhs were originally aTurkomangroup.[4]George Bournoutianreferred to them as "Turkicized Kazakhs (Qazzaqs)."[vague][2]They had moved intoWestern Asiain the Middle Ages together with otherTurkic-speakingandMongolnomads, where some had become peasants.[2]

The Karapapakh fought on theIranianside against theRussiansin theRusso-Persian War of 1804–1813.[5]Following the Russian victory in theRusso-Persian War of 1826–1828and the resultingTreaty of Turkmenchay,the Karapapakhs migrated from the area along theDebed[a]river in eastern Georgia (along the present-dayGeorgian-Armenian border), to theOttoman EmpireandQajar Iran.[6]They partly settled in the Ottoman region ofKars,where they formed 15% of the population, and partly in the Iranian region of Solduz (present-dayNaqadeh), south ofLake Urmia.[6]Iranian crown princeAbbas Mirzahanded over theSolduz (present-day Naqadeh) districtas a fief to 800 Karapapakh families and these new settlers, in return, had to have 400 horsemen ready for disposal for the government.[7]Just prior to their arrival, there were 4–5,000 families in Solduz district consisting of Kurds and Turkics from the Muqaddam tribe.[7]Gradually however, the land passed into the hands of the Karapapakh newcomers.[7]In 19th-century Iran, as part of the Iranian irregular army, the Karapapakh tribe was one of the twenty-two units (dastehs) of provincial militia from the province ofAzerbaijan.[8]

  • Karapapakh man
  • Karapapakh woman from near Kars as depicted byMax Karl Tilke(1915)

Several years after theRussian conquest of Kars,the Tsarist government conducted a population counting of the newly acquired province.[6]In this 1883 population counting of theKars Oblast,the Karapapakhs (inRussian,Карапапахи) numbered 21,652, of whom 11,721 wereSunnisand 9,931 wereShias.[6]The Tsarist authorities also regarded the Terekeme tribe of theDagestan Oblastas part of the Karapapakh tribe.[9]The 1886–1892 Tsarist population figures counted 8,893 Terekeme in the Dagestan Oblast and counted them as part of the total Karapapakh population within the empire.[10]According to theRussian Empire Censusof 1897, there were 29,879 Karapapakhs in the entire Russian Empire.[6]According to the 1910 publication of theCaucasian Calendar,Karapapakhs reportedly numbered some 39,000 and were distributed in 99 villages in Kars Oblast.[6]63 of these villages were located in the Kars district, 29 inArdahan,and 7 inKağızman.[6]

During the Ottoman occupation of Iran'sNaqadehfrom 1908 to 1912, the Karapapakh population suffered considerably as they were seen as Iranian agents by the Ottomans.[7]In the early 20th century, the Karapapakh in Naqadeh district shared eleven villages with SunniKurds.[7]

Karapapakh falconers inNaqadeh,Iran (1913)

According to the1926 Soviet census,the number of Karapapakhs had drastically declined to only 6,315, which reflected the loss of Kars Oblast to the newly established Republic ofTurkeyfollowingWorld War I.[6]Mid-1920 figures showed that 70% of all Karapapakhs lived in Iran and 30% in the Soviet Union; the Karapapakhs in Turkey were most likely considered simply asTurksby that time, and thus no figures for Turkey were reported.[6]According toShirin Akiner'sIslamic Peoples of the Soviet Union,first published in 1983 and dealing with the situation in and around the 1926 Soviet census, the great majority of the Karapapakh lived outside of the Soviet Union at the time.[11]Those within the Soviet Union, mainly lived in the southern part of theAzerbaijan SSRalong theAras River.[11]Akiner added that even in 1926, barely any Karapapakh could converse in the original Karapapakh language.[11]Most of the Soviet Karapapakhs at the time were Sunnis, with a minority being Shia.[11]The Karapapakhs were listed as a separate group in the 1926 Soviet census.[11]During the Soviet Union's existence however the Karapapakhs were culturally and linguistically assimilated by theAzerbaijanis.They were counted as "Azerbaijanis" in the1959and1970 Soviet censuses.[6]

