Wikipedia

Renault Trafic

TheRenault Trafic(pronounced as "traffic" ) is alight commercialvanproduced by the French automakerRenaultsince 1980. It has also been marketed as theFiat Talento,theNissan NV300,theNissan Primastarand theMitsubishi Express.Until 2019, it was also sold as theOpel/Vauxhall Vivaro(briefly sold as theOpel/Vauxhall Arenaearlier) byOpeland its associated companyVauxhall.From early 2022 onwards, the van is also marketed byRenault Trucksas theRenault Trucks Trafic.

Renault Trafic
Overview
ManufacturerRenault
Production1980–present
Body and chassis
ClassLight commercial vehicle/Large MPV(M)
Body styleVan
Minibus
Pickup truck
LayoutFF layout
(FR layoutand4x4available for the 1st generation model)
Chronology
PredecessorRenault Estafette
Bedford/Vauxhall Midi(Vauxhall Arena)
Bedford CF(Opel/Vauxhall Arena)
Fiat Scudo(2016–2021)
SuccessorCitroën-based Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro/Fiat Scudo(for Opel/Vauxhall and Fiat models)

Previous versions of the Renault Trafic have been sold underInokom,ChevroletandTatabadges.

The second generation Vauxhall/Opel Vivaro was produced inGM Manufacturing Lutonand inSandouville Renault Factoryplant starting in 2014.[1]However, following the takeover of Opel/Vauxhall byGroupe PSA,the Trafic-based Vivaro went out of production in 2019, and was replaced by the next generation Vivaro based on the Citroën JumpyEMP2 Platformfor the 2020 model year.

First generation (1980)

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First generation
Overview
ManufacturerRenault
Also calledOpel Arena
Vauxhall Arena
Chevrolet Trafic
Chevrolet Space Van
Winnebago LeSharo
Inokom Permas (Malaysia)
Tata Winger
Production1980–2001
1995–2004 (China)[2]
1997–2001 (Opel/Vauxhall Arena)
Assembly
Body and chassis
ClassLight commercial vehicle(M)
Body style4/5-doorvan
2-doorpickup truck
5-doorminibus
LayoutFF layout,FR layout,4x4
RelatedRenault Master
Tata Winger
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 4-speed manual
  • 5-speed manual
Pre facelift Renault Trafic (rear)

The original Renault Trafic was sold from 1980 to 2001 and was somewhat revised and updated during its lifetime.[5]

Originally, the van had some variations in the front end shape depending on which engine was fitted, with the original 1397 cc motor fitting behind a flat grille, and the 2.1-litre diesel engine and larger 1647 cc petrol engines requiring an extended plastic grille and deeper bumper.

The 1721 cc OHC engine replaced the 1647 cc OHV unit in the mid 1980s, which fitted under the shorter grille, but required a small lump in the bonnet. The diesel and 2.2-litre petrol carried on with the extended grille.

In the end of 1984, a four-wheel drive version was introduced. This was apart time systemcoupled with the diesel engine and a five speed manual transmission. This model operated as a front wheel drive until the rear wheels were engaged with adog clutch,a system similar to the one used by Renault on theR18 4x4.[6]

In May 1989, the Trafic underwent a major front end facelift, with a rounder shape and a plastic bumper, and the new longer body shape covering all varieties of engine. In 1995, the Mk1 Trafic got its final facelift, with a new grille, new tail lights, large double rear view mirrors, and a new interior with a modern dashboard and multi adjustable seats.

Winnebago

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The chassis and cab of the 1980s models were used as the base vehicle byWinnebago Industriesto build the Winnebago 'LeSharo' from 1983,[7]and Itasca Phasar.

For the chassis and cab version to meet safety and emission requirements in the United States, this version was sold with Renault's J7T 2,165 cc (2.2 L) gasoline engine, and 2.1-litre diesel and turbo diesel engines, coded as J8S and shared with the 1985 to 1987AMC/Jeep Cherokee/Commanche.

Jeep versions used the Garrett T2 turbocharger while Winnebagos received the larger T3 type.CARBgranted a series of yearly waivers to Winnebago for non compliance in omitting On Board Diagnostics (OBD I), these waivers remained in effect throughout the model run from 1983 to 1992.

