Rio Grande do Sul(UK:/ˌriːuːˌɡrændiduːˈsʊl/,[3]US:/-ˌɡrɑːndiduːˈsuːl/,[4]Portuguese:[ˈʁi.uˈɡɾɐ̃dʒ(i)duˈsuw];lit."Great River of the South" ) is astatein thesouthern regionofBrazil.It is thefifth-most populous stateand theninth-largest by area.Located in the southernmost part of the country, Rio Grande do Sul is bordered clockwise bySanta Catarinato the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the UruguayandepartmentsofRocha,Treinta y Tres,Cerro Largo,Rivera,andArtigasto the south and southwest, and theArgentineprovincesofCorrientesandMisionesto the west and northwest. The capital and largest city isPorto Alegre.The state has the highest life expectancy in Brazil, and the crime rate is relatively low compared to the Brazilian national average.[5]Despite the highstandard of living,unemployment is still high in the state, as of 2017.[6]The state has 5.4% of the Brazilian population and it is responsible for 6.6% of the Brazilian GDP.
Rio Grande do Sul | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms | |
| Motto(s): | |
| Anthem:Hino Rio-Grandense | |
 Map of Brazil with Rio Grande do Sul highlighted | |
| Coordinates:30°S53°W/ 30°S 53°W | |
| Country |  Brazil |
| Capitaland largest city |  Porto Alegre |
| Government | |
| •Governor | Eduardo Leite(PSDB) |
| • Vice Governor | Gabriel Souza (MDB) |
| •Senators | Hamilton Mourão(REP) Luis Carlos Heinze(PP) Paulo Paim(PT) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 281,707.149 km2(108,767.738 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 9th |
| Population (2022)[1] | |
| • Total | 10,882,965 |
| • Rank | 6th |
| • Density | 39/km2(100/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 13th |
| Demonym(s) | Rio-grandense, sul-rio-grandense orgaúcho |
| GDP | |
| • Year | 2015 |
| • Total | US$205 billion (PPP) US$115 billion (nominal) (4th) |
| • Per capita | US$18,131 (PPP) US$10,244 (nominal) (5th) |
| HDI | |
| • Year | 2021 |
| • Category | 0.771[2]–high(5th) |
| Time zone | UTC-3(BRT) |
| Postal code | 90000-000 to 99990-000 |
| ISO 3166 code | BR-RS |
| License Plate Letter Sequence | IAQ to JDO |
| Website | rs.gov.br |
The state shares agauchoculture with its neighbors Argentina and Uruguay. Before the arrival of Portuguese and Spanish settlers, it was inhabited mostly by theGuaraniandKaingangpeoples (with smaller populations ofCharrúaandMinuane). The first Europeans there wereJesuits,followed by settlers from theAzores.In the 19th century it was the scene of conflicts including theRagamuffin Warand theParaguayan War.Large waves ofGermanandItalianmigration have shaped the state as well.
Geography
edit
Rio Grande do Sul is bordered to the northeast by the Brazilian State ofSanta Catarina,to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, on the southwest byUruguay,and to the northwest by theArgentineprovinces ofCorrientesandMisiones.
The northern part of the state lies on the southern slopes of the elevated plateau extending southward fromSão Pauloacross the states ofParanáand Santa Catarina, and is much broken by low mountain ranges whose general direction across the trend of the slope gives them the appearance of escarpments. A range of low mountains extends southward from theSerra do Marof Santa Catarina and crosses the state into Uruguay. West of this range is a vast grassy plain devoted principally to stock-raising – the northern and most elevated part being suitable in pasturage and climate for sheep, and the southern for cattle. East of it is a wide coastal zone only slightly elevated above the sea; within it are two greatestuarinelagoons, theLagoa dos PatosandLagoa Mirim,which are separated from the ocean by two sandy, partially barren peninsulas. The coast is one great sand beach, broken only by the outlet of the two lakes, called the Rio Grande, which affords an entrance to navigable inland waters and several ports. There are two distinct river systems in Rio Grande do Sul – that of the eastern slope draining to the lagoons, and that of theRío de la Plata basindraining westward to theUruguay River.[7]
The larger rivers of the eastern group are theJacuí,Sinos,Caí,GravataíandCamaquã,which flow into the Lagoa dos Patos, and theJaguarãowhich flows into the Lagoa Mirim. All of the first named, except the Camaquã, discharge into one of the two arms or estuaries opening into the northern end of Lagoa dos Patos, which is called theGuaíba River,though technically it is not a river but a lake. The Guaíba River is broad, comparatively deep and about 56 kilometres (35 mi) long, and with the rivers discharging into it affords upwards of 320 kilometres (200 mi) of fluvial navigation. The Jacuí is one of the most important rivers of the state, rising in the ranges of the Coxilha Grande of the north and flowing south and southeast to the Guaíba estuary, with a course of nearly 480 kilometres (300 mi) It has two large tributaries, theVacacaífrom the south and theTaquarifrom the north, and many small streams. The Jaguarão, which forms part of the boundary line with Uruguay, is navigable 42 km up to and beyond the town ofJaguarão.[7]
In addition to the Lagoa dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim there are a number of small lakes on the sandy, swampy peninsulas that lie between the coast and these two, and there are others of a similar character along the northern coast. The largest lake is the Lagoa dos Patos (Lake of the Patos – an Indian tribe inhabiting its shores at the time of European discovery), which lies parallel with the coastline, northeast and southwest, and is about 214 kilometres (133 mi) long exclusive of the two arms at its northern end, 40 58 km long respectively, and of its outlet, the Rio Grande, about 39 km long. Its width varies from 35 to 58 km. The lake is comparatively shallow and filled with sand banks, making its navigable channels tortuous and difficult. The Lagoa Mirim occupies a similar position farther south, on the Uruguayan border, and is about 175 kilometres (109 mi) long by 10 to 35 km wide. It is more irregular in outline and discharges into Lagoa dos Patos through a navigable channel known as theSão Gonçalo Channel.A part of the lake lies in Uruguayan territory, but its navigation, as determined by treaty, belongs exclusively to Brazil. Both of these lakes are evidently the remains of an ancient depression in the coastline shut in by sand beaches built up by the combined action of wind and current. They are of the same level as the ocean, but their waters are affected by the tides and arebrackishonly a short distance above the Rio Grande outlet.[7]
Fully one-third of the state belongs to the Río de la Plata drainage basin. Of the many streams flowing northward and westward to the Uruguay, the largest are theIjuíof the plateau region, theIbicuí,which has its source near Santa Maria in the central part of the state and flows westward to the Uruguay a short distance aboveUruguaiana,and theQuaraí Riverwhich forms part of the boundary line with Uruguay. The Uruguay River itself is formed by the confluence of theCanoasandPelotasrivers. The Pelotas, which has its source in theSerra do Maron the Atlantic coast, and the Uruguay River forms the northern and western boundary line of the state down to the mouth of the Quaraí, on the Uruguayan frontier.[7]
Climate
edit
Rio Grande do Sul lies within the south temperate zone and is predominantlyhumid subtropical(Cfa,according to theKöppen climate classification). The climate issubtropical highland(Cfb) in the highest areas. There are four relatively well-defined seasons and rainfall is well distributed throughout the year, but occasional droughts can occur. The winter months, June to September, are characterized by heavy rains and by a cold southwesterly wind, calledminuano,which sometimes lowers the temperature to below freezing, especially in themountainous municipalities,[7]where snowfalls can occur. The lowest official temperature registered in the state was −9.8 °C (14 °F) inBom Jesus,on August 1, 1955.[8]In summer, the temperature rises to 37 °C (99 °F), and heat related injuries are not uncommon.
Ecoregions
editSeveralecoregionscover portions of the state. In the northeastern corner of the state, between theSerra do Mar/Serra Geral and the Atlantic, lies the southern extension of theSerra do Mar coastal forests,a belt of evergreen tropical moist forests that extend north along the coastal strip as far asRio de Janeiro state.The high plateau behind the Serra do Mar is occupied by theAraucaria moist forests,a subtropical forests characterized by evergreen, laurel-leaved forests interspersed with emergentBrazilian Pines(Araucaria angustifolia).TheAlto Paraná Atlantic forestslie on the lower slopes of the plateau south and east of the Araucaria forests, including much of the lower basin of the Jacuí and its tributaries. These forests are semi-deciduous, with many trees losing their leaves in the winter dry season. TheAtlantic Coast restingas,distinctive forests which grow on nutrient-poor coastal dunes, extend along the coast, as far as the Uruguayan border.
The southeastern portion of the state is covered by thePampas,which extends south intoUruguay,in aplateaunamedSerras de Sudeste(Southeastern Mountain Ranges).
Paleontology
editTheCaturrita Formation,rich inTriassicfossils, is located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.Riograndia,acynodontfrom these deposits, was named after the state in 2001.[9]Other animals from Caturrita Formation include adicynodontJachaleria,atraversodontidExaeretodonand arhynchosaurScaphonyx.The presence ofExaeretodonandScaphonyxshows the relationships with the fauna ofIschigualasto Formationof Argentina whileJachaleriabetter correlates with the lower part ofLos Colorados Formation.All three genera confirm the Late Triassic age of the deposits, older than the upper section of Los Colorados Formation.[9]
History
editDuring the Brazilian Colonial period, the province of South Rio Grande was the scene of small wars and border skirmishes between Portugal and Spain for the region, theSacramento Colony,and theGuarani Missions.It was also a focal point for internal rebellions in the 19th and the early 20th centuries.
