Wikipedia

Robert Mapplethorpe

Robert Michael Mapplethorpe(/ˈmeɪpəlˌθɔːrp/MAY-pəl-thorp;November 4, 1946 – March 9, 1989) was an American photographer, best known for his black-and-white photographs. His work featured an array of subjects, including celebrity portraits, male and femalenudes,self-portraits, and still-life images. His most controversial works documented and examined the gay maleBDSMsubculture ofNew York Cityin the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Robert Mapplethorpe
Self-Portrait,1980
Born
Robert Michael Mapplethorpe

(1946-11-04)November 4, 1946
Queens,New York City, U.S.
DiedMarch 9, 1989(1989-03-09)(aged 42)
Boston,Massachusetts, U.S.
Resting placeSt. John Cemetery,Queens,New York City
EducationPratt Institute
Known forPhotography
Partner(s)Patti Smith(1967–1970)
David Croland (1970–1972)
Sam Wagstaff(1972–1987)
Websitemapplethorpe.org

Mapplethorpe's 1989 exhibition,Robert Mapplethorpe:The Perfect Moment,sparked a debate in the United States concerning both use of public funds for "obscene" artwork and theConstitutionallimits offree speechin theUnited States.

Early life and education

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Mapplethorpe's studio at 24Bond Streetin theNoHoneighborhood ofManhattan,that he later used as a darkroom.
Mapplethorpe's romantic partner and lifelong friendPatti Smith

Mapplethorpe was born in the Floral Park neighborhood ofQueens,New York City, the son of Joan Dorothy (Maxey) and Harry Irving Mapplethorpe, an electrical engineer.[1]He was of English, Irish, and German descent, and grew up as aCatholicat Our Lady of the Snows Parish. Mapplethorpe attendedMartin Van Buren High School,where he graduated in 1963.[2]He had three brothers and two sisters. One of his brothers, Edward, later worked for him as an assistant and became a photographer as well.[3]He attended thePratt InstituteinBrooklyn,where he majored in Graphic Arts,[4]but dropped out in 1969 before finishing his degree.[5]

Career

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Mapplethorpe lived with his girlfriend, the artist and musicianPatti Smith,from 1967 to 1972,[6]and she supported him[7]by working in bookstores.[8]They created art together,[9]and maintained a close friendship throughout Mapplethorpe's life.[8][10][11]Mapplethorpe took his first photographs in the late 1960s or early 1970s using aPolaroid camera.He also designed and sold his own jewelry, which was worn byWarhol superstarJoe Dallesandro.[12][13]During this period Mapplethorpe also produced drawings, collages, and found object sculptures.

In 1972, Mapplethorpe met art curatorSam Wagstaff,who would become his mentor, lover,[14]patron, and lifetime companion.[15]In the mid-1970s, Wagstaff acquired aHasselbladmedium-format camera and Mapplethorpe began taking photographs of a wide circle of friends and acquaintances, including artists, composers, and socialites. During this time, he became friends withNew OrleansartistGeorge Dureau,whose work had such a profound impact on Mapplethorpe that he restaged many of Dureau's early photographs. From 1977 until 1980, Mapplethorpe was the lover of writer andDrummereditorJack Fritscher,[16]who introduced him to theMineshaft(a members-onlyBDSMgayleatherbar and sex club in Manhattan).[17]Mapplethorpe took many pictures of the Mineshaft and was at one point its official photographer (… "After dinner I go to the Mineshaft."[18][19][20])

By the 1980s, Mapplethorpe's subject matter focused on statuesque male and female nudes, delicate flower still lifes, and highly formal portraits of artists and celebrities. Mapplethorpe's first studio was at 24Bond Streetin Manhattan. In the 1980s, Wagstaff bought a top-floor loft at 35West 23rd Streetfor Robert, where he resided, also using it as a photo-shoot studio.[21]He kept the Bond Street loft as his darkroom. In 1988, Mapplethorpe selectedPatricia Morrisroeto write his biography, which was based on more than 300 interviews with celebrities, critics, lovers, and Mapplethorpe himself.[21]

