Rodrigo Roa DuterteKGCR(English:/dəˈtɜːrteɪ/,Tagalog:[ɾodˈɾiː.ɣoˈɾoː.ɐdʊˈtɛːɾ.tɛ];born March 28, 1945), also known asDigong,Rody,[5]and by the initialsDU30andPRRD,[6][7]is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16thpresident of the Philippinesfrom 2016 to 2022. He is the chairperson ofPartido Demokratiko Pilipino(formerly PDP–Laban), the ruling political party in the Philippines during his presidency. Duterte isthe first president of the Philippinesto be fromMindanao,[8][9]and is the oldest person to assume office, beginning his term at age 71.[10]
Rodrigo Duterte | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 2016 | |
| 16thPresident of the Philippines | |
| In office June 30, 2016 – June 30, 2022 | |
| Vice President | Leni Robredo |
| Preceded by | Benigno Aquino III |
| Succeeded by | Bongbong Marcos |
| Mayor of Davao City | |
| In office June 30, 2013 – June 30, 2016 | |
| Vice Mayor | Paolo Duterte |
| Preceded by | Sara Duterte |
| Succeeded by | Sara Duterte |
| In office June 30, 2001 – June 30, 2010 | |
| Vice Mayor | Luis Bonguyan (2001–07) Sara Duterte (2007–10) |
| Preceded by | Benjamin de Guzman |
| Succeeded by | Sara Duterte |
| In office February 2, 1988 – March 19, 1998 | |
| Vice Mayor | Dominador Zuño Jr. (acting) Luis Bonguyan Benjamin de Guzman |
| Preceded by | Jacinto Rubillar (OIC) |
| Succeeded by | Benjamin de Guzman (acting) |
| Vice Mayor of Davao City | |
| In office June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2013 | |
| Mayor | Sara Duterte |
| Preceded by | Sara Duterte |
| Succeeded by | Paolo Duterte |
| In office May 2, 1986 – November 27, 1987 Officer In Charge | |
| Mayor | Zafiro Respicio |
| Preceded by | Cornelio Maskariño (OIC) |
| Succeeded by | Gilbert Abellera (OIC) |
| Member of theHouse of RepresentativesfromDavao City's1stdistrict | |
| In office June 30, 1998 – June 30, 2001 | |
| Preceded by | Prospero Nograles |
| Succeeded by | Prospero Nograles |
| Chairman ofPartido Demokratiko Pilipino | |
| Assumed office February 7, 2016 | |
| President | Koko Pimentel Manny Pacquiao Alfonso Cusi Jose Alvarez Robin Padilla |
| Preceded by | Ismael Sueno |
| Chairman of theDavao CityLiberal Party | |
| In office 2009 – February 21, 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Peter Laviña |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Rodrigo Roa Duterte March 28, 1945 Maasin,Leyte,Philippine Commonwealth |
| Political party | Partido Demokratiko Pilipino (1998–2009; 2015–present)[a][1][2] Hugpong sa Tawong Lungsod(local party; 2011–present) |
| Other political affiliations | Liberal(2009–2015)[1][2] Nacionalista(1990–1998)[3] Lakas ng Dabaw (1988)[4] |
| Spouse | |
| Domestic partner | Honeylet Avanceña(c. 1996–present) |
| Relations | Duterte family |
| Children | |
| Parent(s) | Vicente Duterte Soledad Roa |
| Residence | Davao City |
| Education | Holy Cross College of Digos(secondary) |
| Alma mater | Lyceum of the Philippines University(BA) San Beda College(LL.B) |
| Signature |  |
Born inMaasin,Leyte(now inSouthern Leyte), Duterte moved toDavaoas a child where his father,Vicente Duterte,served as provincial governor. He studiedpolitical scienceat theLyceum of the Philippines University,graduating in 1968, before obtaining a law degree fromSan Beda College of Lawin 1972. He then worked as a lawyer and was a prosecutor forDavao City,before becomingvice mayorand, subsequently,mayor of the cityin the wake of the 1986People Power Revolution.Duterte won seven terms and served as mayor of Davao for over 22 years, during which the once crime-ridden city became peaceful and investor-friendly.[11][12]
Duterte's2016 presidential campaignled to hiselection victory.Duringhis presidency,his domestic policy focused on combating theillegal drug tradeby initiating the controversialwar on drugs,fighting crime andcorruption,[13][14][15]and intensified efforts againstterrorismandcommunist insurgency.He launched amassive infrastructure plan,[16][17]initiated liberal economic reforms,[18]streamlined government processes,[19]and proposed a shift to afederal system of governmentwhich was ultimately unsuccessful.[20]He also oversaw the controversialburial of Ferdinand Marcos,[21][22]the2017 Battle of Marawi,[23]and thegovernment's responseto theCOVID-19 pandemic.[24]He declared the intention to pursue an "independent foreign policy", and strengthenedrelations with ChinaandRussia.[25]He initially announced his candidacy forvice presidentin the2022 election;in October 2021, he said he was retiring from politics. The next month, he filed his candidacy for senator but withdrew it on December 14.[26]
Duterte'spolitical positionshave been described aspopulist,[27][28][29]as well asnationalist.[30][31][32]His political success has been aided by his vocal support for theextrajudicial killingof drug users and other criminals.[33]His career has sparkednumerous protestsand attracted controversy, particularly overhuman rights issuesand his controversial comments. Duterte has repeatedly confirmed to have personally killed criminal suspects during his term as mayor of Davao.[34][35]Extrajudicial killings that were allegedly committed by theDavao Death Squadbetween 1998 and 2016 during Duterte's mayoralty have also been scrutinized by human-rights groups and theOffice of the Ombudsman.[36][37]The victims were mainly alleged drug users, alleged petty criminals, andstreet children.[38][39]TheInternational Criminal Courtopened a preliminary investigation into Duterte's drug war in 2018,[40]prompting Duterte to withdraw the Philippines from the body in response.[41]He is the only president in the history of thePhilippinesnot todeclare his assets and liabilities.[42]Duterte's popularity and domestic approval rating remained relatively high throughout his presidency and by the end of his term, he was the most popular post-People Power Revolution president.[43][44][45]
Early years
Rodrigo Roa Duterte was born on March 28, 1945, inMaasin,Southern Leyte.[46]His father wasVicente Gonzales Duterte(1911–1968), aCebuanolawyer, and his mother,Soledad Gonzales Roa(1916–2012), was a schoolteacher fromCabadbaran,Agusanand a civic leader ofMaranaodescent. Duterte has said that his grandfather was Chinese and hailed fromXiameninFu gian,China.[47]Duterte has four siblings: Eleanor, Jocelyn, Emmanuel and Benjamin.[48]
Duterte's father was mayor ofDanao, Cebu,and subsequently the provincial governor of (the then-undivided)Davao province.Rodrigo's cousinRonaldwas mayor ofCebu Cityfrom 1983 to 1986. Ronald's father, Ramon Duterte, also held that position from 1957 to 1959. The Dutertes consider the Cebu-basedpolitical familiesof the Durano and the Almendras clan as relatives.[49][50]Duterte also has relatives from the Roa clan in Leyte through his mother's side.[51]Duterte's family lived in Maasin, and in his father's hometown in Danao, until he was four years old.[52]Duterte was heavily influenced by his mother, who unlike Vicente was a staunch anti-Marcos activist, which led the young Duterte to have a divided opinion on the Marcoses. Duterte later said Marcos could have been the best president, but unfortunately he was a dictator.[53]The Dutertes initially moved toMindanaoin 1948 but still went back and forth to the Visayas until 1949.[54]They finally settled in theDavao Regionin 1950. Vicente worked as a lawyer engaged in private practice. Soledad worked as a teacher until 1952, when Vicente entered politics.[55]
Education and early law career
Duterte went to Laboon Elementary School in Maasin for a year.[51]He spent his remaining elementary days at Santa Ana Elementary School inDavao City,where he completed his primary education in 1956. He finished his secondary education in the High School Department of Holy Cross College of Digos (nowCor Jesu College) inDigos,Davao province,after being expelled twice from previous schools, including one in theAteneo de Davao University (AdDU) High Schooldue to misconduct.[56]He graduated in 1968 with aBachelor of Artsdegree inpolitical scienceat theLyceum of the PhilippinesinManila.[57][58]
Duterte obtained a law degree fromSan Beda College of Lawin 1972,[59]passing the bar exam in the same year.[60]He worked as a professor in the national police academy, and was a member of an organization called Nationalist Alliance for Justice, Freedom and Democracy. He later served as the OIC vice mayor of Davao City, assisting evacuees from Davao City remote areas and working for the release of soldiers captured by theNew Peoples Army(NPA).[61]Eventually, he became a special counsel at the City Prosecution Office in Davao City from 1977 to 1979, fourth assistant city prosecutor from 1979 to 1981, third assistant city prosecutor from 1981 to 1983, and second assistant city prosecutor from 1983 to 1986.[62][63]
Sexual abuse claims
Duterte has claimed he wassexually abused by a priestwhen he was a minor.[64]After he was challenged by theCatholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines(CBCP) and AdDU officials to name the priest and file a case against him, Duterte then revealed the priest's name as Mark Falvey (d. 1975).[64]TheJesuits of the Society of Jesus in the Philippinesconfirmed that according to press reports in the United States, in May 2007, the Society of Jesus agreed to a tentative payout ofUS$16 millionto settle claims that Falvey sexually abused at least nine children in Los Angeles from 1959 to 1975. Accusations against Falvey began in 2002 but he was never charged with a crime. In May 2008, theDiocese of Sacramentopaid a $100,000-settlement to a person allegedly raped and molested by Mark's brother, Arthur Falvey. However, it was not clearly indicated in the report if Mark Falvey was assigned at the Jesuit-run Ateneo de Davao.[65]
When asked why he did not complain when the abuse supposedly happened, Duterte claimed that he was too young to complain about the priest's abuse and was intimidated by authorities at that time. He also stated that he never disclosed that information after he was expelled and moved to a different high school and especially not to his family.[66]
Shooting of student at law school
Duterte stated at a rally in April 2016 that he shot a fellow student who had bullied him about his Visayan origin as well as other students of the same ethnicity, while at San Beda law college. He said, "But the truth is, I'm used to shooting people. When we were about to graduate from San Beda, I shot a person." Duterte said that he shot the student in a corridor at the college when the said student called him names again. He later told a reporter that the student survived, but refused to answer any further questions about the incident.[67]
However, in an interview aired on24 Orasand published on the official GMA News Online website on April 22, 2016, retired labor arbiter Arthur Amansec said Duterte and Octavio Goco at that time were both playing with a gun as it was normal for students to bring guns to school in the seventies. Amansec is Duterte's former classmate in San Beda College who witnessed the incident. He added that "the bullet hit the school's wooden floor and was embedded there." Amansec emphasized that Duterte and Goco remained friends until Goco died in the United States years later.[68]
Political career in Davao City
After the 1986People Power Revolutionthat toppled the regime of PresidentFerdinand Marcos,Duterte was appointed officer-in-charge vice mayor of Davao City by PresidentCorazon Aquino.[69]In the1988 local elections,he ran formayorunder the banner of Lakas ng Dabaw, defeating former OIC Mayor Zafiro Respicio by a margin of 6,000 votes.[70]
As mayor of Davao City, Duterte made efforts to unite the different tribes and political groups in the city. He set a precedent by designating deputy mayors to represent the administrative districts, as well as theLumadandMoropeoples in the city government; this was later copied by other cities in other parts of the Philippines.[61]
In December 1990, Duterte joined theNacionalista Partyupon the persuasion of SenatorJuan Ponce Enrile.[3][71]In 1992, he successfully defended his seat from1st districtrepresentativeProspero Nograles.In 1995, afterFlor Contemplacion,a Filipina, was executed inSingaporeafter confessing to a double murder, Duterte allegedly burned aflag of Singapore(though this claim was later denied) and joined 1,000 employees of Davao City in protest.[72][73]
