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Richard Brinsley Sheridan

This article is about Anglo-Irish playwright and politician. For his grandson, the English politician, seeRichard Brinsley Sheridan (politician).For the Australian politician, seeRichard Bingham Sheridan.

Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan(30 October 1751 – 7 July 1816) was an Anglo-Irish playwright, writer andWhigpolitician who sat in theBritish House of Commonsfrom 1780 to 1812, representing the constituencies ofStafford,WestminsterandIlchester.The owner of theTheatre Royal, Drury Lane,in London, he wrote several prominent plays such asThe Rivals(1775),The Duenna(1775),The School for Scandal(1777) andA Trip to Scarborough(1777). He served asTreasurer of the Navyfrom 1806 to 1807. Sheridan died in 1816 and was buried atPoets' CornerinWestminster Abbey.His plays remain a central part of theWestern canonand are regularly performed around the world.

Richard Brinsley Sheridan
Portrait byJohn Hoppner,c. 1788-92
Treasurer of the Navy
In office
1806–1807
MonarchGeorge III
Prime MinisterLord Grenville
Preceded byGeorge Canning
Succeeded byGeorge Rose
Personal details
Born(1751-10-30)30 October 1751
Dublin,Ireland
Died7 July 1816(1816-07-07)(aged 64)
London, England
Political partyWhig
Spouse(s)Elizabeth Ann Linley,Esther Jane Ogle
ProfessionPlaywright, politician

Early life

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Portrait of a Gentleman,traditionally identified as Richard Brinsley Sheridan, byJohn Hoppner

Sheridan was born in 1751 inDublin,Ireland, where his family had a house on the then fashionableDorset Street.His mother,Frances Sheridan,was an Anglo-Irish playwright and novelist. She had two plays produced in London in the early 1760s, though she is best known for her novelThe Memoirs of Miss Sidney Biddulph(1761).[1]HisIrishfather,Thomas Sheridan,was for a while an actor-manager at theSmock Alley Theatrein Dublin, but following his move to England in 1758, he gave up acting and wrote several books on the subject of education, especially the standardisation of the English language in education.[2]His elder brother wasCharles Francis Sheridan.[3]His paternal grandfather wasThe Rev.Thomas SheridanfromCounty Cavan,who was a close friend ofJonathan Swift.[4]

While his family was in Dublin, Richard attended the English Grammar School inGrafton Street.In 1758, when he was seven years old, the Sheridans moved permanently to England.[5]

He was a pupil atHarrow Schoolfrom 1762 to 1768.[6]At the end of his 1768 school year, his father employed a private tutor, Lewis Ker, to direct his studies in his father's house in London, whileDomenico Angeloinstructed him in fencing and horsemanship.[6]

In 1772, aged 20 or 21, Sheridan fought two duels with Captain Thomas Mathews, who had written a newspaper article defaming the character ofElizabeth Ann Linley,whom Sheridan intended to marry. In the first duel, they agreed to fight inHyde Park,but finding it too crowded they went first to the Hercules Pillars tavern (on the site whereApsley Housenow stands atHyde Park Corner) and then on to the Castle Tavern in Henrietta Street,Covent Garden.[7]Far from its romantic image, the duel was short and bloodless. Mathews lost his sword and, according to Sheridan, was forced to 'beg for his life' and sign a retraction of the article.[8]The apology was made public and Mathews, infuriated by the publicity the duel had received, refused to accept his defeat as final and challenged Sheridan to another duel. Sheridan was not obliged to accept this challenge but could have become a social pariah if he had not.[citation needed]The second duel, fought in July 1772 at Kingsdown near Bath,[9]was a much more ferocious affair. This time both men broke their swords but carried on fighting in a 'desperate struggle for life and honour'.[10]Both were wounded, Sheridan dangerously, and he had to be 'borne from the field with a portion of his antagonist's weapon sticking through an ear, his breast-bone touched, his whole body covered with wounds and blood, and his face nearly beaten to jelly with the hilt of Mathews' sword'.[11]Mathews escaped in apost chaise.Eight days after the bloody affair theBath Chroniclewas able to announce that Sheridan was out of danger.

Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan,aged 31, byGainsborough(National Gallery of Art)

Later that year, Elizabeth and the 21-year-old Richard eloped and set up house in London on a lavish scale. Sheridan had little money and no immediate prospects of any, other than his wife'sdowry.The young couple entered the fashionable world and apparently held up their end in entertaining. Sheridan was a patron ofMargaret Cuylerand she was his presumed mistress. As his protégée she appeared at Drury Lane in January 1777, despite being a poor actress.[12]

Literary career

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In 1775 Sheridan's first play,The Rivals,was produced at London'sCovent Garden Theatre.It was a failure on its first night, andJohn Lee's performance as Sir Lucius O'Trigger was criticised for rendering the character "ridiculous and disgusting". Sheridan rewrote the play and presented it again a few days later, withLaurence Clinchreplacing Lee in the role.[13]In its reworked form it was a huge success, immediately establishing the young playwright's reputation and the favour of fashionable London. It went on to become a standard ofEnglish literature.

Shortly after the success ofThe Rivals,Sheridan and his father-in-lawThomas Linley the Elder,a successful composer, produced the operaThe Duenna.This piece, warmly received, played for seventy-five performances.

His most famous play,The School for Scandal,premiered at Drury Lane on 8 May 1777. It is considered one of the greatestcomedies of mannersin English. It was followed byThe Critic(1779), an updating of the satiricalRestoration playThe Rehearsal.

Having quickly made his name and fortune, in 1776 Sheridan boughtDavid Garrick's share in theDrury Lanepatent, and in 1778 the remaining share; his later plays were all produced there.[14]In 1778 Sheridan wroteThe Camp,which commented on the ongoing threat of a French invasion of Britain. The same year Sheridan's brother-in-lawThomas Linley,a young composer who worked with him at Drury Lane Theatre, died in a boating accident. Sheridan had a rivalry with his fellow playwrightRichard Cumberlandand included a parody of Cumberland in his playThe Critic.On 24 February 1809 (despite the much vaunted fire safety precautions of 1794) the theatre burned down. On being encountered drinking a glass of wine in the street while watching the fire, Sheridan was famously reported to have said, "A man may surely be allowed to take a glass of wine by his own fireside."[15]Sheridan was the manager of the theatre for many years, and later became sole owner with no managerial role.

Political career

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InUncorking Old Sherry(1805),James Gillraycaricatured Sheridan as a bottle ofsherry,uncorked by Pitt and bursting out with puns, invective, and fibs.

In 1780, Sheridan entered theHouse of Commonsas the ally ofCharles James Foxon the side of the American Colonials in the political debate of that year. He is said to have paid theburgessesof Stafford five guineas apiece to allow him to represent them. As a consequence, his first speech in Parliament was a defence against the charge of bribery.

In 1787 Sheridan demanded theimpeachmentofWarren Hastings,the firstGovernor-General of India.His speech[16]in the House of Commons was described byEdmund Burke,Charles James Fox, andWilliam Pittas the greatest ever delivered in ancient or modern times.[17]

In Commons, Sheridan was known as an engaging, and often entertaining orator. His speeches at the Hastings impeachment were later published as a 59-page booklet.[18][19]In 1793, during the debates on theAliens Actdesigned to preventFrench Revolutionaryspies and saboteurs from flooding into the country, Edmund Burke made a speech in which he claimed there were thousands of French agents in Britain ready to use weapons against the authorities. To dramatically emphasise his point he threw down a knife onto the floor of the House of Commons. Sheridan shouted, "Where's the fork?", which led to much of the house collapsing in laughter.[20]

In April 1798 he appeared at the trial inMaidstoneofUnited Irishmenaccused of treasonable conspiracy with the French. Along withCharles James Fox,Lord Moiraand other radical Whig grandees, he testified on behalf ofArthur O'Connor.O'Connor was acquitted. His companion, FatherJames Coiglywas hanged.[21][22]

During theinvasion scare of 1803Sheridan penned an 'Address to the People':

THEY, by a strange Frenzy driven, fight for Power, for Plunder, and extended Rule—WE, for our Country, our Altars, and our Homes.—THEY follow an ADVENTURER, whom they fear—and obey a Power which theyhate—WE serve aMonarchwhom we love—a God whom we adore...They call on us to barter all of Good we have inherited and proved, for the desperate Chance of Something better which theypromise.—Be our plain Answer this: The Throne WE honour is the PEOPLE'S CHOICE—the Laws we reverence are our brave Fathers' Legacy—the Faith we follow teaches us to live in bonds of Charity with all Mankind, and die with Hope of Bliss beyond the Grave. Tell yourInvadersthis; and tell them too, we seek no Change; and, least of all, such Change astheywould bring us.[23]