Death

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On March 9, 1989, Mapplethorpe died at age 42 due to complications fromHIV/AIDSin aBostonhospital. His body was cremated, and his ashes are interred atSt. John's Cemetery, Queensin New York City, at his mother's gravesite, etched "Maxey".[22]

Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation

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Nearly a year before his death, the ailing Mapplethorpe helped found the Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation, Inc. His vision for the Foundation was that it would be "the appropriate vehicle to protect his work, to advance his creative vision, and to promote the causes he cared about".[23]Since his death, the Foundation has not only functioned as his official estate and helped promote his work throughout the world, but has also raised and donated millions of dollars to fund medical research in the fight against AIDS and HIV infection. In 1991, the Foundation received the Large Nonprofit Organization of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards.[24]The Foundation donated $1 million towards the 1993 establishment of the Robert Mapplethorpe Residence, a six-story townhouse for long-term residential AIDS treatment on East 17th Street in New York City, in partnership with Beth Israel Medical Center.[25]The residence closed in 2015, citing financial difficulties.[26]The Foundation also promotes fine art photography at the institutional level.[23]The Foundation helps determine which galleries represent Mapplethorpe's art.[27][28]In 2011, the Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation donated theRobert Mapplethorpe Archive,spanning from 1970 to 1989, to theGetty Research Institute.[29]

Art

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Mapplethorpe worked primarily in a studio, and almost exclusively produced black-and-white photography, with the exception of some of his later work and his final exhibit "New Colors". His body of work features a wide range of subjects and the greater part of his work is on erotic imagery. He would refer to some of his own work as pornographic,[21]with the aim of arousing the viewer, but which could also be regarded ashigh art.[30]Hiserotic artexplored a wide range of sexual subjects, depicting theBDSMsubculture of New York in the 1970s, portrayals of black male nudes, andclassical nudesof female bodybuilders.[30]One of the black models he worked with regularly was Derrick Cross, whose pose for the self-titled image in 1983 has been compared to theFarnese Hercules.[31]Mapplethorpe was a participant observer for much of his erotic photography, participating in the sexual acts which he was photographing and engaging his models sexually.[30]

Other subjects included flowers, especially orchids andcalla lilies,children, statues, and celebrities and other artists, includingArnold Schwarzenegger,Andy Warhol,Louise Bourgeois,Deborah Harry,Kathy Acker,Richard Gere,Peter Gabriel,Grace Jones,Amanda Lear,Laurie Anderson,Iggy Pop,Philip Glass,David Hockney,Cindy Sherman,Joan Armatrading,andPatti Smith.Smith was a longtime lover/live-in girlfriend of Mapplethorpe and a frequent subject in his photography, including a stark, iconic photograph that appears on the cover of Smith's first album,Horses.[32]His work often made reference to religious or classical imagery, such as a 1975 portrait of Patti Smith[33]from 1986 which recallsAlbrecht Dürer's1500 self-portrait.Between 1980 and 1983, Mapplethorpe created over 150 photographs of bodybuilderLisa Lyon,culminating in the 1983 photobookLady, Lisa Lyon,published byViking Pressand with text by Bruce Chatwin.

Robert took areas of dark human consent and made them into art. He worked without apology, investing the homosexual with grandeur, masculinity, and enviable nobility. Without affectation, he created a presence that was wholly male without sacrificing feminine grace. He was not looking to make a political statement or an announcement of his evolving sexual persuasion. He was presenting something new, something not seen or explored as he saw and explored it. Robert sought to elevate aspects of male experience, to imbue homosexuality with mysticism. As Cocteau said of a Genet poem, "His obscenity is never obscene."