Campervan Variants

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The Mk1 Trafic became popular for professional conversion into budget familymotorhomesdue to the flexibility of the design and the generous internal space for what was a relatively small van. Popular converters wereAuto SleepersandHoldsworth(now defunct). Other motorhome builders using the Trafic Mk1 as a base include Hymer,Elddis,Eriba, and Autostar.

Opel Arena

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From 1997 to 2001, the Renault Trafic was marketed as theOpel ArenainGermanyand as theVauxhall Arenain theUnited Kingdom.Nick Reilly,Vauxhall's chairman and managing director commented that the Arena marked the first time the company could offer a total commercial range ever since the days of the oldBedford CF,which ended production in 1986.[8][9]

Tata Winger

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Main article:Tata Winger

In June 2007,Tata Motorsannounced the introduction of theWinger,a panel van and minibus based on the 1995 to 2001 version of the Renault Trafic, but fitted with Tata's own two litre diesel engines, with or without turbo.[10]

Inokom Permas

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The Inokom Permas was launched in Malaysia in 1998.[11]Production of the van was at Kulim District.[12][13]

South America

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For South America, the vehicle was made in theRenault Argentinafacility at Santa Isabel, Córdoba. In Brazil, it was badged as Chevrolet Trafic and later as the Renault Trafic or Chevrolet SpaceVan. A pickup version was sold as the Renault Trafic Rodeo. Production ended in 2002.

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  • Renault Trafic first generation (facelift) 4x4 version: The 4x4 has the rear axle set further forward than the FWD.
  • Renault Trafic first generation (second facelift) with high roof body
  • Renault Trafic first generation (second facelift) with high roof body
  • Opel Arena
  • Tata Winger (2007–)
  • Vauxhall Arena
  • 1988 Winnebago LeSharo
  • 1984 Renault Trafic Camper

Second generation (X83; 2001)

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Second generation (X83)
Overview
ManufacturerRenault
Opel/Vauxhall
Also calledNissan Primastar
Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro
Production2001–2015
AssemblyUnited Kingdom:Luton(GM Manufacturing Luton)
Spain:Barcelona(Nissan)
Body and chassis
ClassLight commercial vehicle(M)
Body style4-doorvan/minibus
2-doorpickup truck
Powertrain
Engine
TransmissionManual
6-speed PK5, PK6
Automatic
6-speedQuickshift
Dimensions
WheelbaseSWB: 3,098 mm (122.0 in)
LWB: 3,498 mm (137.7 in)
LengthSWB: 4,782 mm (188.3 in)
LWB: 5,182 mm (204.0 in)
Regular Pickup: 5,038 mm (198.3 in)
Crew Pickup: 5,438 mm (214.1 in)
Width1,904 mm (75.0 in)
HeightCrew Van: 1,380 mm (54.3 in)
SWB: 2,497 mm (98.3 in) & 2,400 mm (94.5 in)
LWB: 2,800 mm (110.2 in)
Pickup Regular: 1,966 mm (77.4 in)
Pickup Crew: 1,973 mm (77.7 in)

The second Trafic resulted from a joint venture betweenGermanOpel,JapaneseNissan,andFrenchRenault.It is also sold as an Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro andNissanPrimastar.

Designed by Renault's corporate design department based within the company's Technocentre outside Paris, the Trafic was developed by the engineering team of Renault's light commercial vehicle unit atVilliers-Saint-Frédéric.Manufactured byGM Manufacturing Lutonat its plant inLuton— beside Primastar and the Vivaro — the Trafic was the first Renault vehicle to be built in the United Kingdom in more than thirty years.[14][15]

In an agreement between Renault and Nissan, versions of the van are also manufactured at Nissan's plant inBarcelona,Spain.[16]In particular, high roof versions for Opel, Vauxhall, Renault, and Nissan are made in Barcelona because the Luton assembly plant has a low roof which cannot accommodate the extra height of the high roof.