Guarani Wars
editAccording to thetreaty of Tordesillas,the region was to be part of the Spanish possessions in South America. However, the Spanish were much more interested in the Pacific Coast, where gold, silver, and gems were quickly found. Even in the Atlantic coast, their attention was on theRiver Platewhere they built the seaport of Buenos Aires, on its right bank. Consequently, Spanish settlement followed the course of the River Plate and its tributaries, especially the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, largely ignoring the Rio Grande do Sul area. The Spanish introduced livestock which escaped into the plains and attractedgauchosto the area.
The first Spanish to settle in the region that is nowParaguay,northwestern Argentina (Corrientes,Misiones), and Rio Grande do Sul wereJesuitmissionary priests who came with the idea of converting the indigenous population toCatholic Christianity.To that end, they founded missionary villages known in Spanish asmisionesorreducciones,populated byGuarani Indians.
In the early 17th century, the Jesuits founded missions to the east of the Uruguay river, and in the northwest of modern Rio Grande do Sul.[10]
The missions were destroyed and their Guarani inhabitants were enslaved in large raids bybandeirantesbetween 1636 and 1638; however, in 1687, the Jesuits were back in the region, having refounded seven reductions, theMisiones Orientales.The region remained under Spanish sovereignty, though in practice the Jesuits operated quite independently as consequence of the spanish laws, up to the late 17th century. But in 1680, the Portuguese foundedColônia do Sacramentoon the northern bank of the River Plate, in what is nowUruguay.War ensued and was intermittent until the independence of Uruguay in 1828.[11]
The logistics of defending Colônia against the Spanish resulted in a government effort to settle Rio Grande do Sul's coastal region with Brazilian and Portuguese colonists. In 1737, a fortified village (today the city of Rio Grande) was built at the entrance of Lagoa dos Patos. In 1752, a group ofAzoreansettlers founded Porto Alegre; to the west, Rio Pardo was also founded. Towards the middle of the century, Brazilians and Portuguese arrived to the west of the region, clashing with the Jesuits and the Guaranis. Up to 1756, the Guaranis fought back, under the leadership ofSepé Tiaraju,who was popularly canonized as São Sepé (Saint Sepé). However, the Portuguese and Brazilians eventually crushed the resistance, destroyed the missions, and the region came definitely into Portuguese hegemony.[12]
In 1738, the territory (which included the present state of Santa Catarina) became the Capitania d'el Rei and was made a dependency of Rio de Janeiro. Territorial disputes between Spain and Portugal led to the occupation by the Spaniards of the town ofRio Grande(then the capital of the capitania) and neighboring districts from 1763 to 1776, when they reverted to the Portuguese. The capture of Rio Grande in 1763 caused the removal of the seat of government toViamãoat the head of Lagoa dos Patos; in 1773, Porto dos Cazaes, renamedPorto Alegre,became the capital. These historic acts were planned and directed by Manuel Sepúlveda, who used the pseudonym José Marcelino de Figueiredo, to hide his identity. In 1801, news of war between Spain and Portugal led to the capture of the Sete Povos and some frontier posts.
In 1777, the Santo Ildefonso Treaty granted the coastal region to Portugal, and the Missões to Spain; but, in practice, both regions were populated by Portuguese and Brazilian settlers. In 1801, the Badajoz treaty handed the Misiones (Missões) to the Portuguese; only the borders between modern Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul remained in dispute.[13]
Cisplatine War
editThe districts of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande had been separated in 1760 for military convenience, and in 1807 the latter was elevated to the category of a "capitania-geral", with the designation of "Sao Pedro do Rio Grande", independent of Rio de Janeiro, and with Santa Catarina as a dependency. In 1812 Rio Grande and Santa Catarina were organized into two distinctcomarcas,the latter becoming an independent province in 1822 when theEmpire of Brazilwas organized.
In 1816, the Portuguese captured Uruguay, which became a Province of Brazil (Província Cisplatina). This situation outlasted Brazil's independence from Portugal in 1822; in 1825, however,Juan Antonio Lavallejaproclaimed the independence of Uruguay; war followed, until in 1828 Brazil recognized Uruguayan independence.
Farroupilha Revolution
edit
Populating Rio Grande do Sul was a constant concern of the Portuguese. To that end, the metropolitan Crown distributed land in the form of enormouslatifundia.[14]
In those large latifundia, cattle raising was the predominant economic activity. The Guaranis, under Jesuit rule, had started raising cattle in the Missões. The destruction of the Missões left astray immense herds, which went feral. Thus the newcomers from São Paulo and Santa Catarina settled by re-domesticating these feral herds, called "gado xucro".[15]
The Azorean settlers, on the other hand, mainly introduced wheat crops in much smaller properties. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, wheat was the main export product of Rio Grande do Sul.[15]
However, the introduction ofcharqueadasin the Southern coast, following the 1777 drought inCeará,opened new opportunities to husbandry, as from them on, instead of moving herds by land to São Paulo, cattle could be sold in the relatively nearby region of Pelotas, to be slaughtered and processed there, and further transported by sea to Santos, Rio de Janeiro, and other Brazilian harbours. The cheap jerky was commonly used as food for the enslaved laborers in other parts of Brazil.[16]
Up to 1830, political unrest in Argentina and Uruguay favoured the jerky producers of Pelotas. But with order restored in these countries, competition by Argentinian and Uruguayan jerky producers became a concern. The jerky industry of the Plata was favored by the superior quality of Argentinian and Uruguayan pastures, by their better seaports,[17]and by their use of free labor, instead of slavery.[18]Consequently, the regional elites soon started to demand customs protection for the gaúcho jerky against the product of the Rio de la Plata; on the failure of the Imperial government to address those concerns, political demands of greater autonomy, and ideas of a federal relationship towards the rest of Brazil were put forth.[17]
These escalated into full rebellion in 1835. In 1834, the Imperial government issued an "Ato Adicional",allowing for elected Provincial legislative assemblies. The first gaúcha Legislative Assembly, inaugurated in April 1835, quickly confronted the Provincial President (appointed by the Regency on behalf of the Emperor, who was a minor). Rebellion broke out in the province on September 20, 1835; giving up hope of redress of the situation by the Imperial Government, the gaúchos proclaimed independence of theRiograndense Republicon September 11, 1836.[19]
The ensuingFarroupilha Revolution(known locally asGuerra dos Farrapos) lasted ten years. The rebels stormed Porto Alegre, but were driven out from there in June 1836. From then on, the Empire was able to control most of the coastal region, achieving decisive strategic advantage from this. However, in 1839, the rebels were still able to invade Santa Catarina, where they proclaimed aJuliana Republic,in a federal relationship with Rio Grande do Sul (during the Santa Catarina campaign,Giuseppe Garibaldijoined the rebels for a while before he returned to Europe and eventually became a hero in his native Italy). The Empire soon retook initiative, though, and from them on the rebels fought in the defensive.[20]
In 1842, the Empire assigned a new Provincial governor and military commander, the Baron, laterDuke of Caxias.The inability of the rebels to secure contact with the world through a seaport, the dwindling economy of the Province, combined with Caxias' superior capabilities as military commander, led to the fall, in 1843, of important rebel strongholds,Caçapava do Sul,Bagé,andAlegrete.Economically exhausted and militarily defeated, the rebels accepted Caxias' terms of surrender. A general amnesty was declared, the rebellious officials were incorporated into the Imperial Army, slaves enrolled in the rebel Army were freed. Additionally, the Empire imposed a 25% tax on foreign jerky imports.[21]
The province suffered greatly in the struggle, but recovered quickly, not only due to the import tax protection, but mainly due to renewed instability in Argentina and Uruguay: Rosas' government in Argentina continually interfered in Uruguayan affairs until 1851, and Buenos Aires was blockaded by the French and the English from 1845 to 1848.[22]
Conflicts with neighbouring countries
editAt mid-19th century, Rio Grande do Sul was repeatedly involved in war between Brazil and its neighbours. Those included war against Argentina and Uruguay (deposal ofJuan Manuel Rosas,Argentinian dictator, andManuel Ceferino Oribe y Viana,Uruguayan president, 1852) and intervention in Uruguay (deposal ofAtanasio Cruz Aguirre,1864). This, in turn, led to Paraguayan intervention, and theParaguayan War,known in Portuguese as Guerra do Paraguai.