— Patti Smith,Just Kids[34]

Controversy

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The Perfect Moment(1989 solo exhibit tour)

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In the summer of 1989, a traveling solo exhibit by Mapplethorpe brought national attention to the issues of public funding for the arts, as well as questions of censorship and the obscene. TheCorcoran Gallery of ArtinWashington, D.C.,agreed to be one of the host museums for the tour. Mapplethorpe decided to show his latest series that he explored shortly before his death. TitledRobert Mapplethorpe:The Perfect Moment,the show included photographs from his X Portfolio, which featured images ofurophagia,gayBDSMand a self-portrait with abullwhipinserted in his anus.[35]It also featured photos of two children with exposed genitals.[36][37]

The show was curated by Janet Kardon of theInstitute of Contemporary ArtinPhiladelphia.[38][39]The ICA was awarded a grant from theNational Endowment for the Artsto support Mapplethorpe's exhibit at the Corcoran Gallery of Art. The Corcoran cancelled the show, terminating its contract with the ICA, because it did not want to get involved in the political issues that it raised, but instead the gallery was pulled into the controversy, which "intensified the debate waged both in the media and in Congress surrounding the NEA's funding of projects perceived by some individuals...to be inappropriate."[40]The hierarchy of the Corcoran and several members of theUnited States Congresswere upset when the works were revealed to them, due to thehomoeroticandsadomasochisticthemes of some of the work. Though much of his work throughout his career had been regularly displayed in publicly funded exhibitions, conservative and religious organizations such as theAmerican Family Associationseized on this exhibition to vocally oppose government support for what they called "nothing more than the sensational presentation of potentially obscene material."[41]

In June 1989,pop artistLowell Blair Nesbittbecame involved in the censorship issue. Nesbitt, a long-time friend of Mapplethorpe, revealed that he had a $1.5-million bequest to the museum in his will, but publicly promised that if the museum refused to host the exhibition, he would revoke the bequest. The Corcoran refused and Nesbitt bequeathed the money to thePhillips Collectioninstead. After the Corcoran refused the Mapplethorpe exhibition, the underwriters of the exhibition went to the nonprofitWashington Project for the Arts,[42]which showed all the images in its space from July 21 to August 13, 1989, to large crowds.[43][44]In 1990, theContemporary Arts Centerin Cincinnati, which had also shown the exhibit, andDennis Barrie,were charged with obscenity; photographs that depicted men in sadomasochistic poses were the basis of charges that the museum and its director had pandered obscenity. They were found not guilty by a jury.[45]

According to the ICA, "The Corcoran's decision sparked a controversial national debate: Should tax dollars support the arts? Who decides what is 'obscene' or 'offensive' in public exhibitions? And if art can be considered a form offree speech,is it a violation of theFirst Amendmentto revoke federal funding on grounds of obscenity? To this day, these questions remain very much at issue. "[38][46]Mapplethorpe became something of acause célèbrefor both sides of the Americanculture war.However, prices for many of the Mapplethorpe photographs doubled and even tripled as a consequence of all the attention. The artist's notoriety supposedly also helped the posthumous sale atChristie'sauction house of Mapplethorpe's own collection of furniture, pottery, silver and works by other artists, which brought about $8 million.[47]

University of Central England incident

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In 1998, theUniversity of Central Englandwas involved in a controversy when a library book by Mapplethorpe was confiscated. A final-year undergraduate student was writing a paper on the work of Mapplethorpe and intended to illustrate the paper with a few photographs made fromMapplethorpe,a book of the photographer's work. She took the film to a local shop to be developed and the staff there informedWest Midlands Policebecause of the unusual nature of the images. The police confiscated the library book from the student and informed the university that two photographs in the book would have to be removed. If the university agreed to the removal (which it did not) the book would be returned. The two photographs, which were deemed possibly prosecutable as obscenity, were "Helmut and Brooks, NYC, 1978", which shows analfisting,and "Jim and Tom, Sausalito, 1977", which is of a man clad in a dog collar, a leather mask and trousers, urinating into another man's mouth. "[48][49][50]After a delay of about six months, the affair came to an end when Peter Knight, the Vice-Chancellor of the university, was informed that no legal action would be taken.[49][50]The book was returned to the university library without removal of the photographs.[51]