He held the posts of Receiver-General of theDuchy of Cornwall(1804–1807) andTreasurer of the Navy(1806–1807). Sheridan was noted for his close political relationship with thePrince of Wales,leading a faction of his supporters in the Commons. By 1805 when the Prince was cooling on his previous support ofCatholic EmancipationSheridan,George Tierneyand others announced their own opposition to it.[24]

When, after 32 years in Parliament, he lost re-election in 1812, his creditors closed in on him and his last years were harassed by debt and disappointment. On hearing of his debts, the American Congress offered Sheridan £20,000 in recognition of his efforts to prevent theAmerican War of Independence.He refused the offer.

Mrs Sheridan (Miss Linley)

Death and commemoration

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In December 1815 Sheridan became ill and was largely confined to bed. He died in poverty. However, dukes, earls, lords, viscounts, theLord Mayor of London,and other notables attended his funeral, and he was buried in thePoets' CornerofWestminster Abbey.

In 1825 the Irish writerThomas Moorepublished a sympathetic two-volume biography,Memoirs of the Life of Richard Brinsley Sheridan,which became a major influence on subsequent perceptions. ARoyal Society of Artsblue plaquewas unveiled in 1881 to commemorate Sheridan at 14Savile Rowin Mayfair.[25]Another plaque is in Stafford.

Family life

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He was twice married. He and his first wifeElizabethhad a son:

Elizabeth also had a daughter, Mary, born 30 March 1792 but fathered by her lover,Lord Edward FitzGerald.[26]After Elizabeth's death, Sheridan fulfilled his promise to look after Thomas and FitzGerald's baby daughter. A nurse was employed to care for the child at hisWansteadhome.[27]The baby had a series of fits one evening in October 1793, when she was 18 months old, dying before a doctor could attend. She was interred beside her mother atWells Cathedral.[28]

In 1795, Richard B. Sheridan married Esther Jane Ogle (1776–1817), daughter of theDean of Winchester.They had at least one child: Charles Brinsley Sheridan (1796–1843).[29]At one time Sheridan ownedDowne House, Richmond Hillin London.[30]

Affairs

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Sheridan was awomanizer.He had recordedaffairswithFrances Crewe, Lady Crewe(he dedicated his 1777 playThe School for Scandalto her), and a disastrous affair withHarriet Spencer,beginning in 1789. Sheridan's affair with Harriet was disastrous for her, as the worst-case scenario actually happened: her abusive husbandViscount Duncannonwalked in on Harriet and Sheridan having intercourse. Violently enraged, Duncannon immediately wanted to divorce Harriet. Divorce in the 18th century was social ruin for women, and Harriet narrowly escaped such calamity only when Duncannon's fatherWilliam Ponsonby, 2nd Earl of Bessboroughand the powerful Cavendish clan sided with Harriet, making divorcing her social suicide.[31]

Whilst attempting to win back his wifeEliza,one of multiple similar occasions, he conceived a child with a governess named Caroline Townsend in 1789. Sheridan's friends,Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of DevonshireandHenrietta Ponsonby, Countess of Bessboroughhelped him arrange for Caroline to go abroad to deliver, and adopted the baby, whom they named Fanny Mortimer. Fanny "grew up at Devonshire House as a sort of foundling, inhabiting a nether world between the servants' quarters and the nursery. After Georgiana died in 1806, Harriet sent Fanny to private school and eventually saw her marry quite well. Fanny always suspected that either Harriet or Georgiana was her mother and never quite recovered from learning that her true mother was a mere governess."[32]

Character

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To his contemporaries, Sheridan was as known for his dazzling wit, lively humour, and political acuity as for his duplicitousness, vindictive nastiness, and general profligacy. Sheridan was a social-climber who had no qualms about backstabbing friends to maintain his social status amongst actual aristocrats and to gain power in Whig society. Perhaps the best summary of Sheridan's character was by Sir Gilbert Elliot,Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Mintowho observed to his wife: "He employs a great deal of art, with a great deal of pain, to gratify, not the proper passion in such affairs, but vanity; and he deals in the most intricate plotting and under plotting, like a Spanish play."[33]By 1789, Sheridan's two-faced cunning made him despised by most of Whig society.[34]

Like most of theTon (le bon ton),Sheridan drank heavily and was a gambling addict, gambling most nights with money he did not have. Whilst most of his fellow gambling addicts attempted to pay their creditors, Sheridan pointedly never paid his debts, as he believed paying his creditors "only encourages them."[35]

