Wikipedia

Natural resource

(Redirected fromResource extraction)
"Primary resource" redirects here. For original sources used in research, seePrimary source.

Natural resourcesareresourcesthat are drawn fromnatureand used with few modifications. This includes the sources of valued characteristics such as commercial and industrial use, aesthetic value, scientific interest, and cultural value. OnEarth,it includessunlight,atmosphere,water,land,allmineralsalong with allvegetation,andwildlife.[1][2][3][4]

Therainforestin Amazon, in theMarquesas Islands,is an example of an undisturbed natural resource. Forest provides timber for humans, food, water and shelter for the flora and fauna tribes and animals. Thenutrient cyclebetween organisms forms food chains and fosters a biodiversity of species.
The Carson Fall inMount Kinabalu,Malaysiais an example of undisturbed natural resources. Waterfalls provide spring water for humans, animals and plants for survival and habitat for marine organisms. The water current can be used to turn turbines forhydroelectric generation.
Theoceanis an example of a natural resource. Ocean waves can be used to generatewave power,arenewable energysource. Ocean water is important forsalt production,desalination,and providing habitat for deep-water fishes. There is biodiversity of marine species in the sea where nutrient cycles are common.
A picture of theUdachnaya pipe,anopen-pitdiamondmine inSiberia.An example of a non-renewable natural resource.

Natural resources are part of humanity'snatural heritageor protected innature reserves.Particular areas (such asthe rainforest in Fatu-Hiva) often featurebiodiversityandgeodiversityin their ecosystems. Natural resources may be classified in different ways. Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level).

A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as freshwater,air,or any living organism such as a fish, or it may be transformed byextractivist industriesinto an economically useful form that must be processed to obtain the resource such asmetal ores,rare-earth elements,petroleum,timberand most forms ofenergy.Some resources arerenewable,which means that they can be used at a certain rate and natural processes will restore them. In contrast, many extractive industries rely heavily onnon-renewable resourcesthat can only be extracted once.

Natural resource allocations can be at the centre of many economic and political confrontations both within and between countries. This is particularly true during periods of increasing scarcity and shortages (depletionandoverconsumptionof resources).Resource extractionis also a major source of human rights violations and environmental damage. TheSustainable Development Goalsand other international development agendas frequently focus on creating more sustainable resource extraction, with some scholars and researchers focused on creating economic models, such ascircular economy,that rely less on resource extraction, and more onreuse,recyclingand renewable resources that can be sustainably managed.

Classification

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See also:United Nations Framework Classification for Resources

There are various criteria for classifying natural resources. These include the source of origin, stages of development, renewability andownership.

Origin

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Stage of development

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  • Potential resources:Resources that are known to exist, but have not been utilized yet. These may be used in the future. For example,petroleumin sedimentary rocks that, until extracted and put to use, remains apotentialresource.
  • Actual resources:Resources that have been surveyed, quantified and qualified, and are currently used in development. These are typically dependent on technology and the level of their feasibility,wood processingfor example.
  • Reserves:The part of an actual resource that can be developed profitably in the future.
  • Stocks:Resources that have been surveyed, but cannot be used due to lack of technology,hydrogen vehiclesfor example.

Renewability/exhaustibility

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  • Renewable resources:These resources can be replenished naturally. Some of these resources, likesolar energy,air, wind, water, etc. are continuously available and their quantities are not noticeably affected by human consumption. Though many renewable resources do not have such a rapid recovery rate, these resources are susceptible to depletion by over-use. Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption. They replenish easily compared to non-renewable resources.
The waters of theWhite NileRiver are a key natural resource forUganda.
  • Non-renewable resources:These resources are formed over a longgeological timeperiod in the environment and cannot be renewed easily. Minerals are the most common resource included in this category. From the human perspective, resources are non-renewable when their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment/recovery; a good example of this isfossil fuels,which are in this category because their rate of formation is extremely slow (potentially millions of years), meaning they are considered non-renewable. Some resources naturally deplete in amount without human interference, the most notable of these being radio-active elements such as uranium, which naturally decay into heavy metals. Of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used byrecyclingthem,[5]but coal and petroleum cannot be recycled.[6]

Ownership

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Extraction

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See also:Extractivism

Resource extraction involves any activity that withdraws resources from nature. This can range in scale from thetraditional useof preindustrial societies to global industry. Extractive industries are, along with agriculture, the basis of theprimary sectorof the economy. Extraction producesraw material,which is then processed toadd value.Examples of extractive industries arehunting,trapping,mining,oil and gas drilling,andforestry.Natural resources can add substantial amounts to a country's wealth;[7]however, a sudden inflow of money caused by a resource boom can create social problems including inflation harming other industries ( "Dutch disease") and corruption, leading to inequality and underdevelopment, this is known as the"resource curse".

