REST

REST(RepresentationalStateTransfer) is asoftware architectural stylethat was created to guide the design and development of the architecture for theWorld Wide Web.REST defines a set of constraints for how the architecture of a distributed,Internet-scalehypermediasystem, such as the Web, should behave. The REST architectural style emphasises uniforminterfaces,independent deployment ofcomponents,thescalabilityof interactions between them, and creating alayered architectureto promotecachingto reduce user-perceivedlatency,enforcesecurity,and encapsulatelegacy systems.^[1]

REST has been employed throughout the software industry to createstateless,reliableweb-based applications.An application that adheres to theREST architectural constraintsmay be informally described asRESTful,although this term is more commonly associated with the design ofHTTP-basedAPIsand what are widely considered best practices regarding the "verbs" (HTTP methods) aresourceresponds to while having little to do with REST as originally formulated—and is often even at odds with the concept.^[2]

Principle

The termrepresentational state transferwas introduced and defined in 2000 by computer scientistRoy Fieldingin his doctoral dissertation. It means that a server will respond with the representation of a resource (today, it will most often be anHTML,XMLorJSONdocument) and that resource will containhypermedialinks that can be followed to make the state of the system change. Any such request will in turn receive the representation of a resource, and so on.

An important consequence is that the only identifier that needs to be known is the identifier of the first resource requested, and all other identifiers will be discovered. This means that those identifiers can change without the need to inform the client beforehand and that there can be only loose coupling between client and server.

History

Roy Fieldingspeaking atOSCON2008

The Web began to enter everyday use in 1993–1994, whenwebsites for general usestarted to become available.^[3]At the time, there was only a fragmented description of the Web's architecture, and there was pressure in the industry to agree on some standard for the Web interface protocols. For instance, several experimental extensions had been added to the communication protocol (HTTP) to supportproxies,and more extensions were being proposed, but there was a need for a formal Web architecture with which to evaluate the impact of these changes.^[4]

TheW3CandIETF working groupstogether started work on creating formal descriptions of the Web's three primary standards:URI,HTTP,andHTML.Roy Fielding was involved in the creation of these standards (specifically HTTP 1.0 and 1.1, and URI), and during the next six years he created the REST architectural style, testing its constraints on the Web'sprotocol standardsand using it as a means to define architectural improvements — and to identify architectural mismatches. Fielding defined REST in his 2000 PhD dissertation "Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures"^[1]^[5]atUC Irvine.

To create the REST architectural style, Fielding identified the requirements that apply when creating a world-wide network-based application, such as the need for a low entry barrier to enable global adoption. He also surveyed many existing architectural styles for network-based applications, identifying which features are shared with other styles, such as caching and client–server features, and those which are unique to REST, such as the concept of resources. Fielding was trying to both categorise the existing architecture of the current implementation and identify which aspects should be considered central to the behavioural and performance requirements of the Web.

By their nature, architectural styles are independent of any specific implementation, and while REST was created as part of the development of the Web standards, the implementation of the Web does not obey every constraint in the REST architectural style. Mismatches can occur due to ignorance or oversight, but the existence of the REST architectural style means that they can be identified before they become standardised. For example, Fielding identified the embedding of session information in URIs as a violation of the constraints of REST which can negatively affect shared caching and server scalability.HTTP cookiesalso violated REST constraints^[4]because they can become out of sync with the browser's application state, making them unreliable; they also contain opaque data that can be a concern forprivacyandsecurity.

Architectural properties

The REST architectural style is designed for network-based applications, specifically client-server applications. But more than that, it is designed for Internet-scale usage, so the coupling between theuser agent(client) and theorigin servermust be aslooseas possible to facilitate large-scale adoption.

The strong decoupling of client and server together with the text-based transfer of information using a uniform addressing protocol provided the basis for meeting the requirements of the Web:extensibility,anarchic scalability^{[citation needed]}and independent deployment of components,large-grain data transfer,and a low entry-barrier for content readers, content authors and developers.