In 1998, because he was term-limited to run again for mayor, Duterte ran and won as congressman of the city's1st districtunder theLaban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino(LAMMP). He was a member of five House committees, namely:National Defense,Public Order and Security,Health,Transportation and Communications,andCooperative Development.He filed 64 measures, including 45 bills, with one enacted into law—Republic Act No. 8969, which declared the third Friday of August a special holiday in Davao City. He expressed disinterest with his new post, describing it as less engaging compared to his time as mayor. He attempted to resign in 1999 after his sonPaolowas accused of mauling a hotel guard, but both House SpeakerManny Villarand PresidentJoseph Estradadeclined his resignation.[74]
In 2001, he ran again for mayor of Davao against his former ally, Mayor Benjamin de Guzman.[75]He won against de Guzman and was elected for a fourth term. He was re-elected in 2004, defeating de Guzman for the second time,[76]and in 2007 with virtually no opposition.[77]
In 2010, he was elected vice mayor, succeeding his daughterSara,who was elected as mayor.[78]
In 2013, Davao City sent rescue and medical teams toTaclobanto give aid to the victims ofTyphoon Haiyan(locally known in the country as Typhoon Yolanda). Financial assistance was also given toBoholandCebuforearthquake victims.[79]
Duterte also passed Davao City's Women Development Code, which aims "to uphold the rights of women and the belief in their worth and dignity as human beings".[80][81]Duterte banned swimsuit competitions in beauty pageants in Davao City.[82]He gained prominence for supporting the first-everGawad KalingaVillage inside a jail facility in Davao City. It is a home-type jail with ten cottages built inside the compound, which now serve as homes for female inmates.[83]
Law and order
During Duterte's tenure as mayor,Davao Cityexperienced economic boom and a significant decrease in crime from being a conflict-ridden area between communists and right-wing groups during the 1970s and 1980s, and is constantly rated as among the safest in the country.[84][12]The city also ranks high in the world according to crowdsourced survey siteNumbeo,[85][86]a narrative that gained currency in the national media, creating a widespread public perception that has been a significant factor in establishing support for hisnationwide drug policy.[87][88][89]The city was also awarded "Most Child-Friendly City for Highly-Urbanized Category" in 1998, 1999, 2013 and 2014.[90][91]
Under Duterte's watch, the city council imposed a prohibition on selling, serving, drinking, and consuming alcoholic beverages from 01:00 until 08:00 each morning. Duterte signed Executive Order No. 39, reducing the speed limits for all kinds of motor vehicles within the territorial jurisdiction of Davao City in the interest of public safety and order.[92]Duterte also signed Executive Order No. 04 creating the implementing of rules and regulations for a new comprehensive anti-smoking ordinance.[93]Afirecracker banwas also implemented by the City Council through the support of Duterte.[94]Davao acquired 10 ambulances forcentral 911intended for medical emergencies and 42 mobile patrol vehicles and motorcycles for the Davao City Police Office.[95]Duterte, through Executive Order No. 24, ordered all shopping malls and commercial centers to install, operate and maintain high end and high definition closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras at all entrance and exit points of their premises.[96]
In September 2015, Duterte was contacted by a restaurant owner in Davao City after a local tourist refused to comply with the city's public anti-smoking ordinance. The then-mayor went to the restaurant and had the tourist choose to be shot at his crotch, have himself imprisoned, or swallow his cigarette butt; the tourist chose the latter and apologized to Duterte.[97]Duterte was then met with criticisms especially from theCommission on Human Rights (CHR).[98]
Alleged involvement with Davao Death Squad
Duterte has been linked by human rights groups such asAmnesty InternationalandHuman Rights Watchtoextrajudicial killingsof over 1,400 alleged criminals andstreet childrenbyvigilantedeath squads.[33][99]In the April 2009 UN General Assembly of the Human Rights Council, the UN report (Eleventh Session Agenda item 3, par 21) said, "The Mayor of Davao City has done nothing to prevent these killings, and his public comments suggest that he is, in fact, supportive."[100]Duterte emphasized that the concept of human rights for criminals is Western and should not apply to the Philippines;[101]he further challenged human rights officials to file a case against him if they could provide evidence of his links with vigilante groups.[102]
We're the ninth-safest city. How do you think I did it? How did I reach that title among the world's safest cities? Kill them all [criminals].
— Duterte, May 15, 2015[101]
Duterte frequently expressed his support for the extrajudicial killings that occurred during his tenure as Davao City mayor, while alternately denying and admitting his links to them.[33][103][104]During his post-presidency in October 2023, he admitted on his talk show programGikan sa Masa, para sa Masato using intelligence funds to finance the extrajudicial killings done during his time as mayor.[105][106]
Federalism advocacy
In September 2014, Duterte and former mayors and governors, calling themselves the Mindanao Council of Leaders, advocated for a federalist government.[107]A month later, Duterte attended an event sponsored by the Federal Movement for a Better Philippines inCebu City.[108]
In December 2014, Duterte held a summit entitled "Mindanaons Forging Unity Toward a Federal System of Government".[109]
2016 presidential campaign
Prospects of Duterte running for president in the 2016 elections began in February 2015, during which Duterte, then outgoingMayor of Davao City,re-entered thePDP-Labanparty, who courted him to run for president.[110]A month later, Duterte emerged as a preferred presidential candidate in aPulse Asiapoll; tied with Manila mayor and former presidentJoseph Estrada,Duterte ranked third behind SenatorGrace Poeand frontrunner, Vice PresidentJejomar Binay.[111]In the following months leading to October, however, Duterte repeatedly declined his supporters' clamors for him to run as president because of what he described as a "flawed government system", as well as lack of funds and opposition from his family members—notably, from his daughterSara.[112][113]Additionally, Duterte said he will retire from politics after his mayorship ends, but only if Sara runs as mayor.[113]
In an unforeseen development, PDP-Labanstandard bearerMartin Diñowithdrew his candidacy on October 29 and named Duterte as his substitute.[114]A month later, Duterte formally announced his presidential bid and acceptedAlan Peter Cayetano's offer to be his running mate; Duterte also named Sara as his substitute for Mayor of Davao City.[115][116]
During his campaign, Duterte gained distinction for his emphatic anti-crime message and push to reduce "Imperial Manila's "dominance.[117]: 5 At the same time, he made controversial remarks, including promising to kill tens of thousands of criminals and eradicate crime in six months.[118][119]He also said his presidency would be "a bloody one", and that he would pardon himself, the police, and soldiers accused of human rights abuses at the end of his six-year term.[119]Duterte also apologized after saying out of anger when recalling the events[120]that he "should have been first" to rape Jacqueline Hamill, an Australian missionary who wasgang-rapedand killed during the1989 Davao hostage crisis.[121]After the United States' and Australia's ambassadors to the Philippines criticized him for the rape comments, Duterte threatened to sever diplomatic ties with the countries if elected.[119]
Constitutional reform
Duterte campaigned fordecentralizationand a shift to a federal government during the 2016 presidential election.[118]In an October 2014 forum organized byFederal Movement for a Better PhilippinesinCebu Cityprior to joining the presidential race, the then-mayor of Davao City called for the creation of two federal states forMoro peopleas a solution to the problems besettingMindanao.[122]Mayor Duterte said thatNur Misuariand hisMoro National Liberation Frontdo not see eye-to-eye with theMoro Islamic Liberation Frontwhich the administration of PresidentBenigno Aquino IIIhad inked a peace deal with. He also said that the "template of theBangsamoro Basic Lawis federal ", but what is granted to the Bangsamoro should also be granted to other Moro groups and other regions in the country.[123]In a dialogue with theMakati Business Clubprior to the elections, Duterte said he is open to "toning down the Constitution" to accommodate more foreign investors to the Philippines.[124]He also said he is open to up to 70 percent foreign ownership of businesses in the country and foreign lease of lands up to 60 years, but will "leave it to Congress to decide".[124]
Election to the presidency
On May 30, 2016, the16th Congress of the Philippinesproclaimed Duterte as thepresident-elect of the Philippinesafter he topped theofficial countby theCongress of the Philippinesfor the2016 presidential electionwith 16,601,997 votes, 6.6 million more than his closest rival,Mar Roxas.[125][126][127]Camarines SurrepresentativeLeni Robredoon the other hand, was proclaimed as thevice president-elect of the Philippineswith 14,418,817 votes, narrowly defeating SenatorBongbong Marcosby 263,473 votes.[128]
Duterte's election victory was attributed to growing public dissatisfaction on the perceived failures of administrations that followed the1986 EDSA Revolution.[129]It was also aided by a strong social media and grassroots fanbase[130][117]: 8–10 and the endorsement of the influentialIglesia ni Cristo,known for itsblock-voting.[131]
Presidency (2016–2022)
| Presidential styles of Rodrigo Duterte[132][133] | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Reference style | President Duterte,His Excellency(rarely used)[b][133] |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency (rarely used)[b] |
| Alternative style | Mr. President, President, Mayor[134] |
Duterte was inaugurated as thesixteenthpresident of the Philippineson June 30, 2016, succeedingBenigno Aquino III.At age 71, Duterte became the oldest person elected to the presidency, the first local chief executive to get elected straight to the Office of the President, the secondCebuanopresident (afterSergio Osmeña), and the firstVisayanpresident fromMindanao.[135]
Early actions
Shortly after his inauguration, Duterte held his first Cabinet meeting to lay out their first agenda, which included the country'sdisaster risk reductionmanagement, decongestingNinoy Aquino International Airportin Manila; he also expressed his ideas and concerns regarding theterritorial disputes in the South China Seaprior to the announcement of the verdict of thePhilippines' arbitration case against Chinaover the issue,[136]which the Philippines later won.[137]On July 4, he issued his firstexecutive order,allowing hisCabinet Secretaryto supervise over several agencies that focus onpoverty reduction.[138]He called for the reimposition ofcapital punishmentin the country to execute criminals involved in "heinous" crimes, such asillegal drug trade,insisting onhanging.[139]
During his first 100 days in office, Duterte issued anexecutive order on freedom of information,[140]launched an intensifiedcampaign against illegal drugs,sought to resume peace talks withcommunist insurgents,formulated a comprehensive tax reform plan, led efforts to pass theBangsamoro Basic Law,made efforts to streamline government transactions, launched the nationwide9–1–1rescue and8888complaint hotlines, established a one-stop service center foroverseas Filipino workers,and increased in the combat and incentive pay of soldiers and police personnel.[141]
Duterte made moves to limitUS visiting troopsin the country, and has reached out to China and Russia to improve relations. He launched tirades against international critics, particularly, United States PresidentBarack Obama,the US government, theUnited Nations,and theEuropean Union,which expressed condemnation to his unprecedented war on drugs that led to the deaths of about 3,300 people, half of which were killed by unknown assailants, and the arrest of 22,000 drug suspects and surrender of about 731,000 people.[141][142]