Sheridan's behaviour towards women in particular was dishonourable. A rake and professional storyteller, he was a gifted apologiser and made promises to his wives and lovers he knew he would never keep.[36]Sheridan sexually harassed and assaulted women. An example of this is his sexual harassment and then assault of Lady Webster, later known as Lady Holland,Elizabeth Fox, Baroness Holland.After falsely accusing her of having an affair with a man she "did not care for in the least", he threatened to ruin her by telling society of her imaginary affair. When Lady Webster did not submit to his advances, he retaliated by later assaulting her in her home. Lady Webster herself recorded the assault: "...when I defied [his] threat he took another most extraordinary method – I was told one day that a servant had brought a message which he would deliver to no one but myself, and before I could order him to be admitted, in entered Sheridan, wrapped up in a great watchcoat, and after my servant had quitted the room he rushed up to me and with a ferociousness quite frightful bit my cheek so violently that the blood ran on down my neck – I had just enough sense to ring the bell and he withdrew."[37]

By 1802, Sheridan's despicable behaviour took an even more sinister turn, and he began harassing one of his few remaining friends, Harriet Spencer,Henrietta Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough.[38]In 1805, Sheridan had escalated his harassment of Harriet to anonymously sending her threatening letters; as they had been longtime friends and former lovers, Harriet quickly deduced the author's identity as Sheridan's from his handwriting.[39]Sheridan accosted Harriet in public and made a scene any chance he could, reproaching her for not loving him enough and declaring his undying love for her.[40]Despite his cruelty towards her, Harriet was kind to him on his deathbed in 1816. In return, Sheridan grasped her hand hard and told her he would haunt her after his death. Harriet, petrified, asked why, having persecuted her all his life, he was determined to continue his persecution after death. "Because I am resolved you shall remember me." After enduring a few more minutes of his terror, Harriet fled the room.[41]Three days later, Richard Brinsley Sheridan died alone.

Works

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Physical Aid,—or—Britannia recover'd from a Trance;—also, the Patriotic Courage of Sherry Andrew; & a peep thro' the Fog(1803) byJames Gillray,showing Sheridan as aSilenus-like and raggedHarlequindefending Henry Addington and Lord Hawkesbury on the Dover coast from the advancing French rowboats filled with French soldiers, led by Napoleon. Sheridan says: "Let 'em come! damn'me!!!—Where are the French Buggabo's? Single handed I'd beat forty of 'em!!! dam'me I'd pay 'em like Renter Shares, sconce off their half Crowns!!!—mulct them out of their Benefits, &c, come Drury Lane Slang over em!."

He also wrote a selection of poems and political speeches during his time in parliament.