Anentity-relationship modelof the concepts expressed in the REST architectural style

The constraints of the REST architectural style affect the following architectural properties:^[1]^[6]

Performance in component interactions, which can be the dominant factor in user-perceived performance and network efficiency;^[7]
Scalabilityallowing the support of large numbers of components and interactions among components;
Simplicity of a uniform interface;
Modifiability of components to meet changing needs (even while the application is running);
Visibility of communication between components by service agents;
Portability of components by moving program code with the data;
Reliability in the resistance to failure at the system level in the presence of failures within components, connectors, or data.^[7]

Architectural constraints

The REST architectural style defines six guiding constraints.^[6]^[8]When these constraints are applied to the system architecture, it gains desirablenon-functional properties,such as performance, scalability, simplicity, modifiability, visibility, portability, and reliability.^[1]

The formal REST constraints are as follows:^[9]

Client/Server – Clients are separated from servers by a well-defined interface
Stateless – A specific client does not consume server storage when the client is "at rest"
Cache – Responses indicate their own cacheability
Uniform interface
Layered system – A client cannot ordinarily tell whether it is connected directly to the end server, or to an intermediary along the way
Code on demand (optional) – Servers are able to temporarily extend or customize the functionality of a client by transferring logic to the client that can be executed within a standard virtual machine

Uniform interface

The uniform interface constraint is fundamental to the design of any RESTful system.^[1]It simplifies and decouples the architecture, which enables each part to evolve independently. The four constraints for this uniform interface are:

Resource identification in requests: Individual resources are identified in requests usingURIs.The resources themselves are conceptually separate from the representations that are returned to the client. For example, the server could send data from its database asHTML,XMLor asJSON—none of which are the server's internal representation.
Resource manipulation through representations: When a client holds a representation of a resource, including anymetadataattached, it has enough information to modify or delete the resource's state.
Self-descriptive messages: Each message includes enough information to describe how to process the message. For example, which parser to invoke can be specified by amedia type.^[1]
Hypermedia as the engine of application state (HATEOAS) – Having accessed an initial URI for the REST application—analogous to a human Web user accessing thehome pageof a website—a REST client should then be able to use server-provided links dynamically to discover all the available resources it needs. As access proceeds, the server responds with text that includeshyperlinksto other resources that are currently available. There is no need for the client to be hard-coded with information regarding the structure of the server.^[10]

Classification models

Several models have been developed to help classify REST APIs according to their adherence to various principles of REST design, such as

theRichardson Maturity Model
the Classification of HTTP-based APIs^[11]
the W S³maturity model^[12]

References

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fFielding, Roy Thomas (2000)."Chapter 5: Representational State Transfer (REST)".Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures(Ph.D.). University of California, Irvine.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-05-13.Retrieved2004-08-17.
^Fielding, Roy T. (2008-10-20)."REST APIs must be hypertext driven".roy.gbiv.Archivedfrom the original on 2010-03-18.Retrieved2016-07-06.
^Couldry, Nick (2012).Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice.London: Polity Press. p. 2.ISBN 9780745639208.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-02-27.Retrieved2021-06-09.
^^a ^bFielding, Roy Thomas (2000)."Chapter 6: Experience and Evaluation".Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures(Ph.D.). University of California, Irvine.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-03-26.Retrieved2023-06-21.
^"Fielding discussing the definition of the REST term".groups.yahoo. Archived fromthe originalon November 5, 2015.Retrieved2017-08-08.
^^a ^bErl, Thomas; Carlyle, Benjamin; Pautasso, Cesare; Balasubramanian, Raj (2012). "5.1".SOA with REST: Principles, Patterns & Constraints for Building Enterprise Solutions with REST.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.ISBN 978-0-13-701251-0.
^^a ^bFielding, Roy Thomas (2000)."Chapter 2: Network-based Application Architectures".Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures(Ph.D.). University of California, Irvine.Archivedfrom the original on 2014-12-16.Retrieved2014-04-12.
^Richardson, Leonard; Ruby, Sam (2007).RESTful Web Services.Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly Media.ISBN 978-0-596-52926-0.
^"What is REST API?".visual-paradigm.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-02-24.Retrieved2024-02-24.
^Gupta, Lokesh (2 June 2018)."REST HATEOAS".REST API Tutorial.RESTfulAPI.net.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2019.RetrievedMarch 10,2019.
^"Classification of HTTP APIs".algermissen.io.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-01-29.Retrieved2023-01-29.
^Ivan Salvadori, Frank Siqueira (June 2015)."A Maturity Model for Semantic RESTful Web APIs".Conference: Web Services (ICWS), 2015 IEEE International Conference OnAt.New York.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-02-27.Retrieved2020-12-14– via Researchgate.

REST

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