The van exists in several versions, from a three seater with all the rear space available for loads, to a nine seater, also known as a "Passenger van". Its name is based on theFrenchword for "trade" or "traffic" (depending on the context). The van was designed by Renault in Paris, and both Renault-Nissan and Opel/Vauxhall versions are manufactured by Opel/Vauxhall at their plant in Luton.[16]In 2012, production of the Vauxhall Vivaro totalled 36,982 and 16,483 for the Renault Trafic.[17]

A mild facelift in October 2006 had the orange indicators swapped for clear ones, which were more integrated into the headlamp housings. On the Opel/Vauxhall model, the indicators moved from the front bumpers, up into the headlamp housings, thus looking more similar to the Renault one. Production ended in June 2015.

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  • Renault Trafic second generation (before facelift)
  • Renault Trafic second generation (before facelift)
  • Renault Trafic second generation (phase 2 facelift)

Nissan Primastar

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TheNissanPrimastar was also launched in 2001, and is available inpanel van,combi,bus, andchassis cabconfigurations. Twowheelbasesand two roof heights are available, as well as threediesel enginesand apetrolone. In the end of 2014, the last Primastar rolled off the production line.[citation needed]It was replaced by the NV300 in September 2016.

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  • Nissan Primastar with options including colour coded bumpers
  • Nissan Primastar, after facelift — note revised indicator lights

Opel Vivaro A

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The Opel Vivaro from theGermanautomaker Opel was launched in September 2001.[18]While the Vivaro is sold as an Opel in most European markets, in theUnited Kingdomit was sold as aVauxhall.The Vivaro is primarily manufactured at GM Manufacturing Luton (previously IBC) in Luton, England and by Nissan at theirZona Franca (Barcelona)facility in Spain.

The Vivaro is available in panel van, minibus, combined bus/van, and platform crew cab configurations. Two different wheelbase styles, and two roof height options are also available, as well as three diesel engine power options and apetrol engine.

The vehicle was given a mild facelift in 2006, during which the front indicators were moved from the front bumper, up into the headlight housing and only a 2.0 Lfour cylinderdiesel engine is available in two states of tune; a 90 PS (66 kW; 89 bhp) or 115 PS (85 kW; 113 bhp)[19]mated to a six speed manual or optional automatic transmission.

The Vivaro e Concept debuted September 2010 at the IAA Commercial Vehicle Show inHanover,Germany.[20]It is plug in hybrid vehicle, with an extended range up to 250 mi (402 km) and includes 21 kWhlithium ionbatteries enabling over 60 mi (97 km) of pure electric driving range.[21][22]

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  • Pre-facelift Opel Vivaro (2001–2006)
  • Facelift Opel Vivaro (2006–2015)
  • Pre-facelift Vauxhall Vivaro (2004)
  • Facelift Vauxhall Vivaro (2012)
  • Opel Vivaro E-Concept (2009)

Engines

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Petrol engines
Model Engine type Power Torque
2.0 1,997 cc (122 cu in)I4NA 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft)
Diesel engines
Model Engine type Power Torque
1.9 dCi 1,870 cc (114 cu in) I4 turbo 80 PS (59 kW; 79 hp) 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft)
1.9 dCi 1,870 cc (114 cu in) I4 turbo 100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp) 240 N⋅m (177 lb⋅ft)
2.0dCi 1,995 cc (122 cu in) I4 turbo 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) 242 N⋅m (178 lb⋅ft)
2.0 dCi 1,995 cc (122 cu in) I4 turbo 115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp) 290 N⋅m (214 lb⋅ft)
2.5 dCi 2,464 cc (150 cu in) I4 turbo 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft)

Third generation (X82; 2014)

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Third generation (X82)
Overview
ManufacturerRenault
Opel/Vauxhall
Also calledFiat Talento (2016–2020)
Nissan NV300 (2014–2021)
Nissan Primastar (2022–present)
Opel Vivaro (2014–2019)
Vauxhall Vivaro (2014–2019)
Mitsubishi Express (Australia and New Zealand, 2020–2022)
Renault Trucks Trafic (2022–present)
Production2014–present
AssemblyFrance:Sandouville(Sandouville Renault Factory)
United Kingdom:Luton(IBC Vehicles Ltd) (Only low-roof right-hand drive models from 2014 to end 2019 of Vauxhall's Vivaro, Fiat's Talento, Nissan's NV300 and Renault's Trafic)
Body and chassis
ClassLight commercial vehicle
Body style4-doorvan/minibus
Powertrain
Enginediesel
1.6LR9MI4
2.0LM9RI4
TransmissionManual
6-speed
Automatic
6-speedQuickshift
6-speedEDC
Renault Trafic (rear)

Renault released a new generation Trafic in September 2014. It was again rebadged and sold as the Opel Vivaro in Europe and Vauxhall Vivaro in the UK. Styling was updated for the 2019 model year[23]and again for the 2021 model year,[24]then in 2024 with the new Renault logo.