In the war against Rosas, 75% of the Brazilian troops weregaúchos.As the only Brazilian boundaries actually facing foreign armies able to project the Empire's power, Rio Grande do Sul and its gaúchos quickly developed a reputation as soldiers.[23]
Paraguayan War
edit
During this long and bloody war against Paraguay, Rio Grande do Sul remained usually a secondary front. But in 1865 a Paraguayan division invaded the state, occupyingUruguaianaby August 5. By August 16, troops of the Triple Alliance put siege to Uruguaiana, and by September 17, an ultimatum was delivered to General Estigarribia, commander of the Paraguayan division. Having no possibility of breaking the siege or defending the position, the Paraguayans surrendered, under conditions, the following day.[24]
But if the territory of Rio Grande do Sul was spared most action, its dwellers provided a very significant part of the Brazilian troops: about 34,000 soldiers, more than 25% of the Brazilian army. This military characteristic of Rio Grande do Sul lasted long after the Paraguayan War: In 1879, of a standing army of less than 15,000, more than 5,000 were in Rio Grande do Sul. On the other hand, during the late Empire, more Brazilian generals were from Rio Grande do Sul than from any other province. In 1889, of 25 generals born in Brazil, four were from Rio Grande do Sul; and of the three born abroad, two were born in Uruguay but made their careers in Rio Grande do Sul.[25]
Late Empire
edit
Political agitation was frequent in Rio Grande do Sul, but no important revolution occurred after the Ponche Verde Treaty in 1845 until the presidency at Rio de Janeiro of GeneralFloriano Peixoto,whose ill-considered interference with state governments led to the revolt of 1892–94, underGumercindo Saraiva.
After theParaguayan War,Rio Grande do Sul underwent important changes in its economy. Railways connected the countryside to Porto Alegre and Rio Grande. Together with the introduction of steam ships, this reduced the costs and duration of transportation, facilitating the province's exports. New cattle breeds were introduced, and barbed wire was used to demarcate properties.[26]
As a consequence, the population of the province doubled between 1872 and 1890, from 434,813 inhabitants to 897,455.[27]This was partly due to immigration: about 60,000 immigrants, mostly from Italy, and, in lesser numbers, from Germany, came to Rio Grande do Sul during this period. Most of the Italians settled in the Serra Gaúcha, and most of the Germans in the valleys of the Jacuí, Sinos, and Caí, as small landed proprietors, and agricultural producers. In the area of German settlements, a messianic movement, theMuckers(German for False Saints) erupted in 1874, and was smashed by the Brazilian Army.[28]
Also during this period, the Liberal Party established its hegemony over the province, meaning control of the provincial legislature, the National Guard in Rio Grande do Sul, and most of the municipal governments. Before the War of the Triple Alliance, the Conservative and Liberal parties had alternated in local power, following the national tendency. But, from 1872 on, the Liberals, under the leadership ofGaspar da Silveira Martins,were able to retain provincial power, even when the Conservatives won at national level.[29]
1893 Revolution
editIn this struggle the revolutionaries occupied Santa Catarina and Paraná, capturingCuritiba,but were eventually overthrown through their inability to obtain munitions of war. An incident in this struggle was the death of AdmiralSaldanha da Gama,one of the most brilliant officers of the Brazilian navy and one of the chiefs of the naval revolt of 1893–94, who was killed in a skirmish on the Uruguayan border towards the end of the conflict.
1923 Revolution
editIn 1923, civil war again exploded between supporters of State President Borges de Medeiros and opposition linked to the Partido Libertador andAssis Brasil.
1930 Revolution
editIn 1930, State PresidentGetúlio Vargas,after unsuccessfully running in the presidential elections against the candidate of São Paulo, Júlio Prestes, led a revolt against the Federal government, and succeeded in overthrowing it. This eventually led to the Vargas dictatorship in 1937 and the period known as theEstado Novo.What is now theRio Grande do Sul Military Brigadefought on the side of the state leadership and, as a result, was never reformed. In fact, the Brigade remains the only state militia in Brazil. (The Military Police is the federal force that polices in the other states.) A poignant example of the Brigade's quasi-autonomy is the participation of its servicemen in both the coup attempt of 1961 and the military coup in 1964.
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1872 | 434,813 | — |
| 1890 | 897,455 | +106.4% |
| 1900 | 1,149,070 | +28.0% |
| 1920 | 2,182,713 | +90.0% |
| 1940 | 3,320,689 | +52.1% |
| 1950 | 4,164,821 | +25.4% |
| 1960 | 5,448,823 | +30.8% |
| 1970 | 6,755,458 | +24.0% |
| 1980 | 7,942,722 | +17.6% |
| 1991 | 9,135,479 | +15.0% |
| 2000 | 10,187,842 | +11.5% |
| 2010 | 10,693,929 | +5.0% |
| 2022 | 10,882,965 | +1.8% |
| Source:[1] | ||
According to theIBGEof 2022, there were 10,882,965 people residing in the state. The population density was 38.63 inhabitants per square kilometre (100.1/sq mi).
Urbanization: 81% (2004); population growth: 1.2% (1991–2000); houses: 3,464,544 (2005).[30]
The last 2022 census counted 8,534,229whitepeople (78.4%), 1,596,357brown(Multiracial) people (14.7%), 709,837blackpeople (6.5%), 34,184Amerindianpeople (0.3%), 8,158Asianpeople (0.1%).[31]
According to a genetic study from 2013, Brazilians in Rio Grande do Sul have an average of 73% European, 14% African and 13% Amerindian ancestry.[32]
Ethnic groups
editPeople ofPortuguese– mostlyAzorean– background predominate in the coastal region. The Southwest, on the other hand, was originally populated by Pampeano Indians.[34]Like the otherGauchosfrom theLa Plata Basinthe population there was a result from the mixture of Spanish andPortuguesemen with Amerindian women with a possible predominant Spanish ancestry and also a significant African contribution,[35]resulting in a population that is 81.20% White.[36]
These theoretical speculations about Spanish predominance among the population of Southwestern Rio Grande do Sul are widely presumed, but they contradict the historical knowledge about the region. In fact, there was always some Spanish colonial presence there, however in practice restricted to Jesuit religious initiatives towards the Amerindian populations, which had limited genetic impact in the demographic composition of aboriginal populations. On the other hand, it is broadly accepted that it is northern Uruguay that always has had an important Luso-Brazilian influence,[37]which in fact impacts to this day the mixed Spanish-Portuguese language of northern Uruguay along the border with Brazil (borderlands).[38]
People ofGermandescent predominate in the Sinos Valley (Novo Hamburgo,São Leopoldo,Nova Hartz, Dois Irmãos, Morro Reuter, etc.) and in the center-eastern part of the State (Santa Cruz do Sul). People ofItaliandescent predominate in the mountains (Serra Gaúcha:Caxias do Sul,Bento Gonçalves,Farroupilha,Garibaldi,etc.). The Northern and Northwestern parts of the State also have significant numbers of people of both Italian and German descent. There are sizeable communities ofPolesandUkrainiansacross the state, notably in the northwest. People ofAfricanancestry are concentrated in the capital city and in some cities in the litoral, such asPelotasandRio Grande.[39]
According to Argentine demographer Miguel Ángel García, Italian immigrants were 60% of the total immigration to Rio Grande do Sul[40]and according to French historian Jean Roche as of 1950 people of German descent made up 21.6% of the state's population.[41]
The region that is now Rio Grande do Sul was originally settled byAmerindianpeoples, mostlyGuaraníandKaingangsand, to a lesser extent,CharrúasandMinuanes.[42]European presence in the region started in 1627 with SpanishJesuits.The Jesuits establishedIndian Reductionsin the region; those reductions where populated exclusively by Amerindians, mainly Guarani, and certainly not by Europeans, either Spanish or Portuguese.PortugueseJesuits establishedIndian Reductionsin 1687 and dominated the region.[citation needed]Most of the Indians of the region becameCatholicsand went to live among the Jesuits. These reductions were destroyed by theBandeirantesfromSão Pauloin the 18th century, who wanted to enslave the Indians. The Portuguese settlement in Rio Grande do Sul was largely increased between 1748 and 1756, with the arrival of two thousand immigrants from theAzores Islands,Portugal. They settled many parts of the state, including the nowadays capital,Porto Alegre.Blackswere 50 percent of Rio Grande do Sul's population in 1822. This proportion decreased to 25 percent in 1858 and to only 5.2 percent in 2005. Most of them were brought fromAngolato work asslavesin the charqueadas.
