Romani people in Serbia

Romani people,orRoma(Serbian:Роми,romanized:Romi), are the fourth largest ethnic group inSerbia,numbering 131,936 (1.98%) according to the 2022 census.[1]However, due to a legacy of poor birth registration and some other factors, this official number is likely underestimated.[4][5]Anywhere between 46,000[6]to 97,000[7]Roma areinternally displaced from Kosovoafter 1999.

Romani people in Serbia
Total population
Regions with significant populations
Belgrade,Beočin,Bojnik,Nova Crnja,Žitorađa
[2][3]
Languages
Balkan Romani,Serbian,Romano-Serbian,Romanian,Albanian,Hungarian
Religion
Eastern Orthodox Christianity,Sunni Islam,Roman Catholic

Another name used for the community isCigani(Serbian Cyrillic:Цигани), although the term is today considered pejorative and is not officially used in public documents. They are divided into numerous subgroups, with different, although related, Romani dialects and history.

Subgroups

edit

As there are difficulties with the data collection, historization, and with the questionable familiarity of the Serbian scholars with Roma lives and culture and significant demographic changes and migrations of Roma population, it is difficult to establish one definite division within Roma community. According to the study of scholarTihomir Đorđević(1868–1944),[8]main sub-groups include "Turkish Gypsies" (Turski Cigani), "White Gypsies" (Beli Cigani), "Wallachian Gypsies" (Vlaški Cigani) and "Hungarian Gypsies" (Mađarski Cigani).

  • Wallachian Roma.Migrated from Romania, throughBanat.[9]They have converted to Eastern Orthodoxy and mostly speak Serbian fluently.[10]They are related to the Turkish Roma.[9]T. Đorđević noted several sub-groups.[11]
  • Turkish Roma,also known asArlia.Migrated from Turkey.[12]At the beginning of the 19th century the Turkish Roma lived mainly insoutheastern Serbia,in what was theSanjak of Niš.[13]The Serbian government attempted to force Orthodoxy on them after the conquest of the sanjak (1878), but without particular success.[13]They are mainly Muslims.[13]T. Đorđević noted an internal division between old settlers and new settlers, who had differing traditions, speech, family organization and occupations.[8]
    • "White Gypsies", arrived later than other Romani groups, at the end of the 19th century,[9]from Bosnia and Herzegovina.[12]Permanently settled mostly in towns.[9]Serbian-speakers.[9]Sub-group ofTurkish Roma.[9]T. Đorđević noted them as living inPodrinjeandMačva,beingMuslim,and that they had lost their language.[8]
  • Hungarian Roma.

History

edit
Roma family in Serbia, 1905

Research on Roma migrations is scarce. Roma often lived on the margins and their presence was often not registered in documents so it is difficult to claim any definite historical path of Roma. On some accounts, Roma arrived in Serbia in several waves.[14]The first reference to Roma in Serbia is found in a 1348 document, by which Serbian emperorStefan Dušandonated some Romaslavesto a monastery in Prizren.[15]In the 15th century, Romani migrations from Hungary are mentioned.[14]

In 1927, a Serbian-Romani humanitarian organization was founded.[16]In 1928, a Romani singing society was founded in Niš.[16]In 1932, a Romani football club was founded.[16]In 1935, a Belgrade student established the first Romani magazine,Romani Lil,and in the same year a Belgrade Romani association was founded.[16]In 1938, an educational organization of Yugoslav Romani was founded.[16]

Culture

edit

The Romani people in Central Serbia are predominantly Eastern Orthodox but a minority of Muslim Romani exists (notably recent refugees from Kosovo), mainly in the southern parts of Serbia. Romani people in multi-ethnic Vojvodina are integrated with other ethnic groups, especially withSerbs,RomaniansandHungarians.For this reason, depending on the group with which they are integrated, Romani are usually referred to asSerbian Romani,Romanian Romani,Hungarian Romani,etc.[17]

The majority of Romani people are Christian and a minority are Muslim. They speak mainlyRomaniand Serbian. Some also speak the language of other people they have been influenced by: Romanian, Hungarian or Albanian.Đurđevdan(orEderlezi) is a traditional feast day of Romani in Serbia. In October 2005 the first text on the grammar of the Romani language in Serbia was published by linguist Rajko Đurić, titledGramatika e Rromane čhibaki - Граматика ромског језика.

Demographics

edit
Romani minority in Serbia (2002 census)
Romani average in Serbia (2002 census)

There are 131,936 Romani people in Serbia.[1]Between 23,000-100,000 Serbian Roma areinternally displaced personsfromKosovo.[6][7]

Census Population Notes
1866 24,607
1895 46,000
1921 34,919 Analysis of census (includingSR SerbiaandSR Macedonia).[11]
1948 52,181
1953 58,800
1961 9,826
1971 49,894
1981 110,959
1991 94,492
2002 108,193
2011 147,604
2022 131,936

Discrimination

edit

A large number of Serbian Roma people live in segregated areas, often in slums with houses of different quality,[18][19]some in so-called "cardboard cities" without electricity or water or provision of public services. On 3 April 2009, a group of Romani people who had been living in an unlawful settlement in Novi Beograd were evicted on the orders of the mayor of Belgrade. According to the press, bulldozers accompanied by police officers arrived to clear the site early in the morning before the formal eviction notice was presented to the community. The makeshift dwellings were torn apart while their former occupants watched. The site was cleared in order to make way for an access road to the site of the 2009 Student Games, to be held in Belgrade later this year. Temporary alternative accommodation in the form of containers had apparently been provided by the Mayor of Belgrade, but some 50 residents of the suburb where they had been located attempted to set fire to three of the containers. Many of the evicted Roma have spent five nights sleeping in the open in the absence of any alternative accommodation.[20]There have been incidents ofFK Radhooligan (and skinhead) attacks on Roma, such as thedeath of thirteen-year-old Dušan Jovanović(1997),[21]and also the death of actorDragan Maksimović,who was assumed to be Romani (2001).[22]