Extractive industries represent a large growing activity in many less-developed countries but the wealth generated does not always lead tosustainableandinclusive growth.People often accuse extractive industry businesses as acting only to maximize short-term value, implying that less-developed countries are vulnerable to powerful corporations. Alternatively, host governments are often assumed to be only maximizing immediaterevenue.Researchers argue there are areas of common interest where development goals and business cross. These present opportunities for international governmental agencies to engage with theprivate sectorand host governments through revenue management and expenditure accountability, infrastructure development,employment creation,skills andenterprise development,and impacts on children, especially girls and women.[8]A strong civil society can play an important role in ensuring the effective management of natural resources. Norway can serve as a role model in this regard as it has good institutions and open and dynamic public debate with strong civil society actors that provide an effective checks and balances system for the government's management of extractive industries, such as theExtractive Industries Transparency Initiative(EITI), a global standard for the good governance of oil, gas and mineral resources. It seeks to address the key governance issues in the extractive sectors.[9]However, in countries that do not have a very strong and unified society, meaning that there are dissidents who are not as happy with the government as in Norway's case, natural resources can actually be a factor in whether a civil war starts and how long the war lasts.[10]

Depletion

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Wind is a natural resource that can be used to generate electricity, as with these 5 MW wind turbines inThorntonbank Wind Farm28 km (17 mi) off the coast ofBelgium.
See also:Exploitation of natural resources

In recent years, thedepletion of natural resourceshas become a major focus of governments and organizations such as theUnited Nations(UN). This is evident in the UN's Agenda 21 Section Two, which outlines the necessary steps for countries to take to sustain their natural resources.[11]The depletion of natural resources is considered asustainable developmentissue.[12]The termsustainable developmenthas many interpretations, most notably the Brundtland Commission's 'to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability offuture generationsto meet their own needs';[13]however, in broad terms it is balancing the needs of the planet's people and species now and in the future.[11]In regards to natural resources, depletion is of concern for sustainable development as it has the ability to degrade current environments[14]and the potential to impact the needs of future generations.[12]

"The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem, it will avail us little to solve all others."

Depletion of natural resources is associated withsocial inequity.Considering most biodiversity are located in developing countries,[16]depletion of this resource could result in losses ofecosystem servicesfor these countries.[17]Some view this depletion as a major source of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations.[18]

At present, there is a particular concern for rainforest regions that hold most of the Earth's biodiversity.[19]According to Nelson,[20]deforestation and degradation affect 8.5% of the world's forests with 30% of the Earth's surface already cropped. If we consider that 80% of people rely on medicines obtained from plants and3⁄4of the world's prescription medicines have ingredients taken from plants,[17]loss of the world's rainforests could result in a loss of finding more potential life-saving medicines.[21]

The depletion of natural resources is caused by 'direct drivers of change'[20]such asmining,petroleum extraction,fishing,and forestry as well as 'indirect drivers of change' such as demography (e.g. population growth), economy, society, politics, and technology.[20]The current practice ofagricultureis another factor causing depletion of natural resources. For example, the depletion of nutrients in the soil due to excessive use of nitrogen[20]anddesertification.[11] The depletion of natural resources is a continuing concern for society. This is seen in the cited quote given byTheodore Roosevelt,a well-known conservationist and former United States president, who was opposed to unregulated natural resource extraction.

Protection

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See also:Environmental protection

In 1982, theUnited Nationsdeveloped theWorld Charter for Nature,which recognized the need to protect nature from further depletion due to human activity. It states that measures must be taken at all societal levels, from international to individual, to protect nature. It outlines the need for sustainable use of natural resources and suggests that the protection of resources should be incorporated into national and international systems of law.[22]To look at the importance of protecting natural resources further, the World Ethic of Sustainability, developed by theIUCN,WWFand theUNEPin 1990,[23]set out eight values for sustainability, including the need to protect natural resources from depletion. Since the development of these documents, many measures have been taken to protect natural resources including establishment of the scientific field and practice of conservation biology and habitat conservation, respectively.