Two lower power variants (95 PS and 115 PS) use a variable geometry turbocharger, while the highest output (125 PS and 145 PS) variant employs a twin turbocharger arrangement; other features include variable output water and oil pumps and a maintenance free timing chain.[25]

Rebadged variants

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Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro variants for the United Kingdom and mainland Europe were manufactured at GM Manufacturing Luton and at Sandouville, except for the high roof variants and the left-hand drive variants, which were manufactured at Sandouville. The new Vivaro dropped the previous larger capacity diesel engines, in favour of a 1.6 Energy dCi (Renault/Renault Trucks/Nissan/)/CDTI (Opel/Vauxhall)/MultiJet (Fiat)/Di-D (Mitsubishi) engine. From 2016, Vauxhall Vivaro models gained aMade In Britainbadge at the rear.[26]The Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro went out of production in 2019, when Opel/Vauxhall was acquired byGroupe PSA;it was replaced by a new generation Vivaro which was a rebadgedCitroën Jumpyfor the model year of 2019.

Renault–Nissan Alliancepartner Nissan sold a rebadged Trafic II (X83) as the Primastar.[27]The Primastar was renamed to the NV300 for 2016 and moved to the Trafic III (X82).[28]The light commercial vehicle variant of the NV300 reverted to using the Primastar nameplate in 2021.[29]

In July 2016,Fiatintroduced a rebadged Trafic, calledTalentoto replace its Scudo, which had been a rebadgedCitroën Jumpy.[30]In October 2019, all of the vans were given a facelift which introduced a new 2.0-litre EcoJet diesel engine which is 11 percent more fuel efficient than the older 1.6 litre and variable-geometry turbocharger for smoother engine performance at low speeds. Small exterior changes include revised front bumper and black plastic wing mirrors instead of painted ones. Interior received a updated steering wheel, textured crash pads on the dashboard, new choice of interior trims and 7-inch touchscreen infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto supported.[31]In September 2020, Renault announced it would stop supplying Talentos to Fiat, asFiat Chryslerhad declared plans to merge with Renault's rivalGroupe PSAto formStellantis.[32]The Talento was replaced by a new Scudo/Ulysses, which was again a rebadged Jumpy.

In 2020, the Trafic was rebadged and introduced as the third-generationMitsubishi Expressfor Australia, and as a replacement for the formerL300in the New Zealand market.[33] It was discontinued two years later.[34]The existing Renault Trafic has also been sold in these markets since 2014.[33]

In 2022, Renault starts to supply the Trafic toRenault Trucks(company owned byVolvo AB) to sell Trafics on its dealerships using the Renault Trucks badging.[35][36]

Models

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Trafic Formula Edition

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2017 Renault Trafic Formula Edition

Launched in 2018, the Formula Edition was available on the Trafic alongside theKangooandMaster,and featured a new paint and wheels, plus black and yellow trim.[37]

Trafic X-Track

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Launched in 2016, the Trafic X-Track is a front-wheel drive offroad version of the Trafic.[38]

Trafic Van E-Tech

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2022 Renault Trafic E-Tech

The 100% electric Trafic was officially presented at the2022 IAA.[39]It is equipped with a 90 kW (120 hp) electric traction motor drawing from the same 52 kW-hr battery as the larger electric Master E-Tech, giving aWLTPrange of 297 km (185 mi).[40]The van can accept charging power of up to 7 kW (single-phase AC) or 22 kW (three-phase AC), and a fast-charging option (50 kW DC) is available.[41]A passenger van variant may be based on theHippie Caviar Hotel conceptshown in 2021.[42]