Following theSeptember 2 bombing in Davao Citythat killed 14 people in the city's central business district, on September 3 Duterte declared a "state of lawlessness", and on the following day issuedProclamation No. 55to officially declare a "state of national emergencyon account of lawless violence in Mindanao ".[143][144]On December 7, Duterte signedExecutive Order No. 10creating a consultative committee to review the 1987Constitution of the Philippines.[145]
Duterte adjusted to working and residing at theMalacañang Palaceby dividing his workweek between Manila and Davao City, spending three days in each city and utilizing theMalacañang of the Southwhile in Davao.[146]
APulse Asiasurvey conducted from July 2–8 showed that Duterte had a trust rating of 91%, the highest of the six presidents since theMarcosdictatorship.[147]In December 2016, Duterte was ranked 70th onForbeslist of The World's Most Powerful People.[148][149]
Domestic policy
Economic policy
Duterte's socioeconomic policies, referred to asDuterteNomics,include tax reform, infrastructure development, social protection programs, and other policies to promote economic growth and human development in the country.[150][151]Finance SecretaryCarlos Dominguez IIIhas said that the government required what he describes as an "audacious" economic strategy in order for the Philippines to "catch up with its more vibrant neighbors" by 2022 and help it achievehigh-income economystatus within a generation. The termDuterteNomicswas coined to describe the economic policy of the Duterte administration.
Duterte initiated liberal economic reforms to attract foreign investors.[152]In March 2022, he signed Republic Act No. 11647 which amended the Foreign Investment Act of 1991, effectively rela xing restrictions on foreign investments by allowing foreigners to invest in a local enterprise up to 100% of its capital.[153]He signed Republic Act No. 11659, amending the 85-year-old Public Service Act, allowing full foreign ownership of public services, which include airports, expressways, railways, telecommunications, and shipping industries, in the country.[154]
Duterte reformed the country's tax system in an effort to make the country's tax system fairer, simpler, and more efficient.[155]In December 2017, he signedTax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law(TRAIN Law) which excludes those earning an annual taxable income of₱250,000 and below from paying the personal income tax, while raising higherexcise taxeson vehicles, sugar-sweetened beverages, petroleum products, tobacco and other non-essential goods.[156]Revenues collected from the TRAIN law will help fund the administration's massiveinfrastructure program.[157][158]In March 2021, to attract more investments and maintain fiscal stability, Duterte signed the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises (CREATE) Act, reducing the 30 percentcorporate income taxrate to 25 percent for firms with assets above₱100 millionand to 20 percent for smaller firms.[159]Duterte raisedsin taxeson tobacco and vapor products in July 2019, and alcohol beverages andelectronic cigarettesin January 2020, to fund the Universal Health Care Act and reduce incidence of deaths and diseases associated with smoking and alcohol consumption.[160][161]
Duterte's tax reform program has garnered both support and criticism. Critics have argued that the administration's tax policy would burden the poor.[162]The implementation of the TRAIN Law triggered protests from various left-wing groups. On January 15, 2018, protesters gathered at various public market sites, calling for the revocation of TRAIN.[163]However, proponents of the program cite its appeal to foreign investors and economic benefits as the main reasons behind tax reform.
Infrastructure development
To reduce poverty, encourage economic growth, and reduce congestion inMetro Manila,the Duterte administration launched its comprehensive infrastructure program,Build, Build, Build,[165]on April 18, 2017.[166]The program, which forms part ofthe administration's socioeconomic policy,[165]aimed to usher in the country's "Golden Age of Infrastructure" by increasing the share of spending on public infrastructure in the country'sgross domestic product(GDP) from 5.4 percent in 2017 to 7.4 percent in 2022.[167][168]The administration, in 2017, shifted its infrastructure funding policy frompublic-private partnerships(PPPs) of previous administrations to government revenues andofficial development assistance(ODA), particularly from Japan and China,[169]but has since October 2019 engaged with the private sector for additional funding.[170][171]
The administration revised its list of Infrastructure Flagship Projects (IFPs) under the Build, Build, Build program from 75 to 100 in November 2019,[172][173]then to 104, and finally, to 112 in 2020,[174]expanding its scope to include health, information and communications technology, and water infrastructure projects to support the country's economic growth and recovery from theCOVID-19 pandemic.Some major projects include[173]the Subic-Clark Railway,[175]theNorth–South Commuter RailwayfromNew Clark CitytoCalamba, Laguna,[175]theMetro Manila Subway,[176]the expansion ofClark International Airport[175]theMindanao Railway(Tagum-Davao-Digos Segment),[177]and theLuzon Spine Expressway Network[178][179]By April 2022, 12 IFPs have been completed by the administration, while 88 IFPs, which were on their "advanced stage", have been passed on to the succeeding administration for completion.[174]
From June 2016 to July 2021, a total of 29,264 kilometres (18,184 mi) of roads, 5,950 bridges, 11,340 flood control projects, 222 evacuation centers, and 150,149 elementary and secondary classrooms, and 653 COVID-19 facilities under the Build, Build, Build program had been completed.[180][181]
War on Drugs
Duterte placed thePhilippines' illegal drugs problemat the forefront of his presidential campaign, warning the Philippines was at risk of becoming anarco-state.[182]Upon entering office, Duterte began a nationwide crackdown against illegal drugs. At the forefront of the campaign's operations wasOplan Tokhang,which involved policemen knocking on the doors of suspected drug users and inviting them to surrender.[183]Among Duterte's early actions included naming three Chinese nationals as allegeddrug lordsin the Philippines,[184]calling for assistance from theNew Peoples Armyto join the crackdown,[185]andpublicly naming 150 public officialsallegedly involved in the drug trade.[186]
Concerns arose worldwide due to the rising death toll during police operations,[187]and drug suspects reportedly fighting back ( "nanlaban") was a common alibi of several policemen involved.[188]At the height of the drug crackdown in his early presidency, Duterte urged the policemen to kill drug addicts,[189]promising to pardon them for performing their duties;[190][191]Duterte's call prompted thousands to surrender,[183][142]and observers noted this assurance may have emboldened the police to allegedly execute suspects and plant evidence on them.[192]In August 2016, opposition SenatorLeila de Limalaunched a probe intoextrajudicial killings,focusing on cases that took place during Duterte's tenure as mayor of Davao City. De Lima presented as witness an alleged member of Davao City-based vigilante groupDavao Death Squad,Edgar Matobato,who testified that Duterte was involved in extrajudicial killings in the city. Duterte dismissed the claims as a lie,[193]and the Senate probe was terminated on October 13, 2016, for lack of evidence.[194]Shortly after, Duterte implicated De Lima in the illegal drug trade during her tenure as Justice Secretary under the Aquino III administration. Though De Lima denied the claims, she was later imprisoned in February 2017 due to thedrug charges.[195]Two months later, Matobato's lawyer, Jude Josue Sabio, filed charges forcrimes against humanitywith theInternational Criminal Courtagainst Duterte and 11 other officials.[196]
Responding to public clamor, in October 2017, Duterte designated thePhilippine Drug Enforcement Agencyto lead anti-drug operations and temporarily barred the police from joining the raids.[197][198]Through an executive order he issued in October 2018, Duterte instituted a more balanced approach to the drug problem by establishing the Philippine Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy, which ordered all government departments andstate universities and collegesto implement their own strategies in tackling the country's illegal drug trade; the order also urged local government units, non-government organizations, and private institutions to support and implement the Strategy.[199]
Duterte campaigned to eliminate illegal drugs in the country within three to six months, but later acknowledged he miscalculated the severity of the problem as he based his approach to that ofDavao Cityduring his tenure as the city's mayor. Stating it would take him his entire term to eradicate it, he cited the difficulty in border control due to the country's fragmented geography and lamented that several government officials and law enforcers were involved in drug trafficking.[200]Before leaving office, he implored president-electBongbong Marcosto continue tackling the illegal drug problem,[201]but declined an appointment offer as Marcos'drug czar,expressing a desire to retire.[202]By the end of Duterte's term, the number of drug suspects killed since Duterte took office was officially tallied by the government as 6,252;[203]human rights groups, however, claim drug casualties reached as high as 12,000 to 30,000.[204]
Various international publications and media companies had claimed that Duterte's anti-drugs campaign was a war against the poor due to the abject poverty of those arrested or killed.[205][206]On June 19, 2018, 38United Nationsmember states released a collective statement through theUnited Nations Human Rights Council,calling on the Philippines and Duterte to end the killings in the war on drugs and cooperate in investigating human rights abuses.[207][208]Though many human rights note that Duterte's war on drugs was a stain on his legacy,[209]the anti-narcotics drive received domestic approval during his term,[210][211][212]and 58% of the country's barangays were declared by the government cleared of illegal drugs by February 2022.[213][214]
International Criminal Court
In April 2017, a case was filed by lawyer Jude Sabio before theInternational Criminal Court(ICC), charging Duterte and 11 other officials withcrimes against humanityin relation to the deaths of the controversial war on drugs; in response, outgoing ICC chief prosecutorFatou Bensoudain early 2018 launched a preliminary examination into the charges against the accused. This prompted Duterte in March 2018 to initiate the withdrawal of the Philippines from the ICC,[215]which took effect a year later, on March 17, 2019.[216]Duterte rebuked the idea of allowing foreigners to meddle in the country's justice system and his administration emphasized that cases against him should be filed before the national courts.[217][216]Additionally, he argued that theRome Statute,which was ratified by the Senate in 2011, was never binding in the Philippines as it was never published in theOfficial Gazette,a requirement for a law in the country to take effect.[218]For its part, the ICC reiterated that it maintains jurisdiction over crimes which took place before the withdrawal.[216]
Stating that his 2017 case was an orchestrated move by theLiberal Party,notably SenatorsAntonio TrillanesandLeila de Lima,to discredit Duterte, Sabio retracted his allegations in January 2020 and requested the ICC to dismiss the case.[219]The ICC rejected Sabio's request and asserted that it "cannot effectively destroy or return information once it is in its possession or control".[220]Meanwhile, Duterte's ICC withdrawal was challenged before the Supreme Court by three petitions filed by the Philippine Coalition for the ICC, theIntegrated Bar of the Philippines,and opposition senators; though the Court in March 2021 ultimately dismissed all three cases on the grounds that the petitioners were unable to establish legal standing to challenge the ICC withdrawal, the Court ruled that the President has no "unbridled authority" to withdraw from treaties.[221]
