Arecursive acronymis anacronymthatrefers to itself,and appears most frequently in computer programming. The term was first used in print in 1979 inDouglas Hofstadter's bookGödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid,in which Hofstadter invents the acronym GOD, meaning "GOD Over Djinn", to help explain infinite series, and describes it as a recursive acronym.[1]Other references followed,[2]however the concept was used as early as 1968 inJohn Brunner's science fiction novelStand on Zanzibar.In the story, the acronym EPT (Education for a Particular Task) later morphed into "Eptification for Particular Task".
Recursive acronyms typically formbackwardly:either an existing ordinary acronym is given a new explanation of what the letters stand for, or a name is turned into an acronym by giving the letters an explanation of what they stand for, in each case with the first letter standing recursively for the whole acronym.
Use in computing
editIncomputing,an early tradition in thehackercommunity, especially atMIT,was to choose acronyms and abbreviations that referred humorously to themselves or to other abbreviations. Perhaps the earliest example in this context is thebackronym"Mash Until No Good", which was created in 1960 to describeMung,and revised to "Mung Until No Good". It lived on as a recursive command in the editing languageTECO.[3]In 1977[3]programmer Ted Anderson coined TINT ( "TINT Is NotTECO"), an editor for MagicSix. This inspired the two MITLisp Machineeditors calledEINE( "EINE Is NotEmacs",German forone) andZWEI( "ZWEI Was EINE Initially", German fortwo), in turn inspiring Anderson's retort SINE ( "SINE is not EINE" ).Richard Stallmanfollowed withGNU(GNU's NotUnix).
Recursive acronym examples often include negatives, such as denials that the thing defined is or resembles something else (which the thing defined does in fact resemble or is even derived from), to indicate that, despite the similarities, it was distinct from the program on which it was based.[4]
An earlier example appears in a 1976 textbook on data structures, in which the pseudo-language SPARKS is used to define the algorithms discussed in the text. "SPARKS" is claimed to be a non-acronymic name, but "several cute ideas have been suggested" as expansions of the name. One of the suggestions is thetail recursive"Smart Programmers Are Required to Know SPARKS".[5]
Other examples are theYAMLlanguage, which stands for "YAML ain't markup language" andPHPlanguage meaning "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".
Examples
edit- Allegro:Allegro Low LEvel Game ROutines (early versions for Atari ST were called "Atari Low Level Game Routines" )
- AROS:AROS Research Operating System (originally Amiga Research Operating System)
- ATI:ATI Technologies Inc.
- BIRD:BIRD Internet Routing Daemon
- CAVE:CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment
- cURL:Curl URL Request Library[6]
- Darcs:Darcs Advanced Revision Control System
- EINE:EINE Is Not Emacs
- FIJI:FIJI Is JustImageJ
- GiNaC:GiNaC is Not a CAS (Computer Algebra System)
- GNU:GNU's Not Unix
- GNE (encyclopedia):GNE's Not Encyclopedia
- GPE:GPE Palmtop Environment
- gRPC:grpc Remote Procedure Calls
- JACK:JACK Audio Connection Kit
- KGS:KGS Go Server
- LAME:LAME Ain'tMP3Encoder[7]
- LiVES:LiVES is Video Editing System
- MINT:MINT Is NotTRAC
- MINDY:MINDY Is NotDylanYet
- MiNT:MiNT is Not TOS (later changed to "MiNT is Now TOS" )
- Mung:Mung Until No Good[8]
- Nagios:Nagios Ain't Gonna Insist On Sainthood (a reference to the previous name of Nagios, "Netsaint";agios[αγιος] is the Greek word for "saint" )
- NiL:NiL Isn't Liero
- Ninja-ide:Ninja-IDE Is Not Just Another IDE
- PHP:PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (from "Personal Home Page Tools", more frequently referenced as "PHP Tools."[9])
- PINE:PINE Is NearlyElm,originally; PINE now officially stands for "Pine Internet News E-mail"[10]