Conservation biologyis the scientific study of the nature and status of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protectingspecies,theirhabitats,and ecosystems from excessive rates ofextinction.[24][25]It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on science, economics and the practice ofnatural resource management.[26][27][28][29]The termconservation biologywas introduced as the title of a conference held at theUniversity of California, San Diego,in La Jolla, California, in 1978, organized by biologists Bruce A. Wilcox andMichael E. Soulé.

Habitat conservationis a type ofland managementthat seeks toconserve,protect and restorehabitatareas for wildplantsandanimals,especiallyconservation reliant species,and prevent their extinction,fragmentationor reduction inrange.[30]

Management

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Main articles:Natural resource managementandUnited Nations Resource Management System

Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land,water,soil,plants,andanimals—with a particular focus on how management affectsquality of lifefor present and future generations. Hence, sustainable development is followed according to the judicious use of resources to supply present and future generations. The disciplines of fisheries, forestry, and wildlife are examples of large subdisciplines of natural resource management.

Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right to use the resources and who does not to define the management boundaries of the resource.[31]The resources may be managed by the users according to the rules governing when and how the resource is used depending on local condition[32]or the resources may be managed by a governmental organization or other central authority.[33]

A "...successful management of natural resources depends on freedom of speech, a dynamic and wide-ranging public debate through multiple independent media channels and an active civil society engaged in natural resource issues..."[34]because of the nature of the shared resources, the individuals who are affected by the rules can participate in setting or changing them.[31]The users have rights to devise their own management institutions and plans under the recognition by the government. The right to resources includes land, water, fisheries, and pastoral rights.[32]The users or parties accountable to the users have to actively monitor and ensure the utilisation of the resource compliance with the rules and impose penalties on those people who violate the rules.[31]These conflicts are resolved quickly and efficiently by the local institution according to the seriousness and context of the offense.[32]The global science-based platform to discuss natural resources management is theWorld Resources Forum,based in Switzerland.