The ICC, on September 16, 2021, eventually authorized a formal investigation into the war on drugs[222]in the Philippines, focusing on crimes committed between 2016 and March 2019.[223]In response, the Philippine government in November 2021 requested a deferral of the probe, which was suspended by the ICC to assess the request.[224]Four days before Duterte left office, however, ICC prosecutorKarim Ahmad Khanrequested the pre-trial chamber of the ICC to immediately resume the investigation after concluding that the deferral request was "not warranted".[225]The succeeding Marcos administration initially declined to allow any ICC probe in the country due to sovereignty issues;[226]however, due to tensions between the Duterte and Marcos political families, the Marcos administration is seen as increasingly open to cooperating with the ICC.[227][228]Duterte stated he remains unfazed at the threat of arrest, saying he would rather "die first" before facing a foreign court.Salvador Panelo,who served as Duterte's chief legal counsel, alleged that Duterte's political opponents were using the ICC as a "political and propaganda apparatus".[229]
Mindanao insurgency
Duterte has said that Moro dignity is what the MILF and MNLF are struggling for, and that they are not terrorists. He acknowledged that the Moros were subjected to wrongdoing, historical and in territory.[230]
Duterte was endorsed in the election byMoro National Liberation Front(MNLF) leader Nur Misuari[231]due to his background in Mindanao.[232]Other Muslims also supported Duterte and denounced Roxas, the Aquino-supported pick.[233]
On November 6, 2016, Duterte signed an executive order to expand theBangsamoro Transition Commissionto 21 members from 15, in which 11 will be decided by the MILF and 10 will be nominated by the government. The commission was formed in December 2013 and is tasked to draft the Bangsamoro Basic Law in accordance with theFramework Agreement on the Bangsamoro.[234]
Duterte signed theBangsamoro Organic Lawon July 26, 2018,[235][236]which abolished theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanaoand provided for the basic structure of government for theBangsamoro Autonomous Region,following the agreements set forth in the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro peace agreement signed between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in 2014.[237]
Duterte signed proclamations grantingamnestyto members of theMoro National Liberation Front,and theMoro Islamic Liberation Frontin February 2021.[238]
Campaign against terrorism
At the start of 2016, experts warned the Philippines was at risk of having theIslamic State of Iraq and Syria(ISIS) set a foothold in the country.[239]However, Duterte's predecessor, President Aquino III, dismissed the perpetrators of a March 2016 armed attack against the military as mere "mercenaries" wanting to join the ISIS.[240][241]The earliest terrorist attacks in Duterte's presidency occurred inSeptember 2016inDavao City;November 2016inButig, Lanao del Sur;and inApril to May 2017inInabanga, Bohol,where theAbu Sayyaf Group(ASG) attempted to establish a position in the Visayas.[242]Though the military eventually quelled the sieges,[242][243]the events were only a prelude to what would become Duterte's greatest challenge in combating terrorism.[244]
On May 23, 2017, Duterte was in his first state visit to Russia, where he met Russian presidentVladimir Putinto realign the Philippines's foreign policy away from the United States; among his top priorities in the trip included the acquisition of Russian-made munitions to use against Islamic militants in restive Mindanao.[245]At that time, the Philippine military was in an operation to capture ASG leaderIsnilon Hapilon.Duterte cut short his trip and flew back to the Philippines after theMaute Group,which pledged allegiance to the ISIS,occupiedthe city ofMarawiinLanao del Sur.Upon returning, Dutertedeclared Martial law across Mindanaoand ordered a major offensive on the city to retake it.[246][247]The battle, which lasted for five months, became the country's longest urban warfare; the city, particularly the downtown area, was left in ruins,[248]largely due to militant fire and military airstrikes,[249][250]necessitatingrehabilitation.[251]Hapilon andOmar Mautewere eventually killed, and on October 17, Duterte declared the city liberated from terrorist influence.[249]
Citing the danger posed by Islamic terrorists, Congress, upon Duterte's requests, thrice granted the extension of martial law in Mindanao between 2017 and 2019.[252][253][254]The moves drew criticism, particularly from rights groups, who claimed that the extensions were part of a campaign on stifling dissent.[255]By the end of 2019, martial law in Mindanao lapsed, after which Duterte decided not to have it extended.[256]In July 2020, Duterte signed theAnti-Terrorism Act of 2020,[257]which expanded the powers of the government to address the country's growing security challenges. In its enactment, the law repealed theHuman Security Act of 2007,which was described by the 2020 law's proponents as weak and inadequate.[258][259]: 54–55 However, the 2020 law received intense criticism, notably from the academia and rights groups, for allegedly being prone to abuse; a total of 37 petitions were filed by several groups asking the Supreme Court to have the law nullified,[259]: 60 making the law the most assailed legislation in Philippine history;[260]the Court ultimately upheld the validity of the law in December 2021, but struck two of the law's provisions.[261]
As Duterte's term approached its end, the military intensified its efforts against Islamic terrorists, which continued to carry a series of attacks in Mindanao and Sulu;[262]notable among these attacks involved suicide bombing, a tactic not commonly used by Filipino terrorists.[259]: 55 In February 2021, Duterte created the National Amnesty Commission, which would processamnestyapplications of former rebels and determine their eligibility.[263]Additionally, he expanded his administration's reintegration program to include formerviolent extremists.[264]From 2016-2021, 1,544 ASG members, 971Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fightersmembers, and 1,427Dawlah Islamiyahmembers were reportedly captured, killed, or surrendered.[265]
Communist insurgency
Duterte described himself as left-leaning during his presidential campaign.[266]As he initially had good relations with the left,[267]he received campaign support from leftist groups, particularly in Mindanao.[268]Duterte was a student ofCommunist Party of the Philippines(CPP) founderJose Maria SisonatLyceum of the Philippines University,and Sison stated during the election campaign that Duterte was "the best President the Philippines can have since Marcos".[269]
Upon Duterte's election into office, prospects of restarting peace talks between the Philippine government and the CPP-NPA-NDF,which stalled in 2011, gained momentum.[267]Duterte temporarily released several communist prisoners, notably couples CPP-NPA chairmanBenitoand CPP-NPA secretary-generalWilma Tiamzon,to join the peace talks in Oslo.[270][271]In addition, Duterte offered positions for left-leaning activists in his administration, notably in four executive departments:Agrarian Reform,Environment and Natural Resources,Social Welfare and Development,andLabor and Employment.[268]In the months leading to 2017, however, the Duterte administration and the CPP accused each other of not being faithful to the ongoing peace negotiations.[272]The CPP demanded from the administration the release of around 130 political detainees, which—along proposals of the CPP to form a "coalition government" —[273][274]Duterte declined.[272]Additionally, several leftists appointed by Duterte were rejected by theCommission on Appointments,while others resigned or were fired by Duterte amidst the tense relations.[275][276]Compounding these were the continued clashes between the military and the NPA and the alternate declaration and lifting of ceasefire amid the ongoing peace talks;[277][278]
On February 6, 2017, Duterte, citing continued attacks by the NPA on the military, formally terminated peace negotiations with the CPP-NPA-NDF, designated them as aterrorist organization[279]and ordered the arrest of all NDF negotiators.[280]Through an executive order he issued in December 2018, Duterte established theNational Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict(NTF-ELCAC), an inter-agency body that involved awhole-of-nation approach—from the national to local level—[281]in addressing the root causes of communism.[282]The NTF-ELCAC worked in close coordination with the military and focused on developing far-flung localities infiltrated by the NPA.[283]Duterte also granted amnesty to former communist rebels[238]and launched reintegration programs to support them and their families.[284][264]Ultimately, in March 2019, he permanently terminated peace negotiations with the CPP-NPA-NDF, facilitating localized peace talks with the rebels.[285][286]
Duterte left office with the number of NPAguerrilla frontsin the country reduced from 89 to 23,[287]and about 20,579 communist rebels reportedly surrendered from 2016 to 2021.[288]Despite its success in reducing communist insurgency in the country,[287]Duterte's administration was marred by numerous allegations ofred-tagging,notably the left-leaningMakabayan Bloc;Duterte and the military dismissed the red-tagging accusations and argued the government was merely "identifying" them ascommunist fronts.[289]Duterte also received criticism after he threatened to order the military in mid-2017 to bombLumadschools, which he and the military suspected to shelter rebels and teach subversion.[290]Additionally, the military and the NTF-ELCAC were denounced after they cited clandestine recruitment activities by the communist rebels within university campuses nationwide, notably in both state-runUniversity of the PhilippinesandPolytechnic University of the Philippines.[291][292] Several human rights organizations called on the succeedingBongbong Marcos administrationto abolish the NTF-ELCAC due to continued red-tagging allegations; the calls, however, were rejected by Marcos.[293]
COVID-19 pandemic
When news about the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) spread around the world, Duterte initially understated the threat of the disease and urged the public to refrain from incitinganti-Chinese sentiment,which at that time saw a global rise.[294]The first reported COVID-19 case in the Philippines was on January 30, 2020,[295]prompting Duterte to issue bans on the entry of Chinese nationals from China[296][297]and calling for calm.[298]Duterte changed his tune in March, during which he placed the Philippines under a State of National Calamity[299]and ordereda lockdown in Luzon.[300]His administration opted to use what it described as "draconian measures" to control the contagion,[301]and Duterte employed the military and police to enforce the public's strict adherence to quarantine and health protocols.[302][303]
As countries were scrambling in securing COVID-19 vaccines for their own citizens, Duterte called for patience amid criticism.[304]To expedite vaccine procurement, Duterte rejected creating a committee and designatedCarlito Galvez Jr.as "vaccine czar", who had the gargantuan task of acquiring vaccines from other countries.[305]Additionally, Duterte personally requested vaccines from world leaders, notably Chinese presidentXi Jinpingand Russian PresidentVladimir Putin.[306][307]China and Russia responded favorably,[308]and the Duterte administration startedits vaccination programon March 1, 2021, a day after receiving 600,000CoronaVacvaccines sent by the Chinese government.[309]Duterte also used theUS-Philippines Visiting Forces Agreementas leverage in securing vaccines from the United States, threatening to scrap the military pact.[310]In addition, in an apparent effort to help the Philippines gain access to US-developed vaccines, Duterte granted absolute pardon to US soldier Joseph Scott Pemberton, who was serving prison forkilling transgender Jennifer Laudein 2014.[311]
