Wikipedia

Royal Bank of Canada

This article is about the Canadian multinational commercial bank. For the brand name the bank operates under in the United States, seeRBC Bank.For the Canadian central bank, seeBank of Canada.
Not to be confused withRoyal Trust (Canada)orRoyal Canadian Bank.

Royal Bank of Canada(RBC;French:Banque Royale du Canada) is a Canadian multinationalfinancial services companyand thelargest bankin Canada bymarket capitalization.The bank serves over 20 million clients and has more than 100,000 employees worldwide.[2]Founded in 1864 inHalifax, Nova Scotia,it maintains its corporate headquarters inTorontoand its head office inMontreal.[2]RBC'sinstitution numberis 003. In November 2017, RBC was added to theFinancial Stability Board'slist of global systemically important banks.

Royal Bank of Canada
Company typePublic
ISINCA7800871021
IndustryFinancial services
Founded1864;161 years ago(1864)[1]inHalifax, Nova Scotia
HeadquartersMontreal,Quebec, Canada
Toronto,Ontario, Canada[2][note 1]
Key people
David I. McKay(President and CEO)[4]
Services
RevenueIncreaseCA$57.34 billion (2024)[5]
IncreaseCA$16.24 billion (2024)[5]
AUMIncreaseCA$1.342 trillion (2024)[5]
Total assetsIncreaseCA$2.172 trillion (2024)[5]
Total equityIncreaseCA$127.09 billion (2024)[5]
Number of employees
94,838 (2024)[5]
Subsidiaries
Brewin Dolphin
WebsiterbcEdit this at Wikidata

In Canada, the bank's personal and commercial banking operations are branded asRBC Royal Bankin English andRBC Banque Royalein French and serves approximately 11 million clients through its network of 1,284 branches.RBC Bankis a US banking subsidiary which formerly operated 439 branches across six states in theSoutheastern United States,[6]but now only offers cross-border banking services to Canadian travellers and expats. RBC's otherLos Angeles-based US subsidiaryCity National Bankoperates 79 branches across 11 US states.[7]RBC also has 127 branches across seventeen countries in the Caribbean, which serve more than 16 million clients.[8]RBC Capital Marketsis RBC's worldwide investment and corporate banking subsidiary, while the investment brokerage firm is known asRBC Dominion Securities.Investment banking services are also provided through RBC Bank and the focus is on middle market clients.

In 2011, RBC was the largest Canadian company by revenue and market capitalization.[9]In 2023, the company was ranked 38th in theForbes Global 2000.[10]The company has operations in Canada and 36 other countries,[11]and had CA$1.01 trillion ofassets under managementin 2021.[5][12]

History

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In 1864, the Merchants Bank of Halifax was founded inHalifax, Nova Scotia,as a commercial bank that financed the fishing and timber industries and the European and Caribbean import/export businesses.[13]By 1869 the Merchants' Bank was officially incorporated and received its federal charter in the same year.[14]During the 1870s and 1880s, the bank expanded into the otherMaritime Provinces.When both the Newfoundland Commercial Bank and Union Bank of Newfoundland collapsed on December 10, 1894, the Merchants Bank expanded to Newfoundland on January 31, 1895.[14]

The Merchants' Bank of Halifax constructed its first building of its own in 1879 at the corner of Hollis and George. It was designed byThomas Reed Jackson.

As the bank grew, executives changed its name to reflect its growth and western expansion.[13]In 1901, the Merchants Bank of Halifax changed its name to the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC). The centre of the Canadian financial industry had moved from Halifax toMontreal,so the Merchants Bank relocated its head office there. In 1910, RBC merged with theUnion Bank of Halifax.In the same year it built a bank branch inWinnipeg,Manitoba, designed byCarrère and Hastings,in beaux-arts classicism proclaiming the financial dominance of Winnipeg in the prairies.[15]To improve its position inOntario,RBC merged with Traders Bank of Canada in 1912 and in 1917 RBC merged withQuebec Bank,which was founded in 1818 and chartered in 1822 inQuebec City.