German immigrantsfirst arrived to Southern Brazil in 1824. They were attracted to Brazil to protect the country from invasions of the neighboring countries and to populate the empty interior of the southern region. The first city to be settled by them wasSão Leopoldo.In the next five decades, around 28 thousand Germans were brought to the region to work as small farmers in the countryside.[43]
Italian immigrantsstarted arriving in Rio Grande do Sul in 1875. They were mostly poor peasants fromTrentinoandVeneto,Northern Italy,who were attracted to Southern Brazil to get their own farms. Italian immigration to the region lasted until 1914, with a total of 100,000 Italians settling there in this period. Most of the immigrants worked as small farmers, mainly cultivating grapes in theSerra Gaúchapart of the state.[44]
Other European immigrants migrated to Rio Grande do Sul, mostly from Eastern Europe. TheJewish Colonization Associationassisted Russian-Jewish immigrants to settle on agricultural land in the state. A memoir of one such immigrant community,Filipson, Memórias da primeira colônia judaica no Rio Grande do Sul(Filipson: Memories of the First Jewish Colony in Rio Grande do Sul), was published byFrida Alexandrin 1967.[45]
European genomic ancestry predominates throughout Brazil at 80%, except for theSouthern Region(which includes Rio Grande do Sul), where it reaches 90%. "A new portrayal of each ethnicity contribution to the DNA of Brazilians, obtained with samples from the five regions of the country, has indicated that, on average, European ancestors are responsible for nearly 80% of the genetic heritage of the population. The variation between the regions is small, with the possible exception of the South, where the European contribution reaches nearly 90%. The results, published by the scientific magazine 'American Journal of Human Biology' by a team of the Catholic University of Brasília, show that, in Brazil, physical indicators such as skin colour, colour of the eyes and colour of the hair have little to do with the genetic ancestry of each person, which has been shown in previous studies".[46]
As of 2013, there were fewer than 30,000Niseiin Rio Grande do Sul. Japanese immigrant families fromSão Paulo Statebegan arriving in Rio Grande do Sul in the 1930s. In 1956, the first 23 official immigrants came to the state, and 26 families arrived at Rio Grande in the years from 1956 through 1963. In 2013, Peter B. Clarke, author ofJapanese New Religions in Global Perspective,wrote that "Nowadays we cannot speak of a Japanese colony in RS."[47]
Largest cities
editLargest cities or towns in Rio Grande do Sul
(2019 estimative ofInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística)[48] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Pop. | Rank | Pop. | ||||||
 Porto Alegre  Caxias do Sul |
1 | Porto Alegre | 1,483,771 | 11 | Alvorada | 210,305 |  Pelotas  Canoas | ||
| 2 | Caxias do Sul | 510,906 | 12 | Passo Fundo | 203,275 | ||||
| 3 | Pelotas | 342,405 | 13 | Sapucaia do Sul | 141,075 | ||||
| 4 | Canoas | 346,616 | 14 | Uruguaiana | 126,970 | ||||
| 5 | Santa Maria | 282,123 | 15 | Santa Cruz do Sul | 130,416 | ||||
| 6 | Gravataí | 281,519 | 16 | Cachoeirinha | 130,293 | ||||
| 7 | Viamão | 255,224 | 17 | Bagé | 121,143 | ||||
| 8 | Novo Hamburgo | 246,748 | 18 | Bento Gonçalves | 120,454 | ||||
| 9 | São Leopoldo | 236,835 | 19 | Erechim | 105,862 | ||||
| 10 | Rio Grande | 211,005 | 20 | Guaíba | 98,143 | ||||
Religion
editReligion in Rio Grande do Sul (2010)[49][50]
According to the 2010 Brazilian Census, most of the population (68.8%) isRoman Catholic,other religious groups includeProtestantsor evangelicals (18.3%), Spiritists (0.8%), Nones 5.3%, and people with other religions (4.4).[49][50]
Education
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There are more than 100 universities in the state.[51] The largest public university isUFRGSand the largest private one isPUCRS.
Economy
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Theindustrial sectoris the largest component of GDP at 43%, followed by theservice sectorat 41%. Agriculture represents 16% of GDP (2004). Rio Grande do Sul exports: footwear 18%,soybeans14%, tobacco 13.6%, vehicles 8%, frozen meat 7.2%, chemicals 6.8%, and leather 5% (2002).
Share of the Brazilian economy: 7% (2005).
One of the most prosperous Brazilian states, Rio Grande do Sul is known especially for its grain production,viticulture,ranching,and for its considerable industrial output.
In 1827, emigrants from Idar-Oberstein discovered the world's most importantagatedeposit in Rio Grande do Sul. As early as 1834, the first delivery of agate from Rio Grande do Sul had been made toIdar-Oberstein.The Brazilian agate exhibited very even layers, much more even than those seen in the local agates. This made them especially good for making engraved gems.
In agriculture, the state stands out in the production ofsoybeans,maize, wheat, rice, tobacco, grape, apple,cassavaandyerba mate,in addition to also producingoat,barley,orange,peach,fig,tangerine,persimmonandstrawberry.
In 2020, the South Region produced 32% of the national total of cereals, vegetables and oilseeds. There were 77.2 million tons, second place in Brazil, losing only to the Midwest. Rio Grande do Sul (14.3%) was the 3rd largest producer in the country.[52]
Rio Grande do Sul is the largest producer of rice in the country, with 70.5% of Brazil's production, close to 7.3 million tons in 2020.[53][52]It is also the largest producer of tobacco in Brazil, and is the largest exporter in the world. Brazil is the second largest producer in the world and leader in tobacco exports since the 1990s, with 98% of Brazilian production being carried out in the South Region.[54][55]The state is responsible for 90% of the national production of grapes, and produces 90% of the wine produced in the country, 85% of the sparkling wine, and 90% of the grape juice, mainly in the area ofCaxias do Suland surroundings: 664.2 thousand tons of grape in 2018.[56][57][58]
Insoy,Rio Grande do Sul is the 3rd largest producer in the country, with about 16% of national production. It produced 19.3 million tons.[59][52]In 2017, it was also 3rd largest producer of maize.[60][61][62]
Rio Grande do Sul is also the largest national producer of wheat, with 2.3 million tons in 2019.[52][63][64]The South Region is also the largest producer ofoatsin Brazil. In 2019, national production was close to 800 thousand tons, being almost all carried out in the South (Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul).[65][66]
The three Southern States of the country are responsible for 95% of the national production of apple, and Santa Catarina appears at the top of the production list, disputing with Rio Grande do Sul. Rio Grande do Sul harvests 45% of Brazilian apples, and is the largest exporter of apples in the country. The region in the vicinity ofVacariais the highlight: it concentrates 88% of the state's production and 37% of the national production.[67][68]
Incassavaproduction, Brazil produced a total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. The state was the 4th largest producer in the country, with almost 1 million tons.[69]
About orange, Rio Grande do Sul was the 5th largest producer in Brazil in 2018, with a total of 367 thousand tons.[70]
Rio Grande do Sul is the largest producer ofpeachesin Brazil, with half the volume harvested in Brazil in 2018.[71]It is also the largest producer offigin the country, according to data from 2018.[72]In 2018, Rio Grande do Sul was the 3rd largest producers oftangerinein Brazil. Rio Grande do Sul is also responsible for 19% of Brazil'spersimmonproduction, being the 2nd largest national producer.[73][74]In 2019, in Brazil, there was a total production area of around 4 thousand hectares ofstrawberry.Rio Grande do Sul was the 3rd largest producer.[75]
In 2019, Brazil produced about 900 thousand tons ofyerba mateannually. Paraná is the largest producer in volume and Rio Grande do Sul in plantation areas (and where the sector is more industrialized). According to 2017 data, Paraná harvested 301 thousand tons of yerba mate by extractive method, while Rio Grande do Sul harvested 17 thousand tons. On the other hand, while the gauchos harvested 302 thousand tons of planted grass, the Paraná harvested 237 thousand tons in this method. The productive potential of yerba mate is still little explored in Brazil, with a good part of the harvest carried out by the extractive system and with low levels of productivity. However, many new producers are adopting more professional and efficient production systems, with technical acuity of management and globalized market vision. This tends to increase Brazil's export of this product.
In 2018, the state's cattle herd was 12.5 million head, 7th place in the country, 6.5% of Brazil's cattle herd.[76]
In 2019, Rio Grande do Sul produced a total of 4.5 billion liters of milk, making it the third largest producer in the country, with 13.0% of the country's total.[77]
Insheep farming,in 2017 the South Region was the 2nd largest in the country, with 4.2 million heads. Rio Grande do Sul has 94% of the country'swoolproduction.[78]
In pork, the 3 southern states are the largest producers in the country. Brazil had 41.1 million head in 2017. Rio Grande do Sul (14.6%) is the 3rd largest producer.[79][80]
The Brazilian poultry flock, in 2018, was of the order of 1.5 billion heads. In 2017, the main poultry producing states in Brazil were Paraná (25.3%), São Paulo (14.0%), and Rio Grande do Sul (11.0%). In terms of chickens, in 2017 there were 242.8 million heads in the country. Among the states that were the largest producers, São Paulo led with 21.9%, followed by Paraná (10.1%) and Rio Grande do Sul (8.8%).[81]In the production of chickeneggs,the state ranks fifth in Brazil, with 8% of national production. There were 354 million dozen in 2018.[82]
The South region was the main producer ofhoneyin the country in 2017, accounting for 39.7% of the national total. Rio Grande do Sul was the largest producer in the country, with 15.2%.[79]
Regarding mining, the state is a major producer of gemstones. Brazil is the world's largest producer ofamethystandagate,and Rio Grande do Sul is the largest producer in the country. Agate has local extraction since 1830. The largest producer of amethyst in Brazil is the city ofAmetista do Sul.This stone was very rare and expensive worldwide, until the discovery of large deposits in Brazil, causing its value to drop considerably. There is also somejasperandopalin the state.[83][84][85][86][87]
Aboutindustry,Rio Grande do Sul had an industrial GDP of R$82.1 billion in 2017, equivalent to 6.9% of the national industry. It employs 762,045 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Construction (18.2%), Food (15.4%), Industrial Public Utility Services, such as Electricity and Water (9.8%), Chemicals (6.8%), and Machinery and Equipment (6.6%). These 5 sectors concentrate 56.8% of the state's industry.[88]
In theautomotivesector, the state has aGMplant.[89]
The leather-footwear sector (Footwear industry) stands out particularly inNovo Hamburgo,SapirangaandCampo Bom,and in virtually all other municipalities in Vale dos Sinos. in 2019 Brazil produced 972 million pairs. Exports were around 10%, reaching almost 125 million pairs. Brazil is in the 4th position among the world producers, behind China (who produces more than 10 billion pairs), India and Vietnam, and in 11th place among the biggest exporters. The largest pole of production in Brazil is located here. The Brazilian state that most exports the product is Rio Grande do Sul: in 2019 it exported US$448.35 million. The majority of the product goes to United States,Argentinaand France. Domestic consumption absorbs a large part of production. The state has or created some of the most important factories in Brazil in the sector.[90][91]
InFood industry,In 2019, Brazil was the 2nd largest exporter of processed foods in the world, with a value of U $34.1 billion in exports. The Brazilian food and beverage industry's revenue in 2019 was R $699.9 billion, 9.7% of the country's Gross Domestic Product. In 2015, the industrial food and beverage sector in Brazil comprised 34,800 companies (not counting bakeries), the vast majority of which were small. These companies employed more than 1,600,000 workers, making the food and beverage industry the largest employer in the manufacturing industry. There are around 570 large companies in Brazil, which concentrate a good part of the total industry revenue. Rio Grande do Sul created food companies of national importance such as theNeugebauerchocolate factory; Vinícola Aurora and Vinícola Salton, two of the largest wineries in the country. and Camil Alimentos, which owns the brand Açúcar União (the most famous sugar brand in the country), Arroz Carretero (one of the most famous rice brands in Brazil), among others.[92][93][94]
The mechanical and metallurgical industry also reach considerable expression, especially inPorto Alegre,Novo Hamburgo,São LeopoldoandCanoas,in addition toGravataí,Sapucaia do Sul,EsteioandSapiranga,which have large companies in the sector and which also belong to the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre. These centers are joined by São Jerônimo, which houses the Charqueadas steel plant. The steel mill Aços Finos Piratini is located in Charqueadas, which belongs toGerdau.It is geared mainly to serve the automotive industry.