At the height of the pandemic in mid-2021, the Philippines was a COVID-19 hotspot in Asia;vaccine hesitancywas a problem, and many citizens opted to wait for Western vaccines to arrive. In exasperation, Duterte urged the public to undergo vaccination, threatening to arrest unvaccinated individuals and order local leaders to compile a list of defiant residents.[304]In May 2021, to encourage the public that vaccines were safe, Duterte—acting on the advice of his doctor—publicly took theSinopharm BIBP vaccinebefore it was approved for use by the PhilippineFood and Drug Administration;[312]his move, however, drew criticism since the general public had access to CoronaVac vaccines, which the public majority perceived to have lower efficacy. The backlash prompted Duterte to apologize, acknowledge the possibility of the Sinopharm vaccine's multiple side effects, and decide to pull out the vaccines.[313]The public's prejudice against China's CoronaVac was later revealed in aReuters2024 report as the outcome ofa US government-launched covert propaganda and disinformation campaignthat aimed to erode the public's trust in China-developed vaccines.[314]
Duterte gradually relaxed quarantine restrictions to revive the economy.[315]Upon leaving office, Duterte's administration secured 245 million vaccine doses; about 70.5 million individuals had been fully vaccinated.[316]Over 3.7 million COVID-19 cases were recorded since the onset of the pandemic, 3.69 million people had recovered from the disease, while 8,706 active cases remained.[317]Though his administration successfully reached its target of vaccinating 70% of the Philippine population,[318][319]Duterte, along with Health SecretaryFrancisco Duque III,was implicated ina scandalinvolving allegedly overpriced medical supplies and equipment. Critics highlighted that Duterte's administration purchased pandemic supplies from Pharmally Pharmaceutical, a company linked to Duterte's former economic adviser,Michael Yang.Duterte rejected the corruption allegations and emphasized that the supplies at the time of purchase were in high demand, hence, the high prices.[320]A Senate probe, headed bySenate Blue Ribbon CommitteechairmanRichard Gordon,was initiated in August 2021 for alleged irregularities in the use of COVID-19 response funds amounting to₱67 billion.[321]A month before Duterte left office, Gordon released a draft report on the probe, which claimed that Duterte "betrayed public trust" for appointing Yang as economic adviser in 2018, prohibited his Cabinet and other officials from attending the hearings, and allegedly discredited the Senate andCommission on Audit.[322]The report, however, failed to reach the Senateplenaryfor deliberation after it was signed by nine senators out of the 11 required signatures.[323][324]
Energy and climate
The Duterte administration initially adopted a "technology neutral" policy in energy generation.[325]Earlier in his term, Duterte stressed thatcoalremains the most viable source of energy if the Philippines is to accelerate industrialization,[326]and questioned thesanctionsimposed by the United States and European Union on smaller countries including the Philippines when the country'scarbon footprintis not significant compared to the superpowers.[327]
The administration shifted its energy policy to preferrenewable sources of energylater in Duterte's term.[328]At his fourthState of the Nation addressin July 2019, Duterte issued an order to cut coal dependence and hasten a transition torenewable energy.[329][330]In October 2020, theenergy departmentissued amoratoriumon the construction of newcoal power plantsand favored renewable energy sources.[331]On February 28, 2022, Duterte issued an executive order approving the inclusion ofnuclear powerin the country's energy mix.[332][333]
To hasten the expansion of the nation's power capacity, Duterte established the inter-agency Energy Investment Coordinating Council tasked with simplifying and streamlining the approval process of big-ticket projects.[325]On January 21, 2022, he signed a law promoting the use ofmicrogridsystems in unserved and underserved areas to accelerate total electrification of the country.[334]The administration made initiatives to liberalize the energy sector,[328][335]allowing 100% foreign ownership in large-scalegeothermalprojects starting October 2020.[336][337]
Duterte signed theParis Agreement on Climate Changein March 2017, after initially having misgivings about the deal which he says might limit the country's industrialization.[338]The Agreement was ratified by theSenateon March 15, 2017.[339]Duterte said that rich countries producing the mostcarbon emissionsmust pay smaller countries for damage caused byclimate change.[340]
Government streamlining
Duterte introduced reforms to eliminatered tapein the government,[341]and ordered government agencies to remove all processes which are "redundant or burdensome" to the public.[342]Three weeks after assuming office, he issued his second executive order establishingFreedom of Information,allowing citizens to obtain documents and records from public offices under theexecutive branchto promote transparency in the government.[343][344]
In May 2018, Duterte signed the Ease of Doing Business Act which aims to create a better business environment by reducing processing time, cutting bureaucratic red tape, and eliminating corrupt practices in all government agencies.[345][346]In December 2020, he enacted a law authorizing the President to expedite the processing and issuance of national and local permits, licenses, and certifications, by suspending its requirements, in times ofnational emergency.[347]
Duterte institutionalized the8888 Citizens' Complaint Hotlinein October 2016, allowing the public to report complaints on poor government front-line services and corrupt practices in all government agencies.[348]
Health care
Duterte vowed to improve thehealth caresystem,[349][350]certifying the Universal Healthcare Bill as an urgent measure as early as July 2018.[351]In February 2019, he signed the Universal Health Care Act, which automatically enrolls all Filipinos under thegovernment'shealth insuranceprogram.[352]He also enacted the National Integrated Cancer Control Act which establishes a "national integrated" program to control and preventcancerby making treatment more accessible and affordable,[353][354]and the Philippine Mental Health Law, which provides freemental health servicesdown to thebarangaylevel while requiring hospitals to provide psychiatric, psychosocial and neurologic services.[355][356]
In December 2019, Duterte signed a law institutionalizingMalasakit Centersin all hospitals run by theDepartment of Health,allowing indigent patients to efficiently access financial medical assistance from various government agencies.[357]
Duterte ordered the full implementation of theReproductive Health Law,[358]banned smokingin public places nationwide,[359]and set aprice capon select medicines.[360]
Education
Duterte signed theUniversal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Actin August 2017, providing free college education in allstate universities and collegesnationwide.[361]He signed a law establishingtransnational higher educationin the country, allowing foreign universities to offer degree programs in the Philippines in an effort to bring international quality standards and expertise into the country.[362][363]He also signedmedicalscholarshipsfor deserving students in state universities and colleges or partner private higher education institutions through the Doktor Para sa Bayan Act on December 23, 2020.[364]
Duterte approved in January 2021 a law institutionalizing thealternative learning system(ALS), providing free education to those out of school.[365][366]In March 2022, he enacted a law granting inclusive education for learners withdisabilities.[367]
On June 9, 2020, Duterte signed a law establishing the country's firstNational Academy of SportsinNew Clark City,Capas, Tarlac.[368]
Foreign policy
The Duterte administration has vowed to pursue what it describes as an "independent foreign policy" that would reject any meddling by foreign governments, reiteratingArticle II,Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution which states: "The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states the paramount consideration shall be nationalsovereignty,territorial integrity,national interest,and the right toself-determination."In September 2016, Duterte said:" We will observe and must insist on the time-honored principle of sovereignty, sovereign equality, non-interference and the commitment of peaceful settlements of dispute that will serve our people and protect the interests of our country. "[25]
Duterte made his first international trips as president toVientiane,LaosandJakarta,Indonesiaon September 5–9, 2016.[369]
Duterte pursued improved relations withChinaandRussia,[370]and lessened the country's dependence on its traditional ally – theUnited States.[371][372]He has adopted a cautious, pragmatic, and conciliatory stance towards China compared to his predecessor,[373]and has set aside theprevious administration'sconfrontational policy of asserting the Philippines'claimsover theSouth China Seaand its islands.[374]
Militant groups decry the ties between President Duterte and China over the Chinese occupation of contested waters and the reported harassment of the fishermen amidst theterritorial disputesin theSouth China Sea.[375][376]Also, while the United States is one of the countries critical to Philippine drug war campaign,[377][378][379]most of the militant groups[380]– particularly left-wing groups[381]– also criticize Philippine-US relations due to the United States' "imperialism"[381][382]andneoliberalpolicies.[383]
Administration and cabinet
2022 Philippine presidential election
Initially stating that he "sees nobody deserving" to replace him as the next president,[389]Duterte in August 2021 announced he would run for vice president in the upcoming2022 national elections,[390]drawing suspicions from critics that he would extend his term.[391][392]Duterte's political party, the PDP–Laban Cusi faction, named itsstandard bearer:formerPhilippine National Policechief and SenatorRonald dela Rosa,[393]who was widely suspected to be a placeholder for Duterte's daughter, Davao City mayorSara.[394]Duterte later withdrew his candidacy, announced his retirement from politics, and had his long-time aide, SenatorBong Go,substitute him.[395]
Despite polls showing she was the preferred candidate for presidency, Sara unexpectedly decided to settle for the vice presidential race.[396]This prompted dela Rosa to withdraw his candidacy, which Go would later fill in.[397]Sara's move had Duterte dismayed and he initially retracted his planned retirement, announcing he would run for vice president.[396]Ultimately, he decided not to face his daughter, endorsed a Go-Sara tandem, and declared his intent on running as Senator.[398][399]In an unexpected turn of events, Sara decidedto run in tandemwithBongbong Marcos,who announced his presidential candidacy.[400]Stating his heart and mind contradicted his actions, Go later withdrew his presidential candidacy;[401]shortly after, Duterte officially withdrew his senate bid.[402]
Due to his high popularity, Duterte remained influential before the national elections as several presidential candidates were open to his endorsement.[404][405][406]As the Cusi faction was left without a standard bearer following Go's withdrawal, allies of Duterte endorsed different candidates. The Cusi faction eventually endorsed presidential candidate Marcos and some officials called for Duterte to do the same.[407][408]Stressing he would remain neutral, Duterte refused to heed their calls and insisted on endorsing only Sara as vice president and 17 senatorial candidates.[409][410]Additionally, in an effort to protect their integrity, Duterte barred his Cabinet members from campaigning for any candidate.[411][412]Despite non-endorsement, Duterte hinted on the next president's preferred qualities: decisive, compassionate, a good judge of a person, and preferably, a lawyer;[407]this led a PDP-Laban official to believe Duterte gave a "virtual endorsement" for Vice PresidentLeni Robredo,who was Marcos' chief rival in the presidential race.[413]In March 2022, Go said Duterte briefly met with Marcos and gave him advice on the presidency, but could not say whether Duterte gave Marcos an endorsement.[414][407]