- PIP:PIP Installs Packages
- P.I.P.S.:P.I.P.S. Is POSIX Symbian
- PNG:officially "Portable Network Graphics", but unofficially "PNG's not GIF".[11]
- RPM:RPM Package Manager
- SPARQL:SPARQL Protocol And RDF Query Language
- TikZ:TikZ ist kein Zeichenprogramm (German; TikZ is not a drawing program)
- TiLP:TiLP is Linking Program
- TIP:TIP isn'tPico
- TRESOR:TRESOR Runs Encryption Securely Outside RAM
- UIRA:UIRA Isn't Recursive Acronym
- WINE:WINE Is Not Emulator[12][failed verification]
- XAMPP:XAMPP Apache MariaDB PHP Perl
- XBMC:XBMC Media Center (originally Xbox Media Center)
- XINU:XINU Is Not Unix
- XNA:XNA's Not Acronym'd
- YAML:YAML Ain't Markup Language (initially "Yet Another Markup Language" )
- YARA:Yara: Another Recursive Acronym
- Zinf:Zinf Is Not FreeAmp
- ZWEI:ZWEI Was EINE Initially ( "eins" and "zwei" are German for "one" and "two" respectively)
Other examples
editCompanies and organizations
edit- BWIA:BWIA West Indies Airways(formerly British West Indian Airways)[13]
- CYGNUS Solutions:"Cygnus, Your GNU Solutions"
- HIJOS:Hijas e Hijos por la Identidad y la Justicia contra el Olvido y el Silencio[14](literally, "Daughters and Sons for Identity and Justice against Forgetfulness and Silence" )
- HIM:HIM International Music, Taiwanese independent record label
- MEGA:MEGA Encrypted Global Access[15]
- MOM: MOM's Organic Market[16]
- SAAB:Saab Automobile AB
- TAP: TAP Air Portugal
- VISA:Visa International Service Association[17]
- ZINC:ZINC Is Not Commercial
- OIL:Oil India Limited.However it can be debatable as "Oil" is a noun and the company is in the oil industry.
In media
edit- The initials for theCommodore CDTVstand for Commodore Commodore Dynamic Total Vision.
- TTP: a technology project in theDilbertcomic strip. The initials stand for "The TTP Project".[18]
- GRUNGE:defined byHomer SimpsoninThe SimpsonsepisodeThat '90s Showas "Guitar Rock Utilizing Nihilist Grunge Energy", another uncommon example of a recursive acronym whose recursive letter is neither the first nor the last letter.
- BOB:the primary antagonist from the seriesTwin Peaks.His name itself is an acronym standing for "Beware of BOB".
- KOS-MOS:a character from theXenosagaseries of video games. "KOS-MOS" is a recursive acronym meaning "Kosmos Obey Strategical Multiple Operation System".
- Hiroshi Yoshimura's "A・I・R" stands for "AIR IN RESORT".
Brands and products
edit- MIATA:MIATA is Always the Answer[19]
- TheGNU Hurdproject is named with a mutually recursive acronym: "Hurd" stands for "Hird Unix-ReplacingDaemons",and" Hird "stands for" Hurd Interfaces Representing Depth. "
- Jiniclaims the distinction of being the first recursive anti-acronym: 'Jini Is Not Initials'.[20][21]It might, however, be more properly termed an anti-backronym because the term "Jini" never stood for anything in the first place. The more recent "XNA",on the other hand, was deliberately designed that way.
Special
edit- RPM, PHP, XBMC and YAML were originally conventional acronyms which were later redefined recursively. They are examples of, or may be referred to as, backronymization,[citation needed]where the official meaning of an acronym is changed.
- Most recursive acronyms are recursive on the first letter, which is therefore an arbitrary choice, often selected for reasons of humour, ease of pronunciation, or consistency with an earlier acronym that used the same letters for different words, such as PHP, which now stands for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor", but was originally "Personal Home Page". HoweverYOPY,"Your own personal YOPY" is recursive on the last letter.
- A joke implying that the middle initial "B." in the name ofBenoit B. Mandelbrotstands for "Benoit B. Mandelbrot" plays on the idea thatfractals,which Mandelbrot studied, repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales when examined closely.