The Black Book

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The 1986 solo exhibition "Black Males" and the subsequent bookThe Black Booksparked controversy for their depiction of black men. The images, erotic depictions of black men, were widely criticized for being exploitative.[52][53][54]The work was largelyphallocentricand sculptural, focusing on segments of the subject's bodies. His purported intention with these photographs and the use of black men as models was the pursuit of thePlatonic ideal.[21]Mapplethorpe's initial interest in the black male form was inspired by films likeMandingoand the interrogation scene inCruising,in which an unknown black character enters the interrogation room and slaps the protagonist across the face.[55]

Criticism was the subject of a work by American conceptual artistGlenn Ligon,Notes on the Margins of the Black Book(1991–1993). Ligon juxtaposes Mapplethorpe's 91 images of black men in the 1988 publicationBlack Bookwith critical texts and personal reactions about the work to complicate the racial undertones of the imagery.[56]

American poet and activistEssex Hemphillalso expressed criticism in his anthologyBrother to Brother(1991). Although he believed that Mapplethorpe's work reflected exceptional talent, Hemphill also believed that it displayed a lack of concern for gay black men, "except as sexual subjects".[57]

Posthumously

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In 1992, authorPaul Russelldedicated his novelBoys of Lifeto Mapplethorpe, as well as to Karl Keller andPier Paolo Pasolini.[58]

WhenMapplethorpe: A BiographybyPatricia Morrisroewas published by Random House in 1995,[21]theWashington Post Book Worlddescribed it as "Mesmerizing... Morrisroe has succeeded in re-creating the photographer's world of light and dark."[59]Art criticArthur C. Danto,writing inThe Nation,praised it as "utterly admirable... The clarity and honesty of Morrisroe's portrait are worthy of its subject."[60]

Patti Smithpublished books titledThe Coral Sea(1996) andJust Kids(2010). Both were dedicated to Mapplethorpe, and the latter won the 2010National Book Award for Nonfiction.[61]

In September 1999, Arena Editions publishedPictures,a monograph that reintroduced Mapplethorpe's sex pictures. In 2000,Pictureswas seized by twoSouth Australianplain-clothes detectives from anAdelaidebookshop in the belief that the book breached indecency andobscenity laws.[62]Police sent the book to theCanberra-basedOffice of Film and Literature Classificationafter the state Attorney-General's Department deftly decided not to get involved in the mounting publicity storm. Eventually, the OFLC board agreed unanimously that the book, imported from the United States, should remain freely available and unrestricted.[63]

In May 2007, American writer, director, and producerJames Crumpdirected the documentary filmBlack White + Gray,which premiered at the 2007Tribeca Film Festival.It explores the influence Mapplethorpe, curatorSam Wagstaff,and Patti Smith had on the 1970s art scene in New York City.[64][65][66][67][68]

In September 2007, Prestel publishedMapplethorpe: Polaroids,a collection of 183 of approximately 1,500 existing Mapplethorpe polaroids.[69]This book accompanies an exhibition by theWhitney Museum of American Artin May 2008.

In 2008, Robert Mapplethorpe was named byEquality Forumas one of its 31 Icons of the 2015LGBT History Month.[70]

In June 2016, Belgian fashion designerRaf Simonsdebuted his men's Spring 2017 collection inspired by Mapplethorpe's work and featuring several of his photographs printed onto shirts, jackets, and smocks.[71][72]

The American documentary film,Mapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures,was released in 2016. It was directed and executive produced byRandy Barbato and Fenton Bailey,and produced byKatharina Otto-Bernstein.[73][74][75][76][77][78]

In January 2016, filmmakerOndi Timonerannounced that she was directing a feature about him,Mapplethorpe,withMatt Smithin the lead role.[79]The film premiered on April 22, 2018, at theTribeca Film Festivalin New York City.[80]

In 2019 and 2020, the Guggenheim Museum in New York City hostedImplicit Tensions,an exhibition of many of Mapplethorpe's works.[81]

In collaboration with the Mapplethorpe Foundation, jeweler Gaia Repossi created a jewelry collection inspired by Mapplethorpe in 2021.[82]

In 2022,Isaac Cole Powellplayed a character inAmerican Horror Story: NYCnamed 'Theo Graves' loosely inspired by Mapplethorpe's life as an erotic photographer, relationship with his mentor and art curatorSam Wagstaff,and death from HIV/AIDS complications.