By May 5, 2022, Duterte createda transition committeeled by Executive SecretarySalvador Medialdeato oversee the transition of power to the next administration.[415]Several analysts believe Duterte had his popularity "inherited" by Marcos and Sara, who both wonlandslidesin the election.[416]
Impeachment efforts
Post-presidency (2022–present)
At the end of his presidency, Duterte returned to Davao City and kept a low profile.[423][424]Former PresidentGloria Macapagal-Arroyo,a political ally of Duterte, convinced him in September 2023 to actively participate in the Philippine political landscape.[425]In January 2023, Duterte resumed hosting his weekly show,Gikan sa Masa, Para sa Masa(From the Masses, For The Masses), onSMNI;co-hosted by Duterte's friend and spiritual adviser PastorApollo Quiboloy,Duterte would speak about current political issues besetting the country.[426]Some of Duterte's strong statements in the show, such as his opposition to the expansion of theEnhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement(EDCA) sites in the Philippines, attracted attention and were covered by the media.[427][428][429]
2023 visit to China
In July 2023, amidescalating tensions in the South China Sea,Chinese PresidentXi Jinpinginvited Duterte to Beijing. During the meeting, Xi asked Duterte to "play an important role" in improving Philippine-China relations, which were rapidly deteriorating under the Marcos administration that sought to gravitate towards the United States by expanding the number of bases American troops can access under the EDCA.[430]As the meeting did not involve the Marcos administration, the event gained much attention, and the administration wanted details of the Xi-Duterte discussion.[431][432]Duterte visited Malacanang Palace later and, in a closed-door session, discussed the matter with Marcos, though no further details were provided to the media.[433]
Feud with the House and Marcos-Duterte rift
A rift between the Duterte and Marcos families had begun underHouse SpeakerMartin Romualdez' leadership.[434]In the House of Representatives, unconfirmed reports of Deputy House Speaker Gloria-Macapagal Arroyo allegedly attempting to unseat Romualdez as House Speaker circulated. Despite Arroyo dismissing the accusations, Arroyo was later demoted by the House from her senior deputy Speaker position.[435][436]
Duterte's daughter, Vice President and Education Secretary Sara, subsequently resigned from the Romualdez-ledLakas-CMD[437]and, in a veiled reference to Romualdez, called him a "tambaloslos".[438]In October 2023, Sara requested Congress for the allocation of confidential funds for theoffice of the vice president(OVP) and theeducation departmentwhich can be used for theReserve Officers' Training Corpsprogram. Her requests came under intense scrutiny by the Senate and also the House, which was dominated by Romualdez' allies. Congress ultimately rejected her appeals[439]while swiftly approving the confidential funds of theOffice of the President;[440]Sara eventually dropped her requests, reasoning that the move was being "divisive".[441]
In the aftermath of events, Duterte criticized the House[442]for denying his daughter's confidential funds; alleging a collusion between Romualdez and the left-wingMakabayanbloc,[439]he demanded anauditof the House under Romualdez.[443]Duterte's comments offended some House members[444]including Romualdez,[445]prompting the House to issue a loyalty checkresolutionin support of Romualdez; Duterte's political allies, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and CongressmanIsidro Ungab,were later expelled by the House from their Deputy House Speaker positions for failing to sign the House resolution.[446]Several House members also pledged support for Romualdez,[446]including a majority of members of Duterte's political party,PDP-Laban,whoswitched partiesmostly to the Romualdez-ledLakas-CMD.[447][448]AfterACT TeachersRepresentativeFrance Castroof theMakabayan Blocpushed to remove the OVP and education department's confidential funds, Duterte urged Sara to reveal the use of such funds, which included the supposed killing of communists such as Castro.[444]In response, Castro filed a legal case against Duterte for labeling her as a communist rebel and allegedly threatening her life;[449]Castro's legal case was later denied by the Quezon City Prosecutor’s Office due to insufficient evidence.[450]
SMNI suspension and ICC investigation
Despite sustained domestic popularity,[451][452]Duterte found himself increasingly politically isolated. SMNI, which hosted his talk showGikan sa Masa, Para sa Masa,was later suspended (first for 30 days,[453]and later indefinitely)[454]by theNational Telecommunications Commissionon grounds of alleged dissemination of fake information.[455]Gikan was also suspended after ACT Teachers Representative France Castro filed a complaint against Duterte for allegedly threatening her life during one of the shows.[456]Duterte initially intended to speak to Marcos about the SMNI suspension issue as it has affected his talk show,[457]decrying the suspension ascensorship.[458]Additionally, theLiberal Party,who opposed Marcos' 2022 presidential campaign, were increasingly silent in criticizing the Marcos administration, instead, directing criticism at Duterte and his daughter, Vice President Sara.[459]Duterte and his former aide, SenatorBong Go,also faced alleged plunder charges initiated in July 2024 by Duterte's staunch critic, former Senator Antonio Trillanes.[460]
The Marcos administration also was seen as altering its stance, albeit discreetly, on controversial issues hounding Duterte.[227]Despite Marcos' early assurance of the Philippines' non-cooperation on the loomingInternational Criminal Court(ICC) investigation on Duterte's war on drugs, conflicting statements and moves by House Speaker Romualdez,[461]the House,[462]Marcos' Justice SecretaryCrispin Remullaand Solicitor GeneralMenardo Guevarramuddled the administration's official stance.[228][463]In addition, Marcos limited his position on the matter through oral statements and avoided issuing an executive order formalizing his stance.[227]There were also unconfirmed reports, including by former Senator Antonio Trillanes, stating that ICC members had already entered the Philippines and were already secretly conducting the investigation.[464]A House probe initiated in April 2024 by Romualdez into a "status quo" agreement in the South China Sea Duterte made during his presidency with Chinese president Xi Jinping was also seen as a "political payback" to Duterte's verbal attacks on Marcos and diminish Duterte's political influence ahead of the 2025 midterm elections.[465]Amidst growing isolation, Duterte found allies who were previously loyal to Marcos. Among them were Marcos' longtime lawyer,Vic Rodriguez,who served as executive secretary in Marcos' first 79 days before resigning;[466]and Marcos' sister, SenatorImee Marcos.[467]
Quiboloy's arrest order and Duterte as KOJC administrator
On March 9, 2024, Duterte's longtime friend andKingdom of Jesus Christleader, PastorApollo Quiboloy,was ordered arrested by the United StatesFederal Bureau of Investigationafter his conviction by a US District Court for alleged cases of sex trafficking, rape, fraud, and cash smuggling.[468]Noextraditionrequest was received by the Marcos administration for Quiboloy's arrest,[469]although a probe in the Senate was previously initiated on January 23 by Liberal Party ally, Senator Risa Hontiveros, who invited Quiboloy to attend the hearings.[470]Quiboloy demanded a fair trial as a requirement to attend,[471]though this was rebuked by Hontiveros and Marcos.[472][473]Claiming his life was under threat through what he described as a connivance between Marcos and the US government,[474]Quiboloy went into hiding and designated Duterte as administrator of his ministry's properties.[468]After Quiboloy refused to attend the hearings, Hontiveros cited him in contempt and recommended the Senate President to order his arrest.[475]Arrest orders for Quiboloy were issued by the Pasig Regional Trial Court despite the efforts of SenatorsRobin Padilla,Cynthia Villar,andBong Goto oppose the move.[476][477]Four separate raids were eventually held in Quiboloy's properties in Davao City;[478]though Quiboloy was not found,[479]the raids were criticized by Duterte and his allies for its "excessive [and] unnecessary force" involving several units of police and military personnel "in full battle gear".[480][481][482]KOJC members gathered in a rally inLiwasang Bonifaciocalling for justice for Quiboloy.[483]
"Hakbang ng Maisug" rallies
Additional nationwide protests, calledHakbang ng Maisug(brave) prayer rallies, were held inDumaguete,[484]Tagum,[485]andAngeles[486]by Duterte and Quiboloy's supporters, who voiced their grievances against the Marcos administration. Particularly among these grievances included their opposition toproposed constitutional amendments[485]and to the increased US military presence in the country,[487]as well as denouncement of perceived censorship under the administration.[488]In one of the rallies, Duterte notably accused Marcos of plotting to extend his term beyond the current term limit of the Constitution and of being a drug addict, to which Marcos responded by alleging Duterte's previous use offentanylas painkiller impaired his judgment;[489]Duterte later dared Marcos to undergo a drug test with him at Luneta Park.[489]
Frustrated on the administration's use of taxpayers' money,[490]Duterte initially revived calls advocated by former House SpeakerPantaleon AlvarezforMindanaotosecedefrom the Philippines;[491][492]his calls drew disapproval from several lawmakers and former Muslim rebels,[493]prompting Duterte to later retract his calls, saying he only wanted "a better deal for Mindanao".[494]Despite success in holding some rallies, a few suffered setbacks and cancellations after the rally venues were allegedly blocked by the Marcos administration,[495]drawing condemnation from Duterte and his allies.[496][488]Despite his criticisms against Marcos, Duterte clarified the prayer rallies were not meant to overthrow the administration[488]but warned Marcos of extending his six-year term, reminding Marcos ofhis father's fate.[497]
2025 elections
On October 5, 2024, Duterte announced that he will run formayor of Davao City,with his son, incumbent MayorSebastian Duterte,as his running mate for vice mayor in2025.He also rejected calls for him to run for senator, citing his old age.[498]Duterte officially filed his candidacy on October 7;[499]however, on November 7, he welcomed the candidacy of his former cabinet secretary, formerCivil Service CommissionchairpersonKarlo Nogralesas Davao City mayor, adding he is retired and wishes to give the position to the next generation.[500]
House and Senate probe into the War on Drugs
In October 2024, the House quad committee led an investigation into the supposed use of intelligence funds to fund an alleged "reward system" for police involved in drug-related extrajudicial killings that occurred during Duterte's presidency. Among the witnesses in the House probe was formerPhilippine Charity Sweepstakes Officegeneral manager and retired Police ColonelRoyina Garma,who accused Duterte of wanting to apply his Davao model approach of the war on drugs on a national scale. SenatorsRonald dela RosaandBong Go,dismissing the reward money claims as baseless accusations and hearsay, launched a parallel probe in the Senate to "find out the truth".[502][503]Responding to the Senate invitation, Duterte attended the Senate probe into his campaign against illegal drugs. During the session, Duterte admitted to using a "death squad" to combat crime as Davao mayor, but denied directing extrajudicial killings in his national drug war, now being examined by the ICC.[504]He further noted the resumption of activities of drug dealers and criminals after he stepped down from presidency, telling them "If I'm given another chance, I'll wipe all of you".[504]
My mandate as president of the republic was to protect the country and the Filipino people. Do not question my policies because I offer no apologies, no excuses. I did what I had to do.