Due to a record of discrimination, human rights reporting mechanisms have consistently drawn attention to the treatment of the Romani people in Serbia.[23][24]The United Nations have reported persistent discrimination andsocial exclusionas a concern, particularly stemming from poor birth registration and identity documentation for citizens, and inequitable access to education, housing, employment, and legal protections.[23]The UN has expressed concerns that the state of Serbia has failed to ensure accountability measures that continually monitor and implement these rights.

These persistent challenges cause many Roma to flee Serbia and other Balkan countries for EU countries. There are cases of children from Serbia being granted refugee status in Ireland due to persecution due to Roma identity.[25]However, withincreasingly strict asylum measures in the EU,countries such as Germany are increasingly labeling Serbia and other Balkan countries as “safe countries of origin” despite a lack of measurable improvement in the ability of Roma groups to realize human rights in these countries.[26][27]

Religion

edit

According to the 2011 Census, most Roma in Serbia areChristians(62.7%). A majority belong to theEastern Orthodox Church(55.9%), followed byCatholics(3.3%) and variousProtestant churches(2.5%). There is also a significantMuslim Romacommunity living in Serbia, with 24.8% of all Roma beingMuslim.A large part of the Roma people did not declare their religion.[28]

Political parties

edit

Notable people

edit

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^This is a census figure. Some 368,136 (5.1% of the population) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities.

References

edit
  1. ^abc"Mother tongue, religion and ethnic affiliation".ABOUT CENSUS.Archivedfrom the original on 15 July 2023.Retrieved10 November2023.
  2. ^Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Национална припадност[Census of population, households and apartments in 2011 in the Republic of Serbia: Ethnicity](PDF)(in Serbian). State Statistical Service of the Republic of Serbia. 29 November 2012. p. 8.Retrieved17 July2017.
  3. ^"Serbia: Country Profile 2011–2012"(PDF).European Roma Rights Centre.p. 7.Retrieved17 July2017.
  4. ^"UNICEF Serbia - Real lives - Life in a day: connecting Roma communities to health services (and more)".unicef.org.Retrieved16 December2017.
  5. ^( dw ), Deutsche Welle."Roma: Discriminated in Serbia, unwanted in Germany | Germany | DW | 10.08.2015".DW.COM.Retrieved16 December2017.
  6. ^ab"EDUCATION OF ROMA CHILDREN as IDPs/RETURNEES".1 January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016.Retrieved4 September2017.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  7. ^abRelief, UN (2010)."Roma in Serbia (excluding Kosovo) on 1st January 2009"(PDF).UN Relief.8(1).
  8. ^abcIFDT 2005,p. 21.
  9. ^abcdefVlahović 2004,p. 67.
  10. ^Human Rights and Collective Identity: Serbia 2004.Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. 1 January 2005.ISBN978-86-7208-106-0.
  11. ^abIFDT 2005,p. 22.
  12. ^abSait Balić (1989).Džanglimasko anglimasqo simpozium I Romani ćhib thaj kultura.Institut za proučavanje nacionalnih odnosa--Sarajevo. p. 53.
  13. ^abcAdrian Marsh; Elin Strand (22 August 2006).Gypsies and the Problem of Identities: Contextual, Constructed and Contested.Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. p. 180.ISBN978-91-86884-17-8.
  14. ^abVlahović 2004,p. 66.
  15. ^Djordjević, T.R. (1924). Iz Srbije Kneza Milosa. Stanovnistvo—naselja. Beograd: Geca Kon.
  16. ^abcdeIFDT 2005,p. 23.
  17. ^"Serbia".
  18. ^"Podstandardna romska naselja u Srbiji"(PDF).osce.org.Retrieved7 October2023.
  19. ^"Mapiranje podstandardnih romskih naselja SRB"(PDF).un.org.Retrieved7 October2023.
  20. ^"Everything you need to know about human rights. | Amnesty International".Amnesty.org.Retrieved18 July2017.
  21. ^"Smrt u državi nasilja".E-novine.18 October 2012.Retrieved18 July2017.
  22. ^"14 GODINA OD SMRTI: Dragan Maksimović Maksa zaslužio da dobije svoju ulicu! – Opustise.rs".4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.Retrieved4 September2017.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  23. ^ab"OHCHR | Serbia Homepage".ohchr.org.Retrieved16 December2017.
  24. ^"Serbia/Kosovo".Human Rights Watch.Retrieved16 December2017.
  25. ^Child Migration and Human Rights in a Global Age.Bhabha, Jacqueline. New Jersey: PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS. 2016.ISBN978-0691169101.OCLC950746587.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: others (link)
  26. ^"Germany's a Dream for Serbia's Roma Returnees:: Balkan Insight".balkaninsight.22 October 2009.Retrieved16 December2017.
  27. ^"Germany: Roma march against asylum-seeker crackdown".aljazeera.Retrieved16 December2017.
  28. ^"Population by national affiliation and religion, Census 2011".Archived fromthe originalon 8 March 2021.Retrieved7 October2023.

Sources

edit

Further reading

edit
edit