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  • Renault Trafic (original)
  • Renault Trafic (first facelift)
  • Renault Trafic (second facelift)
  • Nissan NV300
  • Nissan NV300 (facelift)
  • Fiat Talento
  • Opel Vivaro B
  • Vauxhall Vivaro
  • Mitsubishi Express
  • Lined interior of Vauxhall Vivaro van

Engines

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Diesel engines
Model Engine type Power Torque
1.6 dCi 1,598 cc (98 cu in) I4 turbo 95 PS (70 kW; 94 hp) 260 N⋅m (192 lb⋅ft)
1.6 dCi 1,598 cc (98 cu in) I4 turbo 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft)
1.6 dCi 1,598 cc (98 cu in) I4 turbo 145 PS (107 kW; 143 hp) 340 N⋅m (251 lb⋅ft)
2.0 dCi 1,997 cc (122 cu in) I4 turbo 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft)
2.0 dCi 1,997 cc (122 cu in) I4 turbo 145 PS (107 kW; 143 hp) 350 N⋅m (258 lb⋅ft)
2.0 dCi 1,997 cc (122 cu in) I4 turbo 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft)

Dimensions

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Key Trafic III (X82) dimensions[43]
Length
Height
 L1 L2
Exterior 5,080 mm (200.0 in) 5,480 mm (215.7 in)
WB 3,098 mm (122.0 in) 3,498 mm (137.7 in)
Interior 2,537 mm (99.9 in) 2,937 mm (115.6 in)
H1 Exterior Interior Volume 5.8 m3(200 cu ft) 7.75 m3(274 cu ft)
1,971 mm (77.6 in) 1,387 mm (54.6 in)
H2 2,498 mm (98.3 in) 1,898 mm (74.7 in) Volume 6.7 m3(240 cu ft) 8.9 m3(310 cu ft)
Notes
  • Interior width is 1,662 mm (65.4 in) for all versions, 1,268 mm (49.9 in) between the internal wheel arches.