— Duterte, October 28, 2024[505]
Duterte accepted an invitation to the House quad committee hearing on November 13. During the hearing, he reiterated the tough but necessary decisions he took in his anti-drug campaign. He further said he was not scared of the ICC and expressed impatience for the ICC's investigation, saying "I am already old, I might die soon. You might miss the pleasure of seeing me standing before the court hearing the judgement whatever it is". In a significant reversal of position, Marcos' executive secretaryLucas Bersaminlater stated the Marcos administration "will feel obliged to consider" ared noticefrom theInterpolfor Duterte should it be issued.[506]
Public image
Ardent supporters of Duterte have been labeled as "Diehard Duterte Supporters",alternatively known as" Digong Duterte Supporters ", which shares the acronym with theDavao Death Squad(DDS).[507]This label has been applied to the 16 million people who voted for him in the 2016 presidential election.[508]
Duterte developed a reputation as a "protector" and "savior" in his hometown ofDavao Cityas mayor of the city for more than two decades. This is despite reports of death squads in the city.[509]
Duterte has been described as apopulist,with his foul-mouthed remarks against the country's elite which positioned him as a "man of the people" and was critical to his victory in the 2016 presidential election.[510]He has also been compared toU.S. PresidentDonald Trumpfor his rhetorical style.[509]
Duterte and his administration have been criticized for his anti-drug campaign, foreign policies, human rights record, extrajudicial killings during his term, political views, and controversial comments.[511][512]Despite the criticisms on his administration, throughout his career, Duterte's remained hugely popular, attributed to his man-of-the-people style and a perception of strong leadership and success in fighting crime and corruption, while opponents reproach him for his authoritarian style and low tolerance of dissent.[513]Analysts attribute his continued popularity to his emotional connection to the public, citing his charisma and humor, tough-talking manner, his image as a father figure asTatay Digong(Father Digong), and Filipinos' general interest in strong leaders.[514][515]
ASocial Weather Stationsstudy concluded that there are multiple reasons for Duterte's high satisfaction ratings in surveys; these include his strongbase support,satisfaction with the administration's overall governance (pamamalakad) and with some policy issues which include helping the poor and the drug war, and his character. Poll respondents who relate to or are attracted to some aspects of his character, such as his perceived decisiveness and diligence tend to be satisfied. On the other hand, those who feel he is vulgar (bastos) tend to be less satisfied.[516]
Despite keeping a low profile during his post-presidency, Duterte retained his popularity, topping four consecutive surveys conducted separately in March,[424]June,[451]September,[517]and December 2023 by PUBLiCUS Asia on the voting disposition for 2025 Philippine Senate election.[452]
Controversial remarks and human rights concerns
Duterte's record on human rights and his long history of comments that have widely been considered to be offensive, provocative, threatening, and undiplomatic have received sharp international criticism. He has been portrayed by his critics in the media as having a "dirty mouth".[518]He had, however, promised to behave in a "prim and proper" manner on the national and international stage once he was to be inaugurated as president, to the point that, "almost, I would become holy."[519]
Throughout his presidency, Duterte has made controversial comments about rape,[520][521][522]human rights, his views on media killings,[523]and has used slurs;[524][525]he has also made controversial statements to international leaders and institutions.[526][527]He has also repeatedly criticized theCatholic Churchwhich has expressed alarm over deaths linked to the war on drugs.[528][529][530][531]
Human Rights Watch(HRW) called the first year of Duterte in office a "human rights calamity". HRW estimates that there has been 7,000 deaths from the day Duterte first took office to January 2017.[532]The Duterte administration suspended the drug war in February 2017 in an effort to cleanse the police ranks of supposed corruption, also halting the disclosure of figures on deaths related to drug arrests and raids.[533]In March 2017, HRW released a special investigation and report on the state of police related shooting, titled "License To Kill".[534]The New York Timeshad also released a video documentary "When A President Says I'll Kill You", which depicts Duterte's war on drugs through a local photographer's eyes.[535]On August 17, 2017, HRW called Duterte a threat to the human rights community after he made threats against human rights activists.[536]
Supporters
Several other Facebook groups with the acronym "DDS" supported Duterte as early as 2011. Among these groups is the Duterte Defense Squad, which was created on July 5, 2011. Other examples include Digong Duterte Supporters-Registered Nurses Group, Duterte's Destiny is to Serve the Country, Digong Duterte Swerte (lit. Digong Duterte is (Good) Luck), and Davsur Duterte Supporters. In 2015, members of the various groups urged Duterte to run for president.[537]
Approval ratings
| Date[538] | Rating |
|---|---|
| Sep 2016 | +64 |
| Dec 2016 | +63 |
| Mar 2017 | +63 |
| Jun 2017 | +66 |
| Sep 2017 | +48 |
| Dec 2017 | +58 |
| Mar 2018 | +56 |
| Jun 2018 | +45 |
| Sep 2018 | +54 |
| Dec 2018 | +60 |
| Mar 2019 | +66 |
| Jun 2019 | +68 |
| Sep 2019 | +65 |
| Dec 2019 | +72 |
| Nov 2020 | +79 |
| May 2021 | +65 |
| Jun 2021 | +62 |
| Sep 2021 | +52 |
| Dec 2021[539] | +60 |
| Apr 2022[540] | +65 |
| Jun 2022[541] | +81 |
Despite criticism and international opposition to his controversial anti-narcotics drive, Duterte's domestic approval rating remained relatively high throughout his presidency.[43]Duterte began his presidency with a high trust rating of 79% and 91% (the highest of any Philippine official since 1999), from pollstersSocial Weather Stations(SWS) andPulse Asia,respectively.[542][543]His net satisfaction rating plunged to its lowest at 45% in July 2018, attributed to inflation during the period as well as Duterte calling God "stupid" for the concept oforiginal sinin theBible;[544]eventually, his satisfaction rating rose to 60% by the end of the year.[545]
Halfway through his term, Duterte's approval rating reached 79%, the highest among his predecessors at this stage in their presidencies.[546]It rose to 87% by the end of 2019 due to the successful hosting of the2019 Southeast Asian Gamesas well as the administration's poverty reduction programs.[547]Amid theCOVID-19 pandemic,Pulse Asia reported in September 2020 that 84% of Filipinos approved of the administration's efforts to contain the virus and provide assistance to those who lost their jobs; 92% of the poll respondents also agreed Duterte had "done well" in preventing the contagion in the country.[548][549]Duterte ended 2021 with an approval rating of 60%, wherein higher net satisfaction was observed among those who have been or are willing to get vaccinated.[539]
Duterte maintained his high approval and trust ratings as he approached the end of his term.[550][44]A 2021 poll by WR Numero Research revealed that 54.59% of voters want soft continuity of Duterte's policies, 29.57% want full continuity, while only 15.84% preferred change.[551]Duterte left office with a net satisfaction rating of 81%, his highest in SWS polling.[541]Additionally, polling firm PUBLiCUS Asia reported in Duterte's last month in office that Duterte received a 75% approval for his entire six-year tenure, making him the most popular post-EDSApresident.[552][45]
Political views
Duterte described himself asleft-leaningduring his campaign and presidency, but has stressed that he is for democracy and is not a communist.[553][554]
Duterte was a member of the leftistKabataang Makabayanduring the 1970s[555]and was a student of prominent Philippine leftist figure and founder of theCommunist Party of the Philippines,Jose Maria Sison.[556][557]In a 1980s interview, Duterte expressed his frustration on seeing suspected criminals being acquitted despite evidence against them, further adding he admired the NPA's "brand of rendering swift justice".[61]However, his relationship with the communists deteriorated during his presidency due to continued rebel attacks on soldiers despite the peace talks.[275][276]
Personal life
Duterte is known for being an avid fan ofbig bikes,but detests luxury cars. He once owned a second-handHarley-Davidsonand aYamaha Virago.He was once a habitualsmoker,but he eventually quit after a doctor's suggestion due to health concerns. Duterte is an avid reader ofRobert LudlumandSidney Sheldonnovels.[558]Duterte is also known for his straightforward and vocal attitude in public, especially in interviews, showing no hesitation in profusely usingprofanitylive on-screen on numerous occasions despite formal requests by media groups and schools beforehand to abstain.[559]
Duterte has his own local show in Davao City calledGikan sa Masa, para sa Masa( "From the Masses, For the Masses" ), which formerly aired as ablocktimeronABS-CBN Davao,and currently broadcast onSMNI News Channelsince 2023.[560]He is also a member ofLex Talionis Fraternitas,a fraternity based in theSan Beda College of Lawand theAteneo de Davao University.[561]
Aside from his nativeCebuano,Duterte is also fluent inFilipinoandEnglish.[562]
While criticizing political opponentAntonio Trillanesin a 2019 speech, Duterte said that he was once gay but had"cured himself"before meeting his partnerElizabeth Zimmerman.[524]