Other
edit- According toHayyim Vital,a 16th–17th centurykabbalist,theHebrewwordadam(אדם, meaning "man" ) is an acronym foradam, dibbur, maaseh(man, speech, deed).[22]
- According toIsaac Luria,a 16th-century kabbalist, the Hebrew wordtzitzit(ציצת in its Biblical spelling, meaning "ritual fringes" ) is an acronym fortzaddik yafrid tzitziyotav tamid( "a righteous person should separate [the strings of] histzitzitconstantly ").[23]
See also
edit- Bilingual tautological expressions– Redundancy in linguistic expression
- RAS syndrome– Acronym redundantly coupled with its word(s) (Redundant Acronym Syndrome syndrome)
- Self-reference– Sentence, idea or formula that refers to itself
- TLA, thethree-letter acronymfor three-letter acronyms
- Web Ontology Language– Family of knowledge representation languages, which intentionally uses the acronym "OWL"
References
edit- ^"Puzzles and Paradoxes: Infinity in Finite Terms".Archivedfrom the original on 15 November 2012.Retrieved23 April2013.
- ^"WordSpy—Recursive Acronym".Archived fromthe originalon 8 October 2014.Retrieved18 December2008.
- ^Daniel Weinreb (8 August 1977),Electronic message to BUG-LISPM
- ^Richard Stallman (9 March 2006)."The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom: The name" GNU "".Archived fromthe originalon 16 March 2015.
- ^Ellis Horowitz;Sartaj Sahni(1976).Fundamentals Of Data Structures.Computer Science Press.ISBN978-0-914894-20-9– viaGoogle Books.
- ^Stenberg, Daniel (20 March 2015)."curl, 17 years old today".daniel.haxx.se.Archivedfrom the original on 6 December 2015.Retrieved20 March2015.
- ^"About LAME".Archivedfrom the original on 12 February 2016.Retrieved20 February2016.
- ^"The Jargon File: Mung".Archivedfrom the original on 15 June 2015.Retrieved15 October2007.
- ^"History of PHP".php.net.Archivedfrom the original on 2 July 2013.Retrieved18 June2013.
- ^"What Pine Really Stands For".Archived fromthe originalon 7 June 2011.Retrieved6 March2007.
- ^Roelofs, Greg."Web Review: PNG's NOT GIF!".people.apache.org.Archivedfrom the original on 30 March 2022.Retrieved24 November2021.
- ^"FAQ—The Official Wine Wiki".Archivedfrom the original on 24 February 2020.Retrieved16 January2009.
- ^"Airline Timetable Images".timetableimages.Retrieved16 November2021.
- ^Paloma de la Paz Montes Araya (5 October 2010)."H.I.J.O.S."Heinrich Böll Stiftung- Santiago de Chile(in Spanish).Retrieved20 June2024.
- ^"MEGA".Archivedfrom the original on 2 January 2020.Retrieved19 January2013.
- ^"MOM's Organic Market homepage".MOM's Organic Market.Archivedfrom the original on 10 June 2022.Retrieved8 June2022.
- ^"Visa International Service Association".bloomberg.Archivedfrom the original on 25 April 2021.Retrieved16 November2021.
- ^"Dilbert's TTP Project".Dilbert.Archived fromthe originalon 10 July 2018.Retrieved9 July2018.
- ^David LaChance (4 November 2023)."Miata Is The Answer: Why I Finally Bought One".MSN. Hemmings.
- ^FAQ for JINI-USERS Mailing ListArchived17 September 2013 at theWayback Machine,Retrieved 18 November 2013
- ^Introduction toThe Jini Specification,Arnold et al, Pearson, 1999,ISBN0201616343
- ^"Pri Etz Chaim, Gate of Rosh Hashana 2:23".Archivedfrom the original on 30 September 2021.Retrieved30 September2021.
- ^Mishnah Brurah, 8:18
- This article is based in part on theJargon File,which is in the public domain.
External links
edit- The dictionary definition ofrecursive acronymat Wiktionary