In themetallurgicalbusiness, the state has one of the most famous companies in the country,Tramontina,originally from Rio Grande do Sul and famous manufacturer of knives, pans, shovels and various utensils, which has more than 8,500 employees and 10 manufacturing units. Other famous companies in the state areMarcopolo,a manufacturer of bus bodies, which had a market value of R $2.782 billion in 2015, and Randon, a group of 9 companies specialized in solutions for the transportation, which brings together manufacturers of vehicles, auto parts, and road equipment – employs around 11,000 people and recorded gross sales in 2017 of R $4.2 billion.
Another industrial area is the so-called old colonization region, in which the municipalities ofCaxias do Sul,Garibaldi,Bento Gonçalves,Flores da Cunha,FarroupilhaandSanta Cruz do Sulare integrated. The manufacturing activity is marked by the production of wine and processing of agropastoral products, such as leather,lard,maize, wheat and tobacco.
In the rest of the state there are several dispersed industrial centers, all linked to the processing of agropastoral raw materials. In this group,Erechim,Passo Fundo,Santa Maria,Santana do Livramento,Rosário do Sul,Pelotas,Rio GrandeandBagéstand out.
Infrastructure
editHighways
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The state has 153,960 km ofhighways,under national, state or municipal jurisdiction. The main highways are:BR-101,BR-116,BR-153,BR-158,BR-163,BR-285,BR-287,BR-290,BR-293,BR-386,BR-392andBR-471.After decades of meager investments by successive State Governments, Rio Grande do Sul currently has a deficient road network and one of the worst in the southern half of the country: in 2020, there were still 54 cities without asphalt access (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and Mato Grosso do Sul had 100% of cities with asphalt access at the same time, Paraná and Minas Gerais had almost 100%).[95][96][97][98]The State also has few duplicated highways, roughly in the vicinity of the capital Porto Alegre, most of which belong to the Federal Government; despite the large number of state highways, the State Government did little in this field.[99]The situation only began to change in 2019, when the State carried out an economic and financial reorganization plan, and launched a specific program aimed at recovering and evolving the state's road network. This year, 62 municipalities still did not have access to asphalt: the project was to arrive in 2023 with 22 cities without access. Highway concessions held by Rio Grande do Sul, such asBR-287andBR-386,carried out at the same time, aim to double the granted portions of these highways by 2035.[100][101][102]Currently, 211 km of theBR-116betweenGuaíbaandPelotasare being duplicated, and in 2022 there were already 148 km duplicated.[103]
Ports
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ThePort of Rio Grandeis of great importance forMercosur,and also the main point of multimodality in the state, causing part of the road and rail system to focus on the Port of Rio Grande. The main ports are: Port of Rio Grande,Port of Porto Alegre,Port of PelotasandPort of Estrela.The port terminals of Rio Grande, Porto Alegre and Pelotas handled, in 2021, 47.6 million tons of cargo, 45.18 million in the Port of Rio Grande alone.[104][105]
International airports
editPorto Alegre
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With 37.6 thousand square meters of constructed area and four levels, the passenger terminal atSalgado Filho International Airportcan receive 28 large airplanes simultaneously. The terminal has 32 check-in counters, ten boarding bridges, nineelevatorsand tenescalators.It has a totally automated aircraft movement control center and the main spaces are air conditioned. The apron, surfaced with prestressed concrete, can servejumbo jetslike theBoeing747-400. The garage structure has eight levels, 44 thousand square meters and 1,440 parking spaces. Another terminal, with 15 thousand square meters and capacity for 1.5 million passengers a year, serves general, executive and third-tier aviation (conventional piston-engine and turboprop planes). Porto AlegreAirport was the first one administered byInfraeroto have integrated check-in. This service offers flexibility in use of terminal facilities and installations, enabling carriers to access their own data centers via shared-use computers from anycheck-incounter position. This makes it much easier to allocate counter space according to demand fluctuations, making for less idle space. The Aeroshopping area – a center for commerce and leisure – operates 24 hours a day with shops,services,a food court, along with a triplex cinema, the first to be established at a Brazilian airport. Salgado Filho International Airport also has an air cargo terminal, built in 1974, with 9,500 thousand square meters of area and capacity to handle 1,500 tons of export cargo and 900 tons of imports each month. The average daily movement (arrivals and departures) is 174 aircraft, flying scheduled routes connecting Porto Alegre directly or indirectly to all the country's other major cities, as well as smaller cities in the interior of the states of the South Region andSão Paulo.There are also international flights with direct connections to cities of theSouthern Cone.
Pelotas
editThePelotas International Airportis commonly used by theBrazilian Air Forceas the last stop in Brazil on its flights to theBrazilian Antarctic Base.
Bagé
editComandante Gustavo Kraemer Airportopened on July 5, 1946. This airport came underInfraeroadministration on October 27, 1980. It is located on the rural outskirts of Bagé, 60 km (37 mi) from the Uruguayan border and 380 km (236 mi) fromPorto Alegre.Comandante Gustavo Kraemer Airport does not operate with scheduled commercial flights. There are two daily flights carrying bank pouches, as well asair taxiservices andexecutive jets.Most of the airport's users are businesspeople from the central part of Brazil who have interests in the region in breeding thoroughbred English andArabian horses,cattleranching,fruit growing, wine making, wood pulp and power generation.
Uruguaiana
editLocated on the border withArgentina(across theUruguay Riverfrom the Argentine city ofPaso de los Libres), Uruguaiana is considered the major inland port in Latin America, thanks to its strategic position with the countries ofMercosur.Rubem Berta International Airport,however, has only one flight, onAzul Brazilian Airlines,to Porto Alegre, – a situationInfraerointends to change, as was confirmed in an official visit to the airport in December 2004.
With more than 700 thousand square meters of constructed area, it is the largest airport in the interior of the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
There are two highways, BR-290 and BR-472, running near the airport, besides a railroad line about 2,500 meters from the terminal. Located 9 km (6 mi) from the city center, this airport is at an elevation of 78 meters and the average annual temperature is 20C, with a good deal of variation from summer to winter. Located 630 km (391 mi) from the state capital (Porto Alegre),Uruguaianawas founded on May 29, 1746, and has a current population of 126,936. Farming and ranching are the main economic activities of the region, which has 1,509 rural properties.
National airports
editCaxias do Sul
editHugo Cantergiani Airport(CXJ/SBCX) serves a vast region of important economical and touristic counties in the vicinities of Caxias do Sul, totalling 34 municipalities in this area of the "Serra Gaúcha". It is located at an altitude of 754 m (2 474 ft) as has one concrete runway (15/33) with the length of 2 000 m (6 562 ft) although only 1.650 m are usable if landing on runway 15. It is served on a daily basis by GOL and Azul airlines linking Caxias do Sul to São Paulo. It is equipped with a VASIS visual approach aid and is also certified for IFR approaches. References to these informations are published in the Portuguese version of this site.