Since being the mayor of Davao City, Duterte has held an annual tradition of visiting children with cancer in the city and giving them Christmas gifts.[563]
Family
Duterte's father, Vicente, died in 1968 while his mother, Soledad, died on February 4, 2012, at the age of 95.[564]
In 1973, Duterte marriedElizabeth Zimmerman,a flight attendant ofGerman Americandescent[565][566]who traces her roots inTuburan, Cebu.[567]They have three children (from eldest to youngest):Paolo( "Pulong" ),Sara( "Inday Sara" ) andSebastian( "Baste" ).[565]Paolo and Inday Sara both became lawyers and entered politics while Baste, with no interest in politics, concentrated on business and surfing but eventually ran and won as vice mayor of Davao City in 2019.[568][569]Sara was elected asVice Presidentin2022.[416]
Duterte has been publicly open about his infidelity while married to Zimmerman and cited it as the reason for his failed marriage. In 1998, Zimmerman filed a petition in theRegional Trial CourtofPasigto nullify her marriage. Duterte never appeared in court and did not contest Zimmerman's petition. Two years later, the court decided in her favor, ending the 27-year marriage of Duterte and Zimmerman.[570]Duterte and Zimmerman have been on good terms in recent years,[571]with Zimmerman stating: "Yes, [Rodrigo] is really a very good leader. That is all he is. But when it comes to family, he is not capable of taking care of it."[570]
Duterte is currently living with hiscommon-law wifeCielito "Honeylet" Avanceña,a former nurse, with whom he has one daughter named Veronica ( "Kitty" ). Duterte has eleven grandchildren, half of whom are Muslims and the other half Christian,[572]and two great-grandchildren.[573]
On his paternal side, Duterte shares familial ties with some of the prominent families of the Visayas, particularly the Almendrases and Duranos ofDanao, Cebu.[c]His distant uncle, former SenatorAlejandro Almendras,was one of his original supporters when he first ran for mayor of Davao City in1988.
Religion
Despite being raised as a communicant of theCatholic Church,on January 19, 2016, Duterte clarified that he had not attendedMassfor quite some time already since he deemed it incompatible with his mayoral responsibilities: "If I listened to theTen Commandmentsor to the priests, "said Duterte," I would not be able to do anything as a mayor. "[575]Duterte has described himself asChristianin 2016[576][577]and "spiritual"in 2018, expressing that he" can't accept "Catholicism ororganized religionbut also that he is neither anatheistnor anagnostic.[578][579]He has referred to God asAllah[577]and has been quoted as saying: "a part of me which isIslam".[580]
During his presidency, Duterte and theCatholic Church in the Philippinesexchanged frequent criticisms. In response to the rising death toll in Duterte's war on drugs, theCatholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines(CBCP) in February 2017 issued a strongly-wordedpastoral letterwhich was read in church services; the letter highlighted that "[killing] is considered as normal", and "to consent and keep silent in front of evil is to be an accomplice to it".[581]Duterte later lambasted Catholic bishops, telling them "not use thepulpit",reviling them as" sons of bitches ", remarking that some of them are gay, and urging street bums to rob and kill them.[582]Notable among the bishops Duterte criticized was Caloocan BishopPablo Virgilio David,a vocal critic of the Duterte administration's war on drugs. Duterte accused David of being involved in illegal drugs and stealing church donations,[581]after which the CBCP came to David's defense and vouched for his integrity.[583]Citing continued criticism from Catholic bishops, Duterte's verbal attacks on the Catholic Church escalated in mid-2018 to early 2019,[581][582]during which he challenged the Catholic Church to show evidence of the existence of God, while expressing his belief in "one Supreme God" and "a universal mind somewhere which controls the universe".[578][579]In one of his harshest vitriol in June 2018, he remarked that God was "stupid" for permittingthe serpentto temptEveinthe creation storyin theBible;though the controversial statement was later clarified by his spokesperson as Duterte's "personal opinion",[584]it contributed to Duterte's quarterly approval rating dipping to its lowest at 45%.[544]Efforts by the Church to rally public support against the administration's war on drugs, however, were less effective due to Duterte's domestic popularity and high trust ratings.[585]
Duterte considers his close friend, pastorApollo Quiboloyof theKingdom of Jesus Christ(KJC), as his spiritual adviser.[586][587]Duterte would become estate administrator of the properties KJC in March 2024, following Senate inquiries launched against the church and Quiboloy.[468]
In his post-presidency in January 2024, Duterte visited the wake of CBCP president Fernando Capalla inDavao Cathedral,during which he stated he attends Masses thrice every Sunday; he further added "I am a very holy man. I'm a whole human being now".[588]
Health
Duterte hasBuerger's disease,an inflammation of blood vessels, mostly in the limbs, andBarrett's esophagus,wherein esophageal cells are gradually replaced by gastrointestinal cells. He has denied rumors ofthroat cancer.[589]
Duterte admitted in December 2016 that he had been a user of the addictiveopioiddrugFentanyl.He said that a doctor prescribed the drug to alleviate back pain and headaches, but that he would take more than he was prescribed.[590]Duterte later denied that he was a drug addict, and a spokesman stated that he was not affected by side-effects of the drug, which include confusion, anxiety, andhallucinations.[591]
Duterte has boasted about his use ofViagra:"When I was young, I could do overnight, which is more expensive. When I got old, I could do short time only because I have such a short time left. After one erection, that's it. No more. Without Viagra, it's even more difficult."[592][593]
A psychological assessment of Duterte was commissioned by a doctor named Natividad Dayan during Duterte's marriage annulment to Elizabeth Zimmerman in July 1998. The result was that Duterte (then Davao City mayor) was found to have "antisocialnarcissisticpersonality disorder ", exemplified by" gross indifference, insensitivity and self-centeredness ", and a" grandiose sense of self-entitlement and manipulative behaviours ". According to the assessment, he had a" pervasive tendency to demean, humiliate others and violate their rights and feelings ", and was" unable to reflect on the consequences of his actions. "[594]
In a speech to the Filipino community inRussia,Duterte revealed that he hasmyasthenia gravis,a neuromuscular disease, which makes his eye droop.[595][596]
Honors and awards
Duterte declined an honorary doctor of laws degree offered by theUniversity of the Philippinesamid opposition from members of the university.[597]On March 28, 2023, the Davao City Council passed a resolution declaring every March 28—Duterte's birthday—as "Duterte Day" in recognition for the "great and continuing contribution" of Duterte to the city and the Philippines.[598]Duterte received an honoraryJuris Doctordegree from his alma mater, San Beda College of Law, in November 2023.[599]
National honors
- Knight Grand Cross of Rizal(KGCR) – (2017)[600]
- Awards for Promoting Philippines-China Understanding (APPCU),Hall of Fame– (2023)[601]
Foreign honors
Duterte was conferred anhonorary doctorate degreeforinternational relationsor foreign diplomacy[602]from theMoscow State Institute of International Relationson October 5, 2019.[603]
Malaysia
Johor:Grand Knight of The Most EsteemedOrder of Sultan Ibrahim of Johor,1st Class (SMIJ) –Dato'(2019)[604]
Brunei
See also
Notes
- ^According to Duterte, he never left PDP–Laban; he was the Davao City chairman of the Liberal Party in 2009, and was nationally affiliated with the Liberal Party in the 2010 and 2013 elections.[1][2]
- ^abDuterte himself does not use the style of Excellency President[132]
- ^Brothers Facundo & Severo Duterte both married women from Danao; Severo's daughter Beatriz married post-War business magnate Ramon M. Durano, Sr. Their descendants constitute the modern-day political family of the Duranos ofDanao, Cebu.Ramon M. Durano, Sr.'s sister Elisea married Paulo Almendras, and their descendants constitute the modern-day Almendrases of Cebu. One of their descendants,Jose Rene Almendrasis a formerSecretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (acting).[574]
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Enrile has been busy recruiting new NP members – Mayor Duterte of Davao City, for example...
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- ^"Obama cancels meeting with 'colorful' Philippine president, who now expresses regret…".The Washington Post.September 5, 2016.
- ^"After cursing Obama, Duterte expresses regret…".CNN.September 5, 2016.
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Further reading
- Juego, Bonn (2017)."The Philippines 2017: Duterte-led authoritarian populism and its liberal-democratic roots"(PDF).Asia Maior; the Journal of the Italian Think Tank on Asia Founded by Giorgio Borsa in 1989.XXVIII.Viella s.r.l. & Associazione Asia Maior: 129–163.ISSN2385-2526.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on December 1, 2022.RetrievedDecember 1,2022.
- "The Punisher".Eye for an Eye.(Vice) Bethesda Softworks LLC. Archived fromthe originalon March 10, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 14,2016.
External links
- MORE VIGILANTE-STYLE KILLINGS REPORTED IN DAVAO CITYLeaked US cable, January 20, 2005
- DAVAO OFFICIALS DENY VIGILANTE KILLINGS, BUT HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION BLAMES MAYORLeaked cable to US Secretary of State, May 8, 2009
- 100 Days of Change: President Rodrigo DuterteArchivedJuly 5, 2012, at theWayback Machine