Art market

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In 2017, a 1987 Mapplethorpe self-portraitplatinum printwas auctioned for £450,000,[83]making itthe most expensive Mapplethorpe photograph ever sold.

In April 2023,PhillipsauctionedMan in Polyester Suit(1980) for an above-estimate $355,600.[84]

Selected publications

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  • Hollinghurst, Alan; Morgan, Stuart (1983).Robert Mapplethorpe: 1970–1983.London: Institute of Contemporary Arts.ISBN0-905263-31-6.
  • Mapplethorpe, Robert; Chatwin, Bruce (1983).Lady, Lisa Lyon.New York: Viking Press.ISBN0-670-43012-9.
  • Mapplethorpe, Robert (1985).Certain People: A Book of Portraits.Pasadena, CA: Twelvetrees Press.ISBN0-942642-14-7.
  • Mapplethorpe, Robert; Shange, Ntozake (1986).Black Book.New York: St. Martin's Press.ISBN0-312-08302-5.
  • Marshall, Richard; Mapplethorpe, Robert (1986).50 New York Artists: A Critical Selection of Painters and Sculptors Working in New York.San Francisco: Chronicle Books.ISBN0-87701-403-5.
  • Robert Mapplethorpe.Tokyo: Parco. 1987.ISBN4-89194-149-9.
  • Mapplethorpe Portraits.London: National Portrait Gallery. 1988.ISBN0-904017-91-5.
  • Mapplethorpe, Robert;Didion, Joan(1989).Some Women.Boston: Bulfinch Press.ISBN0-8212-1716-X.
  • Kardon, Janet; Joselit, David; Larson, Kay (1988).Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment.Philadelphia: Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania.ISBN0-88454-046-4.
  • Mapplethorpe, Robert (1990).Flowers.Boston: Bulfinch Press.ISBN0-8212-1781-X.
  • Cheim, John (1991).Early Works 1970–1974.New York: Robert Miller Gallery.ISBN0-944680-36-4.
  • Celant, Germano (1992).Mapplethorpe.Milan: Electa/Louisiana Museum of Modern Art.ISBN88-435-3647-8.
  • Mapplethorpe, Robert;Danto, Arthur Coleman(1992).Mapplethorpe.New York: Random House.ISBN0-679-40804-5.
  • White, Edmund (1995).Altars.New York: Random House.ISBN0-679-42721-X.
  • Ashbery, John; Holborn, Mark; Levas, Dimitri (1996).Pistils.New York: Random House.ISBN0-679-40805-3.
  • Rimbaud, Arthur;Schmidt, Paul; Mapplethorpe, Robert (1997).A Season in Hell.Boston: Little, Brown.ISBN0-8212-2458-1.
  • Levas, Dimitri;Sischy, Ingrid(1999).Pictures.Arena Editions.ISBN1-892041-16-2.
  • Celant, Germano; Ippolitov, Arkadiĭ; Vail, Karole P B; Blessing, Jennifer (2004).Robert Mapplethorpe and the Classical Tradition: Photographs and Mannerist Prints.New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.ISBN0-89207-312-8.
  • Celant, Germano (2005).Robert Mapplethorpe: Tra Antico e Moderno. Un'antologia.Turin, Italy: Palazzina della Promotrice delle Belle Arti.ISBN88-7624-610-X.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Mapplethorpe, Robert (2006).The Complete Flowers.Essay byHerbert Muschamp.New York: teNeues.ISBN3-8327-9168-X.
  • Wolf, Sylvia (2007).Polaroids: Mapplethorpe.Munich and New York: Prestel.ISBN978-3-7913-3835-4.
  • Robert Mapplethorpe X7.Interviews by Richard Flood. New York: teNeues Publishing. 2011.ISBN978-3-8327-9473-6.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: others (link)
  • Neutres, Jerome;Smith, Patti;White, Edmund;Pinet, Helene; Benhamou-Huet, Judith (2014).Robert Mapplethorpe.Paris: Éditions de la Reunion des Musées Nationaux – Grand Palais.ISBN9782711861408.
  • Holborn, Mark, ed. (2016).Mapplethorpe Flora: The Complete Flowers.Essay by Dimitri Levas. New York: Phaidon.ISBN978-0-7148-7131-8.
  • Martineau, Paul; Salvesen, Britt (2016).Robert Mapplethorpe: The Photographs.Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.ISBN978-1-60606-469-6.