Energy
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In 2021, Rio Grande do Sul had around 7.2 GW of installed electrical power, a relatively low number compared to the country's total, which was around 170 GW at the time. Of the total, 80.6% came from renewable sources - 49% corresponded to hydroelectric plants, 19.5% to wind energy and 8.2% to photovoltaic solar energy. The state has high potential for wind power installation due to the average wind speed being one of the highest in the country. There are currently several projects for new wind farms in progress, in addition to investments in the state's power transmission lines, which were limited. Most projects for offshore wind energy in Brazil, in 2021, were in Rio Grande do Sul, with installation scheduled for 2030.[106][107][108][109]
In March 2022, Rio Grande do Sul was the 3rd Brazilian state with the most solar energy installed in the individual distributed micro generation modality.[110]
The production of crude mineralcoalin Brazil was 13.6 million tons in 2007. Santa Catarina produced 8.7 Mt (million tons); Rio Grande do Sul, 4.5 Mt; and Paraná, 0.4 Mt. Brazil has reserves ofpeat,ligniteandhard coal.Coal totals 32 billion tons of reserves and is mainly in Rio Grande do Sul (89.25% of the total). The Candiota Deposit (in Rio Grande do Sul) alone has 38% of all national coal. As it's a coal of inferior quality, it's used only in the generation of thermoelectric energy and at the site of the deposit. The oil crisis in the 1970s led the Brazilian government to create the Energy Mobilization Plan, with intense research to discover new coal reserves. The Geological Survey of Brazil, through works carried out in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, greatly increased the reserves of coal previously known, between 1970 and 1986 (mainly between 1978 and 1983). Good quality coal, suitable for use in metallurgy and in large volume (seven billion tons), was then discovered in several deposits in Rio Grande do Sul (Morungava, Chico Lomã, Santa Teresinha), but at relatively great depths (up to 1,200 m), which has hindered its use until now. In 2011, coal accounted for only 5.6% of the energy consumed in Brazil, but it is an important strategic source, which can be activated when, for example, the water levels in the dams are very low, reducing excessively the supply of hydroelectric power.[111][112]
Culture
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The state of Rio Grande do Sul is renowned as one of the most culturally rich states of Brazil. Rio Grande's music is a blend of many styles (most a continuum of rhythms found in neighboring countries), including theChamamé,Milonga,Polca andChacarera.Modern gaucho music ortchê musichas been popular since the late 1980s. The inhabitants of the state are known in the country for drinkingchimarrão,a local version of thematedrunk in neighbouringUruguayandArgentina,and for consumingchurrascovery regularly (a practice common due to the abundant sources of high quality meat), even going so far as considering this one of the most important elements of everyday life.Porto Alegreis home toSport Club InternacionalandGrêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense.They are arch-rivals, one of the biggest rivalries in Brazil.
Each region of the state has its own cultural background. In thepampas(Southwest), the culture is still largely influenced by the oldGaúchos.Gaúcho is a term that can describe anyone born in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. However, it is also used to describe the 19th century rural workers of the region. Other parts of the state have a slightly different culture, influenced mainly byGermanorItalianimmigrants. After some generations, the descendants of immigrants were integrated in the local society, even though their cultural influences are still strong, mostly in the countryside. Despite these differences, the Gaucho people maintain a particular zeal for their culture and its variations.
Although the Gaucho culture and itsPortuguese-based language prevails in Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil, sharing many of itsfolklorecharacteristics with neighboring horseback livestock raising, grassland centered cultures, such as found inUruguayand inArgentina,the state also has other strong albeit less prominent cultural focus areas.
These are, notably theGerman-Braziliancultural identity and theRiograndenser Hunsrückischlanguage (the estimated number of speakers are around 1,500,000), spoken in the state since 1824; it received official recognition by the state House of Representatives in 2012 by unanimous vote. Also, as the result of European immigration stated in the 19th century, the state has an Italian culture and language of its own, theTalian language(a Veneto-based language/dialect), spoken mostly in the highlands region, at the so-calledOld Italian Coloniesin the upper state (seeItalian-Brazilian).
However, there are many other much smaller cultural minorities in the state (for example, theAfro-Braziliancommunity, theGuaraniandKaingang[113]indigenous peoples, alsoPomeranian,Polish,German-Jewish,etc.), However, these three are the predominant cultural expressions found in the state, each with living linguistic expressions which attest to their existence.
Tourism and recreation
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High-end tourism is very popular in the Germanesque cities ofGramadoandCanela;their cold weather is among their attractions forinternal tourism.Tourism is also high in the wine regions of the state, principallyCaxias do SulandBento Gonçalves.The pampas of the native BrazilianGaúchoare both a national and international curiosity to tourists and their customs are alive in the capital city ofPorto Alegreas well as in the cities of the "interior" or western Rio Grande do Sul such asSanta MariaandPasso Fundo.The state is also home to the historicSão Miguel das Missões,the ruins of an 18th-century Jesuit Mission. The state of Rio Grande do Sul and its cities have developed a series scenic routes to appeal to tourists. TheRota Românticais a popular scenic drive that exhibits the diverse Germanic culture of the mountainous regions of the state referred to as theSerra Gaúcha.One can visit the state's Italian settlements throughCaminhos da Colônia,tour the wine country through the Wine and Grapes Route and visit a subsection of the Rota Romântica called theRegião das Hortênsias,the region filled with bluehydrangeaflowers each spring.
In the far western area of the state are the remnants of Brazil's 17th centuryJesuitmissions or reductions (aldeias) to the Guaraní Indians.
Of all the ruins left behind by the vanished Guarani Missions, the most significant one isSão MiguelorSão Miguel Arcanjo,located nearby the present city ofSanto Ângelo.There is an ongoingLight and Sound(orSom e Luzin Portuguese) show presented at the ruins of the São Miguel church.
Language
editAs in all Brazil, Portuguese is the main spoken language. A few expressions of Spanish origin are common (such as "gracias" instead of "obrigado", or the vocative "tchê" ) etc., due to the proximity withArgentinaandUruguayand their commonGauchopast. Also a few words of German origin, particularly referring to cuisine, have entered the vocabulary, such as "chimia" (from "schmier" ) and "cuca" (from "Kuchen" ). Words ofGuarani languageorigin also make up the vocabulary, an example being the largely used word "guri", meaning "boy".
The Gaúchos are also famous bytheir useof the pronoun "tu", instead of "você",the latter being the formal second person singular noun and the first being the informal noun equivalent. In the traditional Gaúcho dialect of thePampas,the verb is conjugated correctly in the second person singular, as inEuropean Portuguese(tu cantas, tu bates, tu partes, tu pões). In the colloquial Portuguese of Porto Alegre, however, the verb is conjugated in the second person as in the third person (tu canta, tu bate, tu parte, tu põe).[114]
Gaúcho Portuguese phonology
editPhonemes of Porto-alegrense Portuguese
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Labiovelar | Velar/ Uvular/ Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ȷ̃ | (w̃) | (ŋ) (ɰ̃) |
| Stop | pb | td | kʷɡʷ | kɡ | |
| Fricative | fv | sz | ʃʒ | χ~ʁ~h~ɦ | |
| Affricate | tʃdʒ | ||||
| Lateral | l | lʲ | |||
| Approximant/ Flap |
ɾ | j | w |
Although this process is very common in the Southeast, in Gaúcho Portuguese the letters "s" and "z" are never pronounced aspalato-alveolarconsonants in coda position (e.g., pasto "pasture" is[ˈpaʃtu]in Rio de Janeiro, but[ˈpastu]in Porto Alegre).
In Rio Grande do Sul, as in most of Brazil, the letters "t" and "d" are pronounced as palato-alveolar affricate consonants, when immediately succeeded by the vowel "i" (a process ofpalatalizationwhich, however, does not happen in the varieties of thePampas). Moreover, the unstressed "e" and "o" are often reduced into[ɪ]and[ʊ],respectively. Therefore, in Porto Alegre, the unstressed "te" syllables are pronounced[tʃi],for example, while in the Pampas they are usually pronounced[tɪ]:
Porto Alegre: antigamente –[ɐ̃(n)ˌtʃiɡaˈmeȷ̃tʃʲ]or[ɐ̃(n)ˌtʃiɡaˈmentʃʲ]
Gaúcho Pampas: antigamente –[ɐ̃ˌtʃiɡaˈme̞nte̞]
(compare Spanish: antiguamente –[ãn̪t̪iɣ̞waˈmẽ̞n̪t̪e̞])
The dialect of the Pampas had experienced a stronger influence ofSpanish language,while the dialect of Porto Alegre suffers modern influences of the Southeastern varieties.
Also, the vowelnasalizationin Porto-alegrense Portuguese is far different from that seen in French, for example. In French, the nasalization extends uniformly through the entire vowel. In Porto Alegre, the nasalization begins almost imperceptibly, and then gets far stronger in the end of the vowel, therefore being closer to the nasalization ofHindi-Urdu phonology(seeAnusvara). In some cases, the nasalarchiphonemeactually represents the addition of anasal consonant,like[m,n,ŋ,ȷ̃,w̃,ɰ̃].
manta=[ˈmɐ̃ntɐ]
tampa=[ˈtɐ̃mpɐ]
banco=[ˈbɐ̃ŋku]
bem=[bẽȷ̃]
bom=[bõʊ̯̃]or[ˈbõɰ̃]or[ˈbõŋ]
pan=[ˈpɐ̃ɰ̃]or[ˈpɐ̃ŋ]
It is also noteworthy that, in everyday speech, many unstressed vowels are not fully pronounced as they are supposed to be. For example:
toque=[ˈtɔkʲ]
mente=[ˈmẽȷ̃tʃ]
pouco=[ˈpokʊ̥]
Essentially, the vowels [e] and [i] are both reduced and devoiced (or completely deleted) in word-final position, and sometimes also when unstressed and between consonants, always palatalizing the previous consonant. The vowels [o] and [u] are also reduced and devoiced to [ʊ̥], analogously to what happens in Japanese (seeJapanese phonology#Devoicing). More rarely, [a] may become [ɐ̥] as well.