References

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  1. ^"Luton immediate future secure as Vauxhall confirms Vivaro build".Just Auto. 24 March 2012.Retrieved12 April2012.
  2. ^"Spotted In China: San gian g Renault Trafic Times Two - CarNewsChina".CarNewsChina.1 December 2016.Retrieved8 May2018.
  3. ^Walker, Alan (September 1982). Kennett, Pat (ed.). "The great European retreat".TRUCK.London, UK: FF Publishing Ltd: 37.
  4. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20161120150303/https:// colibri.udelar.edu.uy/bitstream/123456789/640/1/M-CD4451.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  5. ^"Sandouville: new plant, New Trafic and 50 years of excellence".media.group.renault.Retrieved18 August2019.
  6. ^Verhelle, Tony (7 February 1985). "63e salon voor bedrijfsvoertuigen: Geen schokkende dingen" [The 63rd commercial vehicle exhibition: Nothing shocking].De AutoGids(in Flemish).6(140). Brussels, Belgium: Uitgeverij Auto-Magazine: 18.
  7. ^"Curbside Classic: 1985 Winnebago".Truth about cars.9 May 2010.Retrieved15 January2012.
  8. ^"Renault links with GM".Commercial Motor.2 January 1997. Archived fromthe originalon 25 July 2022.Retrieved25 July2022.Nick Reilly, Vauxhall's chairman and managing director, says the new models "give us a total commercial product range for the first time since the Bedford CF".
  9. ^"A Name Becomes a Trademark: 90 Years of the Opel Blitz".Media Stellantis.Archived fromthe originalon 25 July 2022.Retrieved25 July2022.After a 10-year pause, Opel made a successful return to panel vans in 1997 with the Arena.
  10. ^"Tata Motors says holding margins a challenge".Reuters.18 June 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 5 March 2016.
  11. ^David Ong-Yeoh (14 July 1998)."Inokom launches first van"(PDF).library.perdana.org.my.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 28 July 2017.Retrieved28 July2017.
  12. ^"Inokom confident of selling 30 one-tonne vans per month".blis2.bernama.8 December 1998. Archived fromthe originalon 28 July 2017.Retrieved28 July2017.
  13. ^"New Inokom Vehicle to be Introduced in mid-2002".7 November 2001.
  14. ^"New Renault Trafic voted International Van of the Year 2002".Renault.2002. Archived fromthe originalon 8 June 2011.
  15. ^"History & Heritage".Vauxhall Motors Ltd. Company Profile.General Motors. Archived fromthe originalon 11 February 2009.Retrieved24 September2011.GMM Luton Vehicles is also based in Luton. Its Vivaro medium sized van is produced for sale under the Opel/Vauxhall, Nissan and Renault brands.
  16. ^ab"New Renault Trafic voted International Van of the Year 2002"(Press release). Renault. 1 January 2002. Archived fromthe originalon 8 June 2011.
  17. ^"Facts and Figures 2012"(PDF).Adam Opel.p. 36.Retrieved15 August2013.
  18. ^"Opel va lancer 26 nouveaux modèles avant 2001".Les Echos.10 September 1997.
  19. ^"Vauxhall Vivaro: Technical Data".Vauxhall.Retrieved10 April2012.
  20. ^"Visitors: IAA – Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung".Iaa.de. Archived fromthe originalon 15 June 2008.Retrieved2 October2010.
  21. ^"Vauxhall reveals range-extended van".TheGreenCarWebsite.co.uk. 21 September 2010.Retrieved2 October2010.
  22. ^"Discussion about the battery capacity".The Green & Energy Consulting Group. 8 November 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 14 March 2012.
  23. ^Mihalascu, Dan (24 April 2019)."Restyled Renault Master And Trafic Get New Faces, Updated Engines And New Tech".CarScoops.Retrieved29 November2022.
  24. ^Gnaticov, Cristian (3 November 2020)."2021 Renault Trafic Is More Modern, Safer And Practical Than Ever".CarScoops.Retrieved29 November2022.
  25. ^Dallas, James (24 September 2013)."Vivaro production keeps on rolling".WhatVan?.Retrieved4 August2014.
  26. ^"Vauxhall Joins Made In Britain Campaign".Perrys – UK Dealer. Archived fromthe originalon 14 September 2017.
  27. ^"Nissan Primastar (2006–2016) van review".Auto Express.Retrieved29 November2022.
  28. ^"Nissan NV300 review".What Car?.Retrieved29 November2022.
  29. ^Wilkinson, Luke (27 September 2021)."New Nissan Primastar and Interstar panel vans unveiled".Auto Express.Retrieved29 November2022.
  30. ^"Fiat Talento van review".Auto Express.
  31. ^Wilkinson, Luke (15 October 2019)."Facelifted 2020 Fiat Talento on sale now".Auto Express.Retrieved4 June2020.
  32. ^White, Sarah (23 October 2020)."Renault to end van collaboration with Fiat ahead of Fiat/PSA deal".Reuters.Retrieved26 October2020.
  33. ^ab"Mitsubishi Express to return".
  34. ^"Mitsubishi Express axed, final deliveries by end of 2022".CarExpert.26 April 2022.Retrieved19 October2022.
  35. ^"Commercial vehicles: Renault Trucks announces the launch of the Trafic"(Press release). Renault Trucks. 27 January 2022.Retrieved7 May2023.
  36. ^"Usine Renault de Sandouville (France) - Renault Group".renaultgroup(in French).Retrieved29 November2023.
  37. ^"Renault Formula Edition vans".Auto Express.
  38. ^"Test Drive in premiera nationala cu noul Renault Trafic X-Track 2017-Un Van 4×2 cu pretentii de utilitara 4×4".5 December 2016.
  39. ^"Renault Trafic E-Tech Electric. Un troisième utilitaire électrique pour le Losange".largus.fr.
  40. ^Holding, Joe (21 September 2022)."Meet the new Renault Trafic Van E-Tech Electric".Top Gear.BBC.Retrieved29 November2022.
  41. ^"Renault introduces Trafic Van E-Tech Electric".Green Car Congress.20 September 2022.Retrieved29 November2022.
  42. ^Pappas, Thanos (19 September 2022)."Renault Unveils Trafic Van E-Tech Electric LCV With A 149-Mile Range".CarScoops.Retrieved29 November2022.
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