Selected exhibitions

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See also

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References

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  1. ^Kalfatovic, Martin R. (February 2000).Mapplethorpe, Robert.American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1701327.{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help)
  2. ^"Robert Mapplethorpe Van Buren Alumni Video".RetrievedJune 28,2021.
  3. ^"The art of Edward Mapplethorpe".CBS News. August 7, 2016.RetrievedMay 4,2019.
  4. ^Glueck, Grace."Fallen Angel",The New York Times,June 25, 1995. Retrieved October 14, 2007. "Growing up in a blue-collar precinct of Floral Park and steeped in Catholicism, Mapplethorpe developed — to his alarm — an adolescent interest in gay pornographic magazines... So, at Pratt Institute, where his father had studied Engineering and Robert majored in Graphic Arts (but stopped short of getting a degree)..."
  5. ^Haggerty, George."Gay histories and cultures"
  6. ^"Robert Mapplethorpe movie reveals little about the controversial photographer".Twincities.March 7, 2019.RetrievedMarch 27,2019.
  7. ^White, Edmund (February 13, 2010)."Just Kids by Patti Smith – Book review".The Guardian.RetrievedMarch 27,2019.
  8. ^abCutler, Jacqueline (October 28, 2018)."Patti Smith details her wild, artsy, broke days with Robert Mapplethorpe in revised book".Daily News.New York.RetrievedMarch 27,2019.
  9. ^"Robert Mapplethorpe and Patti Smith: Artist and Muse".Tate Etc.RetrievedMarch 27,2019.
  10. ^Jones, Jonathan (January 26, 2016)."James Dean with a camera (and whip): Robert Mapplethorpe the film star".The Guardian.RetrievedMarch 27,2019.
  11. ^Dunne, Dominick (September 5, 2013)."Robert Mapplethorpe's Finale: The AIDS-Stricken Photographer's Last Interview".Vanity Fair.RetrievedMarch 27,2019.
  12. ^"Semi-Precious".New York Magazine:44. June 29, 1970.
  13. ^Terpak, Frances; Brunnick, Michelle (March 15, 2016).Robert Mapplethorpe: The Archive.Getty Publications. p. 105.ISBN978-1-60606-470-2.
  14. ^"Patti Smith on Robert Mapplethorpe: 'He Was Like Picasso, You Couldn't Get Attached to Anything'".Out.March 25, 2016.RetrievedMarch 27,2019.
  15. ^"Robert Mapplethorpe: The Man Behind The Camera".trendchaser.January 9, 2017.RetrievedMarch 27,2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  16. ^Fritscher, Jack.Gay San Francisco: Eyewitness Drummer,San Francisco, Palm Drive Publishing, 2008,ISBN1890834386,p. 473,JackfritscherArchivedJuly 5, 2021, at theWayback Machine.Retrieved September 29, 2014.
  17. ^Fritscher, Jack (March 9, 2016)."'He was a sexual outlaw': my love affair with Robert Mapplethorpe ".The Guardian.RetrievedMarch 27,2019.
  18. ^William E. Jones,"True Homosexual Experiences" Boyd McDonald and "Straight to Hell",Los Angeles, We Heard You Like Books, 2016,ISBN9780996421812,p. 75.
  19. ^Jack Fritscher,Robert Mapplethorpe: Assault with a Deadly Camera,pp. 189–190.
  20. ^Mapplethorpe's membership card for the Mineshaft can be seen in the 2016 documentaryMapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures(http:// mapplethorpefilm.Retrieved April 22, 2016).
  21. ^abcdeMorrisroe, Patricia. Robert Mapplethorpe: a biography. New York: Random House, 1995. pgs. 297, 126ISBN0-394-57650-0
  22. ^Wilson, Scott.Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons,3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 29890-29891). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  23. ^ab"The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation – Foundation".Mapplethorpe.org.
  24. ^"Pantheon of Leather Awards All Time Recipients - The Leather Journal".theleatherjournal.Archived fromthe originalon December 28, 2020.RetrievedDecember 20,2020.
  25. ^Lee, Felicia R. (January 2, 1995)."Making Days Live in Face of Death; At AIDS Residence, a Nurse Helps Poor, Drug-Addicted Patients".The New York Times.RetrievedNovember 30,2019.
  26. ^Weaver, Shayne (June 29, 2017)."Homeless Shelter Planned for Former AIDS Rehab Facility on E. 17th Street".dnainfo. Archived fromthe originalon April 15, 2019.RetrievedNovember 30,2019.
  27. ^Duray, Dan."Mapplethorpe Estate to OHWOW in Los Angeles".The New York Observer.RetrievedJanuary 29,2014.