Example
edit
"Dom Sebastião Iera o décimo-sexto Rei de Portugal, e sétimo daDinastia de Avis.Era neto do rei João III, tornou-se herdeiro do trono depois da morte do seu pai, o príncipe João de Portugal, duas semanas antes do seu nascimento, e rei com apenas três anos, em 1557. Em virtude de ser um herdeiro tão esperado para dar continuidade à Dinastia de Avis, ficou conhecido como O Desejado; alternativamente, é também memorado como O Encoberto ou O Adormecido, devido à lenda que se refere ao seu regresso numa manhã de nevoeiro, para salvar a Nação. "
[ˈdõʊ̯̃sebasʃiˈɐ̃ʊ̯̃pɾiˈmeɪ̯ɾʊˈɛɾɐʊ̯ˈdɛsimʊˈsestʊˈhejdʒipoɾtuˈɡaw|iˈsɛtʃimʊdadʒinasˈʃiadʒiˈavis‖ɛɾɐˈnɛtʊdʊˈheɪ̯ʒʊˈɐ̃ʊ̯̃teɾˈseɪ̯ɾʊ‖toɾˈnoʊ̯sjeɾˈdeɪ̯ɾʊdʊˈtɾonʊdeˈpojzdaˈmɔɾtʃidʊsewˈpaɪ̯|ʊˈpɾinsipiʒʊˈɐ̃ʊ̯̃dʒipoɾtuˈɡaʊ̯|ˈdu.asseˈmɐ̃nɐsˈɐ̃tʃisdʊsewnasiˈmentʊ|iˈhejkũw̃aˈpenɐsˈtɾezˈɐ̃nʊs|ẽȷ̃ˈmiwkiˈȷ̃entʊzisiŋˈkwentɐɪ̯ˈsɛtʃi‖ẽȷ̃viɾˈtudʒidʒiˈseɾũw̃eɾˈdeɪ̯ɾʊtɐ̃ʊ̯̃ɪspeˈɾadʊpaɾɐˈdaɾkontʃinwiˈdadʒadʒinasˈʃiadʒiˈavis|fiˈkoʊ̯kõȷ̃eˈsidʊˈkomʊ|ʊdezeˈʒadʊ‖aʊ̯ˈteɾnaˈtʃivaˈmẽȷ̃tʃ|ˈɛtɐ̃mˈbẽȷ̃memoˈɾadʊˈkomʊ|ʊẽȷ̃koˈbɛɾtʊ|ˈoʊ̯|ʊaˈdoɾmeˈsidʊ‖deˈvidwaˈlendakisiheˈfɛɾjaʊ̯ˈseʊ̯heˈɡɾɛsʊˈnũmamɐ̃ˈȷ̃ɐ̃dʒiˈnevʊˈejɾʊˈpaɾasaʊ̯ˈvaɾanaˈsɐ̃ʊ̯̃‖]
OBS: The pronunciation may be subject tofree variation.
Minority languages
editMinority languagesspoken in Rio Grande do Sul include Indigenous languages (Guarani,Kaingang,etc.), and European derived languages (Talian,Riograndenser Hunsrückisch,East Pomeranian dialectof Low German,Yiddish andPolish).
Most of theGerman dialectsspeakers in southern Brazil spoke or eventually adoptedHunsrückischso that it became the most commonly used German dialect in this part of the world and is still spoken by many people today (also referred to asRiograndenser Hunsrückischto differentiate it from the Hunsrückisch spoken in Germany).
In its 180 years of historyRiograndenser Hunsrückischhas been influenced by Portuguese and by other German dialects, such asPfälzisch.
Talianis a Brazilian variety of the Venetian language, also often calledVênetofor that reason.
All minority languages in southern Brazil have experienced a significant degree of decline in the last few decades.
Sport
edit
Rio Grande do Sul currently has eightfootballteams belonging to the divisions of the Brazilian Football Championship:Internacional,Grêmio,Juventude,Caxias,Brasil de Pelotas,Aimoré,Novo HamburgoSão JoséandYpiranga.Sport Club Rio Grande, from the municipality of Rio Grande, is the oldest in Brazil and currently plays in the Campeonato Gaúcho of the Second Division.[121][122]
Rio Grande do Sul is also a national and world reference infutsal,with teams such as Inter/Ulbra in Porto Alegre,ACBFin Carlos Barbosa,Atlânticoin Erechim,Ulbrain Canoas,Assoevain Venâncio Aires and Enxuta in Caxias do Sul. The municipality ofCarlos Barbosais considered the futsal capital in Brazil.[123][124]
In the state, the following Olympic medalists were born:Mayra AguiarandDaniel Cargnin(judo);[125][126]Fernando Scheffer(swimming);[127]André Johannpeter(equestrian);[128]André Heller,Gustavo Endres,Murilo Endres,Renan Dal Zotto,Paulão,Fernanda Garay,Carol Albuquerque,Éder,Janelson,Jorge Édson,Lucão,Marcus ViníciusandThiago Alves(volleyball).[129][130][131]Also from the state isThomaz Koch,considered one of the greatest tennis players in the history of Brazil[132][133]andHenrique Mecking,considered the greatest Brazilian chess player of all time, who came to be the 3rd best in the world;[134][135]in addition to World Championships medalists such asBabiandDeonisein handball,[136]João DerlyandMaria Portelain judo,[137]Daiane dos Santosin gymnastics[138]andSamuel de Bonain the aquatic marathon.[139]
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ab"2022 Census Overview"(in Portuguese).
- ^"Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil. Pnud Brasil, Ipea e FJP, 2022".atlasbrasil.org.br.RetrievedJune 11,2023.
- ^"Rio Grande do Sul".LexicoUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon August 23, 2022.
- ^"Rio Grande".Merriam-Webster Dictionary.Merriam-Webster.RetrievedMay 16,2019.
- ^"Os estados mais e menos perigosos do Brasil"(in Portuguese). exame.abril.br. November 24, 2016.RetrievedMarch 1,2020.
- ^Nicola Pamplona (November 17, 2017)."Apenas sete Estados tiveram queda no desemprego no terceiro trimestre"(in Portuguese). folha.uol.br.RetrievedMarch 1,2020.
- ^abcdeOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Rio Grande do Sul".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 357–359.
- ^(in Portuguese)Frio de "renguear cusco"ArchivedMay 27, 2008, at theWayback Machine,Página Cambará do Sul On-line
- ^abJose F Bonaparte, Jorge Ferigolo, Ana Maria Ribeiro (2001)."A Primitive Late Triassic 'ictidosaur' from Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil".Palaeontology.44(4): 623-635.doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00194.
{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 7.
- ^Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 8.
- ^Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 8-9.
- ^Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 9.
- ^Luddock, John. Notes on Rio de Janeiro and the Southern Parts of Brazil; cited by Love, Joseph, O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 10.
- ^abLove, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 10
- ^Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 10–11
- ^abLove, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 11
- ^Cardoso, Fernando Henrique. Capitalismo e Escravidão no Brasil Meridional
- ^Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 14
- ^Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 15
- ^Love, Joseph.O Regionalismo Gaúcho,pp. 15–16
- ^Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 16, footnote
- ^Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p 16
- ^http:// momentodeuruguaiana.br/menu/memoria/memoria187.htm[permanent dead link]
- ^Love, Joseph.O Regionalismo Gaúcho,pp. 16–17, quoting, for the figures, the Almanak do Ministério da Guerra no anno de 1889.
- ^Love, Joseph.O Regionalismo Gaúcho,pp. 17–18
- ^"p. 32 (1)"(PDF).RetrievedAugust 24,2014.
- ^Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 19-21
- ^Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 22-24
- ^Source: PNAD.
- ^"Censo 2022 - Panorama".
- ^Saloum de Neves Manta, Fernanda (September 20, 2013)."Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels".PLOS ONE.8(9): e75145.Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875145S.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075145.PMC3779230.PMID24073242.
- ^"Censo 2022 - Panorama".
- ^Telmo Remião Moure.Os grupos indígenas e sua distribuiçãoArchivedFebruary 2, 2009, at theWayback Machine
- ^Andrea Rita Marrero.História genética dos gaúchos: dinâmica populacional do Sul do Brasil.
- ^IBGE. Census 2000.Tabela 2094 – População residente por cor ou raça e religião/Mesorregião Geográfica = Sudoeste Rio-grandense – RS
- ^Eliana Rosa Sturza.Línguas de fronteira: o desconhecido território das práticas lingüísticas nas fronteiras brasileiras:Na fronteira Brasil-Uruguai, a transgressão dos limites ocorreu, sobretudo, para dentro do território uruguaio. Primeiro se instalaram os portugueses e, posteriormente, os brasileiros, de tal modo que isso possibilitou a manutenção da língua portuguesa e determinou a sua importância no próprio processo de ocupação da região norte do Uruguai.
- ^Michael T. Judd.O dialeto fronteiriço do Uruguai: origens, investigações e oportunidadesArchivedFebruary 27, 2016, at theWayback Machine
- ^RS VIRTUAL – O Rio Grande do Sul na Internet – História – Colonização – Negros – A história dos gaúchos sem históriaArchivedSeptember 29, 2007, at theWayback Machine
- ^Immigrazione Italiana nell’America del Sud (Argentina, Uruguay e Brasile)
- ^Neiva Otero Schaeffer. Os alemães no Rio Grande do Sul. inOs Alemães no Sul do Brasil,Editora Ulbra, 2004 (2004). p. 170
- ^"Página do Gaúcho – Índios – Os grupos indígenas e sua distribuição"(in Portuguese). Paginadogaucho.br. Archived fromthe originalon February 2, 2009.RetrievedAugust 24,2014.