RBC's presence in Manitoba andSaskatchewanwas strengthened through a 1918 merger with Northern Crown Bank, the product of the 1908 merger of Northern Bank (established in 1905 in Winnipeg) and Crown Bank of Canada (1904), based inOntario.RBC's presence in theCanadian Prairiewas further expanded by the 1925 merger with theUnion Bank of Canada,which had begun in Quebec City in 1865 as the Union Bank of Lower Canada, but changed its name in 1886. The Union Bank of Canada had moved its headquarters to Winnipeg in 1912, and had built a strong presence in the Prairies and opened the first bank in theNorthwest TerritoriesatFort Smithin 1921.[16][17]

In 1935, RBC merged with Crown Savings and Loan Co. merged with Industrial Mortgage & Trust Co.[18]

RoyWest Banking Corporation was formed inNassau, Bahamasin 1965, to undertake medium-term lending and trustee business in theBritish West Indies.[19]Majority owned by seven firms, including RBC andWestminster Bank,sole ownership transferred toNational Westminster Bankin 1987.[20]

RBC installed its first computer in 1961, theIBM 1401,the first to do so in Canadian banking.[21]In the 1960s, RBC Insurance was created.[13]In 1968, it merged with Ontario Loan and Debenture Company (formerly Ontario Savings and Investment Society).[22]RBC Insurance is the largest Canadian bank-owned insurance organization, with services to over five million people. It provides life, health, travel, home and auto and reinsurance products as well as creditor and business insurance services.[13]The completion ofRoyal Bank PlazainTorontoin 1976 saw the relocation of many critical head-office functions from Montreal, with Toronto serving as RBC's corporate headquarters ever since.[23]In 1993, RBC merged withRoyal Trust.

In 1998, RBC acquiredSecurity First Network Bankin Atlanta—the first pure Internet bank.[24]In the same year, the Royal Bank of Canada proposed to merge with theBank of Montreal,at the same time as theToronto-Dominion Bankproposed to merge with theCanadian Imperial Bank of Commerce.Both mergers were examined by theCompetition Bureauof Canada, and ultimately rejected byPaul Martin,at the time theFinance Ministerof Canada, and futurePrime Minister.

In 2000, RBC merged merchant credit/debit card acquiring business with theBank of Montreal's to formMonerisSolutions. In 2013, RBC completed the acquisition of the Canadian subsidiary ofAlly Financial.[25]

An RBC branch inThe Glebeneighbourhood ofOttawawas firebombed in May 2010. The party responsible later identified themselves onIndependent Media Centerand threatened to make their presence at the upcoming2010 G20 Toronto summit.[26]

In November 2022, RBC andHSBC Canadaannounced a deal which would see RBC acquiring 100% of the common shares of HSBC Canada for an all-cash purchase price of $13.5 billion, a multiple of 9.4 times HSBC Canada's estimated 2024 earnings. Completion of the transaction is expected by late 2023, subject to regulatory approvals.[27]In December 2023, RBC received approval fromFinance MinisterChrystia Freeland to take overHSBC Bankin a deal. Conditions for the deal include that none of HSBC Canada's 4,000 employees will be laid off within six months of the closing date or two years for direct staff, and banking services will be provided at 33 HSBC branches for at least another four years. RBC will also provide $7 billion in financing foraffordable housingdevelopments inCanada.[28]