In 1944, the Karapapakhs in the Soviet Union weredeporteden massetoSoviet Central Asia,along withMeskhetian Turks,Kurdsand others of theGeorgian SSR.[12][13]

According toOlson et al.,which was published in 1994 and specifically deals with the ethnography of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, the Karapapakhs are described as a small ethnic group and a Turkmen tribe, who primarily live in and aroundTashkent,the capital of theUzbek SSRat the time of the book's publication.[14]They add that the Karapapakhs are primarily adherents of theAli-Illahismsyncretic religion.[14]They also explain that due to the religious practices of the Karapapakh, "there has traditionally been an element of secretiveness and fanaticism to Karapapakh religion".[14]Bennigsen likewise stated that "a certain number of the Karapapakhs are Ali Ilahis, which somewhat hinders their assimilation by the Azeris".[4]

Olson et al.lastly added that there were more than 10,000 Karapapakhs in the Soviet Union at the time, with most of them localized in Soviet Central Asia; small numbers of Karapapakhs had been able however to return to southern Georgia and northern Armenia in the 1980s.[15]Some 30,000 and 60,000 Karapapakhs were reportedly living inIranand Turkey respectively at the time.[15]Groups of Karapapakh still live around Ardahan,KarsandIğdırto this present day.[16]

Language

edit
Karapapakh
Native toTurkey,Iran,Georgia,Azerbaijan
RegionSouth Caucasus
EthnicityKarapapakhs
Extinct20th century
Turkic
Language codes
ISO 639-3None(mis)
GlottologNone

The Karapapakhs originally mainly spoke their own westernOghuz language,which is closely related toAzerbaijaniandTurkish.[6][b]In the Georgian SSR of the Soviet Union, this language was often confused with Azerbaijani.[6]Bearing similarities to the process of assimilation in the Soviet Union, in Turkey, the Karapapakhs no longer speak their Turkic language and have completely switched to Turkish.[6][c]Brent Brendemoen notes inTurkic-Iranian Contact Areas: Historical and Linguistic Aspectsthat the migration of the Karapapakhs (and Terekeme, amongst others) in modern times from Turkey's east has been responsible for bringingArabicloanwords with Persian vocalism to isolated areas as far west asKangalinSivas.[17]


Traditional economy

edit

The Karapapkhs were traditionally involved in sheep-rearing and a bit of agriculture.[6]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^Also known as Debeda or Borchala river.[6]
  2. ^The second edition of theEncyclopaedia of Islammentions that it is close to both "Āzerī and the Turkish of Turkey".[6]The historianGeorge Bournoutianonly mentions that it is "close to present-day Azeri-Türki".[16]
  3. ^The full switch to Turkish by the Karapapakhs in Turkey was already reported by the second edition of theEncyclopaedia of Islam.[6]

References

edit
  1. ^Ercilâsun, Ahmet Bican (1983).Kars ili ağızları: ses bilgisi(in Turkish). p. 44.
  2. ^abcBournoutian 1992,p. 50.
  3. ^Andrews, Peter (2002).Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey.Reichert. pp. 75–77.ISBN978-3895003257.
  4. ^abBennigsen & Wimbush 1986,p. 137.
  5. ^Bournoutian 2021,pp. 190, 192.
  6. ^abcdefghijklmnopqBarthold & Wixman 1978,p. 627.
  7. ^abcdeMinorsky 1997,p. 832.
  8. ^Rabi & Ter-Oganov 2012,p. 347.
  9. ^Tsutsiev 2014,p. 193 (note 160).
  10. ^Tsutsiev 2014,p. 186.
  11. ^abcdeAkiner 1983,p. 254.
  12. ^Olson, Pappas & Pappas 1994,p. 346-347.
  13. ^Wixman 1984,p. 95.
  14. ^abcOlson, Pappas & Pappas 1994,p. 346.
  15. ^abOlson, Pappas & Pappas 1994,p. 347.
  16. ^abBournoutian 2017,p. 331 (note 28).
  17. ^Brendemoen 2006,p. 231 (note 6).

Sources

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karapapakhs&oldid=1259038570"