  28. ^"The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation – FAQ".mapplethorpe.org.The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation.RetrievedJanuary 29,2014.
  29. ^"Robert Mapplethorpe Archive".Getty Research Institute.RetrievedFebruary 11,2014.
  30. ^abcArthur Coleman Danto and Mapplethorpe, Robert. Mapplethorpe. New York: Random House, 1992. Print. pg 326
  31. ^Hinds, Aimee (June 23, 2020)."Hercules in White: Classical Reception, Art and Myth".The Jugaad Project.RetrievedOctober 22,2020.
  32. ^Thorgerson, Storm; Aubrey Powell (November 1999).100 Best Album Covers: The Stories Behind the Sleeves(1st American ed.). Dorling Kindersley. p. 74.ISBN0-7894-4951-X.
  33. ^"Photographic image"(JPG).Mapplethorpe.org.RetrievedFebruary 9,2020.
  34. ^Smith, Patti (2010).Just Kids(First Ecco Paperback ed.). HarperCollins. p. 199.ISBN978-0-06-093622-8.
  35. ^"Robert Mapplethorpe's extraordinary vision".The Tech.Archived fromthe originalon July 19, 2012.RetrievedMay 8,2009.
  36. ^Kevin Moore (November 17, 2015)."Whipping up a storm: how Robert Mapplethorpe shocked America | Art and design".The Guardian.RetrievedJanuary 4,2020.
  37. ^Danto, Arthur (1996).Playing with the Edge: The Photographic Achievement of Robert Mapplethorpe.Berkeley:University of California Press.
  38. ^ab"Imperfect Moments: Mapplethorpe and Censorship Twenty Years Later,Institute of Contemporary Art "(PDF).Icaphila.org.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on July 21, 2018.RetrievedMarch 27,2019.
  39. ^"ICA".Icaphila.aorg.Archived fromthe originalon September 3, 2011.RetrievedSeptember 4,2011.
  40. ^Tannenbaum, Judith. "Robert Mapplethorpe: The Philadelphia Story." Art Journal 50.4 (1991): 71–76. Web.
  41. ^"Mapplethorpe's Photos Now an F.C.C. Issue".The New York Times.August 17, 1990.
  42. ^"The Sensitive Society,James F. Fitzpatrick, FCLJ Vol 47 No 2 ".Archived fromthe originalon June 13, 2008.
  43. ^"Corcoran Cut From Painter's Will".Pqasb.pqarchiver.Archived fromthe originalon November 5, 2012.RetrievedJuly 7,2017.
  44. ^"Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment".Wpadc.org.
  45. ^"Censorship: A World Encyclopedia".Jackfritscher.
  46. ^The federal government and the states have long been permitted to limit obscenity or pornography. However, the exact definition of obscenity and pornography has changed over time. (See alsoI know it when I see it.)
  47. ^Glueck, Grace (April 16, 1990)."Publicity Is Enriching Mapplethorpe Estate".The New York Times.
  48. ^"Helmut and Brooks, N.Y.C. (Getty Museum)".Getty.edu.RetrievedJanuary 3,2020.
  49. ^abJason Bennetto Crime Correspondent (October 1, 1998)."Mapplethorpe images cleared".The Independent.RetrievedJanuary 3,2020.{{cite news}}:|author=has generic name (help)
  50. ^ab"UCE pages on the Mapplethorpe controversy".Archived fromthe originalon February 9, 1999.RetrievedNovember 12,2002.
  51. ^Ursula Smartt (April 19, 2011).Media and Entertainment Law.Taylor & Francis. pp. 277–.ISBN978-1-136-73641-4.
  52. ^"Mapplethorpe – Richard Meyer Essay".Queerculturecenter.org.Archived fromthe originalon February 20, 2009.RetrievedApril 26,2007.
  53. ^"Mapplethorpe, Robert (1946–1989)".Archived fromthe originalon March 21, 2006.
  54. ^Mercer, Kobena (1991). "Looking for Trouble".Transition(51): 184–197.doi:10.2307/2935086.JSTOR2935086.
  55. ^Fritscher, Jack. Mapplethorpe: assault with a deadly camera: a pop culture memoir, an outlaw reminiscence. Mamaroneck, NY: Hastings House, 1994. Print.
  56. ^Audio Guide Stop For Glenn Ligon, Notes on the Margins of the Black Book, 1991–1993,Whitney Museum of American Art
  57. ^Duberman, Martin (2014).Hold Tight Gently: Michael Callen, Essex Hemphill and the Battlefield of AIDS.New York:The New Press.pp. 169–170.ISBN978-1-59558-945-3.
  58. ^Russell, Paul (1991).Boys of Life.New York, NY: Dutton. p.iii.ISBN978-0-525-93327-4.
  59. ^Washington Post Book World, May 28, 1995,In the Darkroom of the Soul.
  60. ^The Unretouched Life,The Nation, June 12, 1995.
  61. ^"National Book Awards – 2010".National Book Foundation.Retrieved February 20, 2012. (With interview, acceptance speech, and reading.)
  62. ^"Extract from: HANSARD, S.A. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, Wednesday 14 March 2001".RetrievedOctober 5,2013.
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Further reading