International expansion

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A $20 RBC banknote from 1938, issued for circulation inBarbados
RBC PlazainMinneapolis,headquarters for RBC Wealth Management, formerlyDain Rauscher Wessels,a firm acquired by RBC in 2000
RBC Centre
  • 1882: Merchants Bank of Halifax opened offices inBermudaandNewfoundland.
  • 1899: RBC opened an agency inNew York Cityand a branch inHavana.
  • 1903: RBC bought Banco de Oriente de Santiago de Cuba. By the mid-1920s, RBC had 65 branches in Cuba and is the largest bank in the country.
  • 1904: RBC bought Banco del Commercio de Havana.
  • 1907: RBC opened a branch inSan Juan, Puerto Rico;branches inMayagüezandPoncefollowed.
  • 1909: RBC established a branch inNassau, Bahamas.
  • 1910: RBC opened a branch in London and acquired branches in Puerto Rico andPort of Spain,Trinidadas a result of its acquisition ofUnion Bank of Halifax.
  • 1911: RBC opened an agency inNew York City,and branches inBridgetown,Barbados, andKingston, Jamaica.
  • 1912: RBC bought Bank of British Honduras (incorporated in 1902 by United States citizens fromMobile) inBritish Honduras,which it converted to a branch.
    • RBC opened a branch in the Dominican Republic; three more follow.
  • 1913: RBC opened a branch in Grenada.
  • 1914: RBC bought out Bank of British Guiana (est. 1836), inBritish Guiana,and converted it to a branch.
  • 1915: RBC opened branches in Costa Rica,Antigua,Dominica, andSaint Kitts.
  • 1916: RBC opened a branch in Venezuela.
  • 1917: RBC opened branches in Antigua, Dominica, St. Kitts,Montserrat,Nevis,andTobago.
  • 1918: RBC opened a branch inBarcelona,and another inVladivostokthat lasted less than a year.
  • 1919: RBC opened branches in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay,Paris,Martinique,Guadeloupe,andPort-au-Prince,Haiti.
  • 1920: RBC opened a branch in Colombia and a branch inCastries,St Lucia.
  • 1923: RBC bought and consolidated the banking operations of Pedro Gomez Mena e Hijo inCuba.
  • 1925: RBC opened a branch in Peru, and acquired the American-owned, and failed,Bank of Central and South America.The purchase of BCSA brought with it subsidiaries, and their branches, in Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Venezuela
  • 1932: RBC closed its branch in St. Lucia.
  • 1940: RBC closed its branches inMartiniqueandGuadeloupe.
  • 1958: A representative office opened in Hong Kong, which became a branch in 1978.[29]
  • 1959: RBC opened a branch inSt. Vincent.
  • 1960: RBC returned to St. Lucia.
  • 1960:Fidel Castro's regime acquired RBC's operations in Cuba on December 8.[14]At the time of the forced sale, RBC had 24 branches in Cuba. From 1961 to 1965, RBC maintained a Special Representative inHavanato facilitate trade between Cuba and Canada. After the failedBay of Pigs Invasionin April 1961, the Special Representative acted as a financial intermediary between the American and Cuban governments to manage the ransoming of the prisoners for food and agricultural machinery.
  • 1964: RBC opened a branch inGeorge Town, Cayman Islands.
  • 1970s: As a result of Law 75, RBC's operations in Colombia became Banco Royal Colombiano.
  • 1973: RBC was forced to incorporate its operations inJamaica,which became Royal Bank (Jamaica).
  • 1980: RBC purchased Banco de San Juan in Puerto Rico, adding its 14 branches to the six that RBC already had in Puerto Rico. RBC sold its assets in Grenada toRepublic Bankof Trinidad and Tobago.
  • 1985: RBC started to withdraw from much of the Caribbean.
    • It sold its 12 branches in the Dominican Republic toBanco de Comercio Dominicano.
    • It also sold its stake in Royal Bank (Jamaica) to Jamaica Mutual Life Assurance. Branches in Curaçao, Aruba, St. Maarten and Dominica are still open (1985–present)
    • The Government of Guyana nationalized its operations there and renamed the bank theNational Bank of Industry and Commerce Ltd.[30][31]
    • Additionally, RBC incorporated its operations in Trinidad and Tobago locally, floating the shares, thereby divesting itself of ownership. The new bank took the nameRoyal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago(RBTT).
  • 1986:National Mutual Royal Bankopened in Australia with RBC having a 50% shareholding[32]
  • 1986: RBC sold its two branches in Haiti toSociete Generale Haitienne de Banque,a local bank.
  • 1987: RBC sold its operations in Belize, ex-British Honduras, to Belize Holdings Inc., which renamed themBelize Bank.
  • 1990: National Mutual Royal Bank in Australia sold to theAustralia and New Zealand Banking Group[33]
  • 1993: RBC sold Royal Bank of Puerto Rico to Spain'sBanco Bilbao-Vizcaya.
  • 1995: RBC sold Royal Trust Bank (Austria) toAnglo Irish Bank,which renamed it Anglo Irish Bank (Austria).
  • 2000: AcquiredDain Rauscher Wessels,a USbrokerageandinvestment bankingfirm based inMinneapolis,Minnesota[34]
  • 2001: RBC acquired Centura Bank based inRocky Mount, North Carolina.[35]
  • 2001: RBC bought the investment banking and brokerage firmTucker Anthony Sutro(Boston) fromJohn Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co.[36]
  • 2003: RBC purchased Florida interest in Provident Financial Group, Cincinnati OH.
  • 2003: Hong Kong branch started operating as a licensed bank.[37]
  • 2006: RBC upgraded its representative office inBeijing,China, to a branch.
  • 2006: Created an institutional investment joint venture withDexia.The 50/50 partnership operated under the name RBC Dexia Investor Services.[38]
  • 2007: RBC acquires Carlin Financial.[39]
  • 2008: RBC established a representative office inMumbai,India. RBC re-acquired 98.14% of the shares ofRoyal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago.This brought RBC back to Trinidad and Tobago 20 years after it had withdrawn and provided it with a presence in other islands served by RBTT.
  • 2011: RBC soldRBC BanktoPNC Financial Servicesfor US$3.62 billion. PNC ATMs are now used by customers with RBC Bank (Georgia), N.A. providing Canadians with bank options when they are residing in the US.
  • 2012: RBC completed the acquisition of Dexia's 50% stake in RBC Dexia Investor Services Limited, making it the sole owner of the newly named [RBC Investor & Treasury Services].[40]RBC also opened a Branch in Wilemstad, Curaçao.
  • 2014: RBC "entered into a merger agreement to acquireCity National Corporation",a major U. S. bank.[41]
  • 2015: RBC agreed to sell its Swiss private bank Royal Bank of Canada (Suisse) SA to local rivalSYZ Group.Terms of the sale were not disclosed. Royal Bank of Canada (Suisse) managesCHF10 billion (US$10.5 billion, C$13.4 billion) of assets for clients in Africa, the Middle East and South America.[42]
  • 2015: RBC completed the acquisition of City National Bank (November)
  • 2016: On January 21, 2016, Aviva announced the acquisition of RBC General Insurance Company, for C$582 million.[43]
  • 2019: RBC agreed to sell its Eastern Caribbean banking operations, in places such asAntigua,Dominica,andSaint Lucia,to a consortium of banks in the region.[44]
  • 2022: RBC announced the acquisition of wealth managerBrewin Dolphinin theUnited Kingdom,in a deal which valued Brewin Dolphin at C$2.4bn (£1.6bn).[45]
  • 2024 RBC completed the acquisition of HSBC Canada, splitting some assets with the National Bank for competition issues.