See also

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References

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  1. ^"natural resources - definition of natural resources in English".Oxford Dictionaries. 2014-04-20. Archived fromthe originalon November 3, 2013.Retrieved2016-12-12.
  2. ^"Definition of natural resource - Student Dictionary".Wordcentral.2012-09-20.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-08-03.Retrieved2016-12-12.natural resource [...]: something (as a mineral, waterpower source, forest, or kind of animal) that is found in nature and is valuable to humans (as in providing a source of energy, recreation, or scenic beauty[.]
  3. ^"What is Natural Resources? definition and meaning".Investorwords.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-11-02.Retrieved2016-12-12.
  4. ^"Natural resource dictionary definition | natural resource defined".Yourdictionary.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-10-22.Retrieved2016-12-12.Natural-resource meaning [:]
    An actual or potential form of wealth supplied by nature, as coal, oil, water power, timber, arable land, etc.
    A material source of wealth, such as timber, fresh water, or a mineral deposit, that occurs in a natural state and has economic value.
    Something, such as a forest, a mineral deposit, or fresh water, that is found in nature and is necessary or useful to humans.
    Any source of wealth that occurs naturally, especially minerals, fossil fuels, timber, etc.
  5. ^"Earth's natural wealth: an audit".Science.org.au. May 23, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon July 20, 2008.
  6. ^"Peak Everything?".Reason. April 27, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on January 1, 2019.RetrievedMay 5,2010.
  7. ^"EnviroStats: Canada's natural resource wealth at a glance".Statcan.gc.ca.Archivedfrom the original on 2014-11-06.Retrieved2014-05-31.
  8. ^Evelyn Dietsche; Samantha Dodd; Dan Haglund; Mark Henstridge; Maja Jakobsen; Esméralda Sindou; Caroline Slaven."Extractive industries, development and the role of donors - ECONOMIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR PROFESSIONAL EVIDENCE AND APPLIED KNOWLEDGE SERVICES".Partberplatform.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-02-05.Retrieved2016-12-12.
  9. ^Indra Overland (2018) 'Introduction: Civil Society, Public Debate and Natural Resource Management', in Indra Overland (ed.) Public Brainpower: Civil Society and Natural Resource Management, Cham: Palgrave, pp. 1–22. https:// researchgate.net/publication/320656629Archived2018-06-12 at theWayback Machine
  10. ^Lujala, Päivi (January 2010). "The spoils of nature: Armed civil conflict and rebel access to natural resources".Journal of Peace Research.47(1): 15–28.doi:10.1177/0022343309350015.S2CID111088968.
  11. ^abc"UN 2002 Earth Summit Agenda 21 The United Nations programme for action from Rio: Section Two – Conservation and Management of Resources for Development, United Nations, Rio".Un.org. 12 September 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-10-10.Retrieved2016-12-12.
  12. ^abSchilling M and Chiang L 2011 The effect of natural resources on sustainable development policy: The approach of non-sustainable externalities. Energy Policy 39: 990–998
  13. ^"UN 1987 'Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future' UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements".Un.org. 12 September 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-05-17.Retrieved2016-12-12.
  14. ^Salvati L and Marco Z 2008 Naturalresource depletionand economic performance of local districts: suggestions from a within-country analysisJournal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology.15(6): 518–523
  15. ^Theodore Roosevelt, Address to the Deep Waterway Convention Memphis, TN, October 4, 1907
  16. ^UNESCO and UNEP 2002 Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity for Sustainable Development, World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg.
  17. ^abNellemann C and Corcoran E 2010 Dead Planet, Living Planet- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration for Sustainable Development: A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Program, GRID-Arendal
  18. ^Von Braun J cited in Inforesources Trends 2005 Depletion of Natural Resources – Implications for Development: An assessment by experts Berne, Switzerland
  19. ^Nations, United (12 September 2011)."UNEP 2011 International Year of Forests".United Nations.Un.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-12-09.Retrieved2016-12-12.
  20. ^abcd"Nelson 2005 Chapter 3: Drivers of Ecosystem Change: Summary Chapter in Current State and Trends Assessment Millenium Ecosystem Assessment"(PDF).12 September 2011. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 14 October 2009.Retrieved2016-12-12.
  21. ^Clark H cited in UNESCO and UNEP 2002 Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity for Sustainable Development, World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg
  22. ^"UN 1982 General Assembly World Charter for Nature: 48th Plenary meeting".United Nations. 13 September 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-04-02.Retrieved2016-12-12.
  23. ^Fein, J. (2003)."Learning to Care: Education and Compassion"(PDF).Australian Journal of Environmental Education.19:1–13.doi:10.1017/S0814062600001427.hdl:10072/368672.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on September 14, 2015.RetrievedMay 31,2014.
  24. ^M. E. Soulé and B. A. Wilcox. 1980. Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective. Sinauer Associatess. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
  25. ^M. E. Soule. (1986). What is conservation Biology?BioScience,35(11): 727–734[1]Archived2019-04-12 at theWayback Machine
  26. ^Soule, Michael E. (1986).Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity.Sinauer Associates. p. 584.ISBN0-87893-795-1.
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  29. ^van Dyke, Fred (2008).Conservation Biology: Foundations, Concepts, Applications, 2nd ed.Springer Verlag. p. 478.ISBN978-1-4020-6890-4.
  30. ^Habitat Conservation Planning Branch."Habitat Conservation".California Department of Fish & Game.Archived fromthe originalon 2019-10-26.Retrieved2009-04-07.
  31. ^abc"Ostrom E cited in Kommers N and Mackie P 2005 Journalist guide to world resources 2005 World Resources Institute 1-30"(PDF).Pdf.wri.org.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2011-11-25.Retrieved2011-09-22.
  32. ^abc"UNDP, UNEP, The World Bank and World Resources Institute – The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty Institute 2005 Chapter 3 The board's role in governance, World Resources 2005"(PDF).Sc.my. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-07-25.
  33. ^Conroy, Michael J. (2012).Decision Making in Natural Resource Management: a Structured, Adaptive Approach.Peterson, James T. Chicester: Wiley.ISBN978-1-118-50623-3.OCLC827207638.
  34. ^Overland, Indra (2018-01-01). "Introduction: Civil Society, Public Debate and Natural Resource Management".Public Brainpower: Civil Society and Natural Resource Management.pp. 1–22.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60627-9_1.ISBN9783319606262.Archivedfrom the original on 2018-06-12.Retrieved2018-04-05.
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