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  • Marshall, Richard, Richard Howard, and Ingrid Sischy.Robert Mapplethorpe.New York: Whitney Museum of American Art in association with New York Graphic Society Books, 1988.ISBN0-87427-060-X
  • Veith, Gene Edward.State of the arts: from Bezalel to Mapplethorpe.Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 1991.ISBN0-89107-608-5
  • Ellenzweig, Allen.The homoerotic photograph: male images from Durieu/Delacroix to Mapplethorpe.New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.ISBN0-231-07536-7
  • Fritscher, Jack.Mapplethorpe: Assault with a Deadly Camera: A Pop Culture Memoir, An Outlaw Reminiscence.Mamaroneck, NY: Hastings House, 1994.ISBN0-8038-9362-0
  • Fritscher, Jack. "What Happened When: Censorship, Gay History & Mapplethorpe", inCensorship: A World Encyclopedia,ed. Derek Jones, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001,ISBN1579581358.Retrieved 2014-09-02
  • Jarzombek, Mark."The Mapplethorpe trial and the paradox of its formalist and liberal defense: sights of contention."AppendX2:58–81, Spring 1994.
  • Morrisroe, Patricia.Robert Mapplethorpe: a biography.New York: Random House, 1995.ISBN0-394-57650-0
  • Danto, Arthur C.Playing with the edge: the photographic achievement of Robert Mapplethorpe.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.ISBN0-520-20051-9
  • Banham, Gary. "Mapplethorpe, Duchamp and the ends of photography".Angelaki7(1):119–128, 2002.
  • Smith, Patti.Just Kids.New York: Ecco, 2010.ISBN978-0-06-621131-2
  • Curley, Mallory.A Cookie Mueller Encyclopedia.Randy Press, 2010.
  • Gefter, Philip.Wagstaff: Before and After Mapplethorpe.NY: Liveright, 2014.ISBN978-0871404374
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