Branding

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Logo used by RBC from 1979 to 2001, designed by Gottschalk + Ash.

The bank's first modern identity was designed by firmLippincott & Margulies,and was introduced in January 1962. From this point forward the bank's logo has contained the same basic element of a stylized lion clutching a globe, becoming more simplified with each iteration. Alongside promotion of theRoyal Bank Plaza,a tweaked version of the mark by Montreal design consultancy Gottschalk + Ash silently debuted in June 1979. The same basic form was retained, however many lines were thickened and details simplified to facilitate printing at small sizes. The total brand overhaul and shortening of the Royal Bank name to RBC in August 2001 coincided with their expansion into the United States market.[46]The direction of the lion, now further simplified, was reversed, the crown above omitted, and both the symbol and wordmark were placed within a blue shield.

Sponsorship

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RBC sponsors cultural events including theToronto International Film Festival.It also sponsors theRBC Taylor Prize,aliterary awardfor non-fiction writing in Canada, and hosts a yearly Canadian Women Entrepreneur Award.[47][48]In July 2013, the RBC Foundation partnered with theUniversity of Torontoto revive theSiminovitch Prize in Theatre,given to recognize achievement in Canadian theatre.[49][50][51]

An RBC logo at the2010 Winter Olympics

RBC is one of Canada's largest sponsors of amateur sports and is the longest-running Canadian sponsor of theOlympic Games.It employs dozens of top-tier amateur athletes as part-time spokespeople through theRBC Olympiansprogram. RBC is a former premier sponsor ofHockey Canadaand previously owned the naming rights to theNational Junior A Championship,then called the Royal Bank Cup (later the RBC Cup). In addition, it supports Canadian hockey at the grassroots level through the RBC Play Hockey program.