- ^GermansArchivedJuly 16, 2007, at theWayback Machine
- ^ItaliansArchivedSeptember 27, 2007, at theWayback Machine
- ^Igel, Regina (March 1, 2009)."Frida Alexandr".Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia.Jewish Women's Archive.RetrievedDecember 8,2016.
- ^http://www1.folha.uol.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u633465.shtml[bare URL]
- ^Clarke, Peter B.Japanese New Religions in Global Perspective.Routledge, November 5, 2013.ISBN1136828656,9781136828652. p.114.
- ^"Panorama do estado do Rio Grande do Sul"(in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE).RetrievedMay 13,2020.
- ^ab«Censo 2010». IBGE
- ^ab«Análise dos Resultados/IBGE Censo Demográfico 2010: Características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência» (PDF)
- ^"Universidades no Rio Grande do Sul".Seruniversitario.br.RetrievedAugust 24,2014.
- ^abcdIBGE prevê safra recorde de grãos em 2020
- ^Safra do arroz deve atingir mais de 1,14 milhão de toneladas em Santa Catarina
- ^Região Sul é responsável por 98% da produção de tabaco no Brasil
- ^"Notícia: Região Sul deverá produzir 760 mil toneladas de fumo em 2008/2009".Portal do Agronegócio.Archived fromthe originalon May 22, 2011.RetrievedSeptember 3,2009.
- ^"Região Sul é responsável por mais de 90% das uvas produzidas para processamento no Brasil".Archived fromthe originalon June 9, 2020.RetrievedJuly 21,2020.
- ^Vale do Rio do Peixe produz 86% da uva em SC
- ^Produção de uva no Rio Grande do Sul cai quase 40% frente a 2018
- ^Confira como está a colheita da soja em cada estado do país
- ^Quatro estados concentram quase 70% da produção de grãos do país
- ^"Produção de Milho no Nordeste".Archived fromthe originalon September 28, 2020.RetrievedJuly 21,2020.
- ^Produção de grãos cresce 14% e Piauí se consolida como 3º maior produtor do Nordeste
- ^Rio Grande do Sul deve superar Paraná na produção de trigo em 2019
- ^BRASIL – IMPORTAÇÃO DE TRIGO 2019 (POR PAÍS)
- ^Em abril, IBGE prevê alta de 2,2% na safra de grãos de 2019
- ^Alternativa ao trigo, cevada ganha espaço no Sul e projeta produção recorde
- ^Safra da maçã deve render 600 mil toneladas em Santa Catarina
- ^Qualidade da fruta marca abertura da colheita da maçã e da uva no RS
- ^Produção brasileira de mandioca em 2018
- ^Produção brasileira de laranja em 2018
- ^Como plantar pêssego
- ^Conheça o caminho do figo brasileiro, do campo ao Canadá
- ^Produção brasileira de tangerina em 2018
- ^Caqui – Panorama nacional da produção
- ^Qual o panorama da produção de morango no Brasil?
- ^O RS possui 6,5% do rebanho bovino do Brasil
- ^Bovinocultura de Leite
- ^PPM 2017: Rebanho bovino predomina no Centro-Oeste e Mato Grosso lidera entre os estados
- ^abPPM 2017: Rebanho bovino predomina no Centro-Oeste e Mato Grosso lidera entre os estados
- ^"REGIÃO SUL DO BRASIL É O MAIOR CENTRO PRODUTIVO DE PROTEÍNA ANIMAL DO MUNDO".Archived fromthe originalon October 16, 2020.RetrievedJuly 21,2020.
- ^PPM 2017: Rebanho bovino predomina no Centro-Oeste e Mato Grosso lidera entre os estados.
- ^O RS é o 4º maior produtor de aves e de ovos do Brasil
- ^Algumas Gemas Clássicas
- ^Rio Grande do Sul: o maior exportador de pedras preciosas do Brasil
- ^Os alemães e as pedras preciosas gaúchas
- ^Maior pedra de água-marinha é brasileira e ficará exposta nos EUA
- ^"Pedras de ametista são atrativos para turistas em cidade no Norte do RS".July 4, 2013.
- ^Rio Grande do Sul Industry Profile
- ^O novo mapa das montadoras
- ^"Abicalçados apresenta Relatório Setorial 2019".Archived fromthe originalon October 21, 2020.RetrievedJuly 21,2020.
- ^Exportação de Calçados: Saiba mais
- ^A indústria de alimentos e bebidas na sociedade brasileira atual
- ^Faturamento da indústria de alimentos cresceu 6,7% em 2019
- ^"Indústria de alimentos e bebidas faturou R$ 699,9 bi em 2019".February 18, 2020.
- ^No RS, 54 municípios ainda não têm acesso asfáltico e criança com poeira, buracos e dificuldades necessário
- ^Quatro cidades do Paraná não têm acessos por rodovias estaduais asfaltadas; enfrentam lama e transtornos
- ^Moradores de cidades sem ligação asfáltica vivencia por lama e poeira
- ^"Santa Catarina tem, agora, acesso asfaltado a todas as 295 cidades".Archived fromthe originalon December 30, 2021.RetrievedAugust 31,2022.
- ^Mapa rodoviário do Rio Grande do Sul em 2021
- ^Governo libera R$ 37 milhões para acessos asfálticos em oito municípios
- ^Como está a BR-386 nove meses depois da concessão para a iniciativa privada
- ^Governador assina contrato de concessão que garantirá duplicação e investimentos de R$ 2,7 bilhões na RSC-287
- ^DNIT libera mais 11,3 km de trecho duplicado na BR-116/RS
- ^Porto RS[permanent dead link]
- ^Portos do RS movimentam mais de 47 milhões de toneladas em carga e fecham 2021 com recorde
- ^"Fazemos grande esforço para ampliar geração de energia renovável no RS", destaca governador em painel nacional
- ^EÓLICA VAI REVOLUCIONAR MATRIZ ENERGÉTICA DO RS
- ^RS atrai maior número de empresas no país para explorar energia eólica em alto-mar
- ^"RS em números".Archived fromthe originalon May 26, 2022.RetrievedAugust 31,2022.
- ^Brasil ultrapassa marca de 10 GW em micro e minigeração distribuída
- ^Carvão Mineral
- ^Carvão mineral no Brasil e no mundo
- ^Terra Indígena Guarita: Bem Vindo á Terra Indígena Guarita– Tenente Portela, Rio Grande do Sul – BrasilArchivedApril 10, 2013, atarchive.today
- ^DICIONÁRIO DE PORTO-ALEGRÊS – Luís Augusto Fischer – L&PM Pocket – A maior coleção de livros de bolso do Brasil(in Portuguese). Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil:L&PM.2007.ISBN978-85-254-1681-0.RetrievedAugust 24,2014.
- ^Câmara Bento – Projeto do Executivo é aprovado e Talian se torna a língua co-oficial
- ^Lei confirma o Talian como segunda língua oficial de Caxias do Sul
- ^Talian é língua cooficial de Flores da Cunha
- ^Lei Nº 1310 de 16 de outubro de 2015– Dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua do "talian", à língua portuguesa, no município de Nova Roma do Sul "
- ^O Talian agora é a língua co-oficial de Nova Roma do Sul,município de Nova Roma do Sul
- ^Vereadores aprovam o talian como língua co-oficial do município,Retrieved August 21, 2011
- ^Grêmio é pentacampeão gaúcho e reduz vantagem de títulos do Inter; veja o ranking completo
- ^Grêmio supera Inter e terá maior jejum de títulos grandes da história do RS
- ^Veja os times com mais títulos da Liga Nacional de Futsal
- ^Carlos Barbosa penta, Jaraguá tetra... confira todos os campeões da Liga Nacional de Futsal (LNF)
- ^"Mayra Aguiar".COB.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"Daniel Cargnin".COB.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"Fernando Scheffer".COB.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"André Johannpeter".COB.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"André Heller".COB.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"Gustavo Endres".COB.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"Murilo Endres".COB.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"10 maiores tenistas brasileiros".Yahoo Esportes.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"Especial 20 anos: os maiores brasileiros do tênis".Tenisbrasil.October 16, 2018.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"Conheça o currículo de Mequinho, O melhor enxadrista do Brasil".Diário de Cuiabá.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"Mequinho, 1º brasileiro grande mestre de xadrez".Folha de São Paulo.January 12, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"É campeão! Brasil vence a Sérvia e conquista seu primeiro título mundial".Globoesporte.December 22, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"A trajetória do bicampeão mundial".Sogipa.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"Daiane dos Santos".COB.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
- ^"Grandes momentos de 2013: Samuel de Bona".Rede do Esporte.RetrievedSeptember 2,2022.
External links
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Definitionsfrom Wiktionary
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Quotationsfrom Wikiquote
Textsfrom Wikisource
Textbooksfrom Wikibooks
Resourcesfrom Wikiversity
Travel informationfrom Wikivoyage
- (in Portuguese)Official website
Rio Grande do Sul.