Adaptations and cultural references

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  • Sheridan is played byBarry Stantonin the filmThe Madness of King George(1994). InThe Duchess(2008), a film based on the life of Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, Sheridan is played byAidan McArdleandThe School for Scandalis performed in the movie.
  • Chris Humphreyshas used the character of Jack Absolute fromThe Rivalsas a basis for his booksThe Blooding of Jack Absolute,Absolute HonourandJack Absolute.These are published under the name C. C. Humphreys.
  • Sheridan was a village inToronto Township, Ontario,named for R. B. Sheridan. Its name was later used by a neighbourhood, Sheridan Homelands, which is now part of the City ofMississauga.Sheridan was shortlisted as the name of the newly incorporated city in 1974, which lies just west of the province's capital city of Toronto.[42]
  • InJules Verne's novelAround the World in 80 Days,the protagonist,Phileas Fogg,is said to live at "No. 7 Savile Row, Burlington Gardens, the house in which Sheridan died in 1814." While Sheridan did indeed live in Savile Row, he lived at No. 14 rather than at No. 7 (and he died in 1816, not in 1814 as claimed in the book).[43]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Campbell Ross, Ian (2004)."Sheridan, Frances (1724–1766)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25365.Retrieved2 September2014.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  2. ^Rae 1897a,pp. 87–88.
  3. ^Rae, William Fraser(1897)."Sheridan, Charles Francis".InLee, Sidney(ed.).Dictionary of National Biography.Vol. 52. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  4. ^Dictionary of Irish Biography(D.I.B.): Sheridan, Thomas.https:// dib.ie/biography/sheridan-thomas-a8046
  5. ^Thomas Sheridan Biographyat James Boswell Info; retrieved 30 June 2013.
  6. ^abRae 1897,p. 78.
  7. ^Wheatley 2011,p. 19.
  8. ^Rae 1897,p. 79.
  9. ^ "Bath, Wednesday July 8th",Bath Chronicle,vol. XII, no. 612, p. 3, 9 July 1772 – viaBritish Newspaper Archive
  10. ^Steinmetz 1868,p. 17.
  11. ^Fintan O'Toole: A Traitor's Kiss
  12. ^"Cuyler [married name Rice], Margaret (1758–1814), actress and courtesan".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/64329.Retrieved28 November2020.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  13. ^James Boaden,Memoirs of Mrs Siddons,H. C. Carey, I. Lea and E. Littell, Philadelphia, 1827, Vol. 1, p. 122.
  14. ^The Oxford Companion to the Theatre,edited byPhyllis Hartnoll,OUP (1951)
  15. ^The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations(1999)OUP
  16. ^Sheridan, Richard Brinsley. "At the Trial of Warren Hastings",The World’s Famous Orations,Ireland, 1906
  17. ^John O'Connor Power, 'Irish Wit and Humour', Time, 1890. p. 480.The Making of an Orator,1906, pp. 187–194
  18. ^The Celebrated Speech of Richard Brinsley Sheridan... On His Summing Up the Evidence of the Begum Charge Against Warren Hastings, Esq.(London: Porter, 1788)https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_the-celebrated-speech-of_sheridan-richard-brinsl_1788/page/n13/mode/2up?view=theater
  19. ^Landfield, J. (1961). "The Triumph and Failure of Sheridan’s Speeches Against Hastings".Speech Monographs,28(3), 143–156.https://doi.org/10.1080/03637756109375317
  20. ^Arnold-Baker 1996,p. 393.
  21. ^Madden, Richard Robert (1846).The United Irishmen, Their Lives and Times: v. 1.J. Madden & Company. pp. 27–30, 41.
  22. ^Webb, Alfred (1878)."Arthur O'Connor – Irish Biography".libraryireland.Retrieved13 February2022.
  23. ^Frank J. Klingberg and Sigurd B. Hustvedt (eds.),The Warning Drum. The British Home Front Faces Napoleon. Broadsides of 1803(University of California Press, 1944), pp. 93–94.
  24. ^David, Saul.Prince of Pleasure: The Prince of Wales and the Making of the Regency.Grove Press, 2000.
  25. ^Sheridan Plaque – Mayfair, Londonat English Heritage. Retrieved 30 June 2013
  26. ^Chedzoy (1998),pp. 278, 281.
  27. ^Chedzoy (1998),p. 297
  28. ^Chedzoy (1998),p. 298
  29. ^ Jeffares, A. Norman(2008)."Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751–1816)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25367.Retrieved19 June2015.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  30. ^ Historic England."Downe House (1249949)".National Heritage List for England.Retrieved19 June2015.
  31. ^The Duchessby Amanda Foreman, p. 233
  32. ^The Duchessby Amanda Foreman, p. 233
  33. ^The Life and Letters of Sir Gilbert Elliot, First Earl of Minto, 1751–1806by Lady Minto, p. 312
  34. ^The Duchessby Amanda Foreman, p. 208
  35. ^Sheridanby W. Sichel, p. 167
  36. ^Privilege and Scandalby Janet Gleeson, p. 105
  37. ^Richard Brinsley Sheridanby Linda Kelly, p. 165
  38. ^Privilege and Scandalby Janet Gleeson, p. 219
  39. ^Privilege and Scandalby Janet Gleeson, p. 262
  40. ^Privilege and Scandalby Janet Gleeson, p. 263
  41. ^Recollections of A Long Lifeby John Cam Hobhouse Broughton, p. 102
  42. ^Riendeau, Roger (1985),Mississauga, An Illustrated History,Windsor Books
  43. ^exploringlondon (22 January 2014)."10 fictional character addresses in London – 9. 7 Savile Row, Burlington Gardens…".Exploring London.Retrieved9 December2020.

References

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Attribution

Further reading

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Political offices
Preceded by Treasurer of the Navy
1806–1807 		Succeeded by
Parliament of Great Britain
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of Parliament forStafford
1780–1806 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of Parliament forWestminster
1806–1807 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of Parliament forIlchester
1807–1812 		Succeeded by
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