RBC owns naming rights to theRBC Centre,RBC Convention Centre Winnipeg,RBC Canadian Open,andRBC Heritage(formerly the Heritage Classic). From 2002 to 2012, RBC previously held the naming rights to what is now thePNC ArenainRaleigh, North Carolina.[52]

RBC has owned naming rights for the Top 25 Canadian Immigrants Award, presented annually byCanadian Immigrant,since 2013.[53]

RBC has also sponsoredMajor League Soccerin the United States since 2023. In 2025 the bank signed with theLA Galaxyto have its logo placed on the team's jersey sleeve and throughout the stadium.[54]

Head offices

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Place Ville Marie,Montreal(left), serves as the official head office for RBC, whereasRoyal Bank Plaza,Toronto(right), serves as the bank's corporate headquarters.[2]

The head office for the institution was initially located at the Merchants' Bank of Halifax Building, on Bedford Row,Halifax,Nova Scotia.The building served as the head office for the bank from 1864 to 1907. In 1907, the RBC relocated its head office to the Four Pillars Building, at 147Saint Jacques Street(renumbered 221 in 1928), Montreal. The building was used as RBC's head office until 1928. The Four Pillars Building was later demolished, with only its facade remaining.[55]In 1928, RBC moved its head office to theOld Royal Bank Building,at 360Saint Jacques Street,Montreal.

In 1962, RBC moved its head office toPlace Ville-Marie,atUniversity StreetandRené-Lévesque BoulevardinMontreal.In 1976, RBC completedRoyal Bank Plaza,at 200Bay Street,Toronto, and shifted the majority of its critical head-office functions from Montreal to Toronto.[56]The Royal Bank of Canada presently operates two headquarters, with its corporate headquarters at Royal Bank Plaza and its head office based at Place Ville-Marie.[2]Most of its management operations are based in Toronto.[3]

Controversies

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Discrimination

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On January 15, 2007,CBC Radioreported RBC was "refusing" to open US dollar accounts for people of certain nationalities.[57]Canadian citizens withdual citizenshipin Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Myanmar, North Korea or Sudan (mostly countries with US sanctions) were affected. TheUS Treasury Departmentrestricts certain foreign nationals from using the US dollar payment system to limitterrorismandmoney launderingafter theSeptember 11, 2001, attacks.RBC replied that compliance with such laws does not represent an endorsement by the bank and on January 17, clarified its position on the application of the US laws, specifying that "with some exceptions" it does open accounts for dual citizens of the sanctioned countries.[58]There have also been reports that the bank had closed the accounts of someIranian-Canadiancitizens.[59]

Environment

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According to a report byRainforest Action Network,RBC's financing ofoil sandsbitumenextraction and expansion amounted to "more than $2.3 billion in loans and financing [of] more than $6.9 billion in [corporate] debt between 2003 and 2007 for 13 companies including:Encana,Husky Energy,OPTI Canada,Delphi Energy,Canadian Oil Sands Trust,Northwest Upgrading,Suncor,TotalEnergies,Connacher Oil and Gas,InterPipeline andEnbridge".[60]

A 2020 report on fossil fuel finance by theSierra Cluband Rainforest Action Network found that RBC was the fifth largest funder of fossil fuels in the world, and largest in Canada, investing over US$160 billion on fossil fuel projects since theParis Agreementin 2015.[61]This sparked criticism from environmental groups and climate activists.[62]

A more recent 2023 report from a coalition of environmental group places RBC as the largest financier of fossil fuel in the world in 2022, investing US$42 billion in fossil fuel projects in that year alone.[63][64]

Funding of SCO litigation on Linux

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RBC invested inSCO Groupduring the series of court cases seeking tocollect royalties from the users of Linux.[65]

Investor protection

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In 2014, theCommodity Futures Trading Commissionfined RBC $35,000,000 for engaging in more than 1,000 wash sales, fictitious sales, and other non-competitive practices over a three-year period.[66]

Mismarking

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In 2007, the Royal Bank of Canada fired several traders in its corporate bond business, after another trader accused them ofmismarkingbonds the bank held by overpricing them, and marked down the values of the bonds and recognized $13 million of trading losses relating to the bonds.[67]The bank said it investigated the accusations, and took remedial action.[67]The Globe and Mailnoted: "traders might have an incentive to boost [the bonds'] prices because it could have an impact on their bonuses."[67]

Temporary foreign workers and Canadian layoffs

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Main article:Temporary foreign worker program in Canada
See also:Amanda Lang RBC controversy

In April 2013, theCBCreported that the Royal Bank of Canada was indirectly hiringtemporary foreign workersto replace 45 Canadianinformation technologyworkers.[68]

The CBC reported on May 7, 2013, that, duringQuestion Periodin Parliament, theNDPleveled accusations against the government and then Prime MinisterStephen Harper.Harper responded that the government has been working on problems with the Temporary Foreign Worker Program for more than a year.[69]

Vacation pay class action lawsuit

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See also:RBC Dominion Securities § Legal affairs

On December 29, 2022, theSupreme Court of Ontariocertified a class action lawsuit permitting employees ofRBC Dominion Securitiesto seek $800 million in damages, over alleged unpaid wages for holidays and other vacation days.[70]

Memberships

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RBC is a member of theCanadian Bankers Associationwhich includes Canada'sBig Fivebanks, and is a registered member with theCanada Deposit Insurance Corporation,a federal agency insuring deposits at all of Canada's chartered banks.

It is also a member of:

Leadership

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The office of chairman of the Board was created in October 1949 for outgoing president Sydney Dobson. Until 2001, the chairmanship was given to the current or former president. After John Cleghorn's retirement in 2001, the chairmanship was made a separate, non-executive position.

President

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  1. James W. Merkel, 1864–1869
  2. Thomas Clifford Kinnear,1869–1870
  3. Thomas Edward Kenny,1870–1908
  4. Herbert Samuel Holt,1908–1934
  5. Morris Watson Wilson,1934 – 13 May 1946
  6. Sydney George Dobson,4 June 1946 – 18 October 1949
  7. James Muir,18 October 1949 – 10 April 1960
  8. Madison Melville Walter, 26 April 1960 – 9 December 1960
  9. William Earle McLaughlin,19 December 1960– 30 June 1977
  10. Rowland Cardwell Frazee1 July 1977 – 30 September 1980
  11. Jock Kinghorn Finlayson,1 October 1980 – 31 May 1983
  12. Allan Richard Taylor,1 June 1983 – 31 May 1986
  13. John Edward Cleghorn,1 June 1986 – 30 March 2001
  14. Gordon Melbourne Nixon,1 April 2001 – 31 July 2014
  15. David Ian McKay1 August 2014 –

Chairman of the Board

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  1. Sydney George Dobson,18 October 1949 – 30 November 1954
  2. James Muir,1 December 1954 – 10 April 1960
  3. Madison Melville Walter, 26 April 1960 – 9 December 1960
  4. William Earle McLaughlin,1962 – 30 September 1980
  5. Rowland Cardwell Frazee,1 October 1980 – 31 May 1986
  6. Allan Richard Taylor,1 June 1986 – 26 January 1995
  7. John Edward Cleghorn,26 January 1995 – 31 July 2001
  8. Guy Saint-Pierre,1 August 2001 – 27 February 2004
  9. David Peter O'Brien,27 February 2004 – 31 December 2013
  10. Kathleen Patricia Taylor,1 January 2014 – 5 April 2023
  11. Jacynthe Côté, 5 April 2023 –

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The bank maintains both a "corporate headquarters" in Toronto, and a "head office" in Montreal, with most of its management operations taking place in Toronto.[2][3]

References

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  5. ^abcdefg"2024 Annual Report"(PDF).Investor Relations.Royal Bank of Canada.RetrievedDecember 9,2024.
  6. ^"About RBC Bank: Company Profile".Royal Bank of Canada.RetrievedFebruary 19,2011.
  7. ^"City National Bank locations".City National Bank.RetrievedMay 15,2022.
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  12. ^"Global Private Banking Benchmark 2014 | Scorpio Report".Scorpiopartnership. July 17, 2014. Archived fromthe originalon October 18, 2015.RetrievedDecember 27,2015.
  13. ^abcd"RBC Insurance History".2016.RetrievedMarch 23,2016.
  14. ^abcPound, Richard W. (September 30, 2004).Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates.Fitzhenry and Whiteside.ISBN978-1550411713.
  15. ^Kalman, Harold D.; Vattay, Sharon (December 16, 2013)."Bank Architecture".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Toronto: Historica Foundation.RetrievedAugust 5,2014.
  16. ^Fumoleau, René (2004).As Long as this Land Shall Last: A History of Treaty 8 and Treaty 11, 1870–1939.University of Calgary Press.p. 435.ISBN978-1-55238-063-5.
  17. ^"Filling in the Map: Growth by Amalgamation".Royal Bank of Canada.RetrievedJuly 28,2022.
  18. ^Nineteenth Legislature (1936).Ontario Sessional Papers(PDF).p. iii.OL23742693M.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on August 8, 2014.RetrievedAugust 5,2014.
  19. ^Roberts, Richard with Arnander, ChristopherTake Your Partners: Orion, the Consortium Banks and the Transformation of the Euromarkets(p. 43) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001
  20. ^Annual Report and Accounts 1987(p. 17) National Westminster Bank, February 23, 1988
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  25. ^"Royal Bank buys online savings bank Ally for $3.8B".CBC News.October 23, 2012.
  26. ^Taylor, Scott; Jackson, Kenneth (May 19, 2010)."Police chief vows to nab 'domestic terrorists'".Ottawa Sun.Archived fromthe originalon August 8, 2014.RetrievedAugust 5,2014.
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  29. ^"International Business Outside North America".
  30. ^"The Impact of Privatisation on the Banking Sector in the Caribbean"(PDF).United Nations: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. November 30, 2001. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on May 26, 2013.RetrievedAugust 5,2014.
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  32. ^"Bank opens for business".The Canberra Times.February 27, 1986. p. 21 – viaTrove.
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  34. ^Weber, Terry (September 28, 2000)."Royal Bank continues push into U.S. with Dain Rauscher purchase".The Globe and Mail.RetrievedFebruary 24,2020.
  35. ^Howlett, Karen (January 27, 2001)."Royal buys U.S. bank Centura".The Globe and Mail.RetrievedFebruary 24,2020.
  36. ^Sinton, Peter (October 14, 2001)."Fading Glory / Venerable name in finance is about to disappear as Sutro & Co. is bought by Canadian bank".SFGATE.RetrievedJuly 28,2022.
  37. ^"Terms and Conditions".
  38. ^"RBC seeks buyout of Dexia joint venture".Yahoo! Canada: Finance.11 October 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 5 March 2016.Retrieved5 August2014.
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  40. ^Robertson, Grant (April 3, 2013)."RBC buying full ownership of RBC Dexia".The Globe and Mail.RetrievedAugust 5,2014.
  41. ^"RBC to acquire City National Corporation, a premier U.S. private and commercial bank"(Press release). Royal Bank of Canada. January 22, 2015.RetrievedAugust 19,2017.
  42. ^"RBC sells Swiss private bank operations"(Press release). Royal Bank of Canada. July 14, 2015.RetrievedAugust 19,2017.
  43. ^"Aviva Canada announces the acquisition of RBC General Insurance Company".January 20, 2016.
  44. ^The Canadian Press (December 12, 2019)."Royal Bank selling Eastern Caribbean banking operations to consortium".Canadian Business.Archived fromthe originalon December 12, 2019.RetrievedDecember 12,2019.
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  51. ^"Filmmakers, celebs ask TIFF to cut ties with sponsor RBC over environmental concerns".Global News.
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Works cited

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Further reading

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  • McDowall, Duncan (1993).Au coeur de l'action: Banque Royale(in French). Montreal: les Editions de l'Homme.ISBN978-2761911146.
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