Ruth Mary Reynolds

Ruth Mary Reynolds
Ruth Mary Reynolds
	The arrest of Nationalists (L to R); Carmen María Pérez Gonzalez,Olga Viscal Garrigaand Ruth Mary Reynolds.
Born	February 29, 1916; Terraville,Lawrence County, South Dakota
Died	December 2, 1989(aged 73); South Dakota
Political party	Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
Movement	Puerto Rican Independence

Ruth Mary Reynolds(February 29, 1916 – December 2, 1989) was anAmerican educator,politicalandcivil rightsactivist who embraced the ideals of thePuerto Rican Nationalist Party.She was incarcerated inLa PrincesaPrison for sedition during thePuerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s.As one of the founders of the organization known as the "American League for Puerto Rico's Independence," she devoted many years of her life to the cause ofPuerto Rico's independencefrom theUnited Statesafter her release fromprison.^[1]^[2]

Early years

Reynolds was born in 1916 inTerraville,Lawrence County, South Dakota,a mining town in theBlack Hills.As a young woman, she taught high school for two years, including one year of teaching on anIndian reservation.^[3]After earning aMaster's degreefromNorthwestern University,she relocated toNew York City,where she joined theHarlemAshram, an interracial pacifist community dedicated to the development of non-violent strategies forsocial change.^[1]

Harlem Ashram

The Ashram was founded by Ralph Templin and Jay Holmes Smith in 1940. It was a religious, pacifist group based on theGandhian philosophyof non-violence.^[4]In the interest of promoting interracial good will, the members of the Ashram associated themselves with the members of a predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood in the city. Reynolds and her associates organized games and activities for the young people who lived inEast Harlem,also known as Spanish Harlem.^[1]

The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party

Pedro Albizu Campos,president of thePuerto Rican Nationalist Party,and several other Nationalists were arrested and charged with "seditiousconspiracyto overthrow theU.S. Governmentin Puerto Rico "after the events of the 1935Río Piedras massacre.Even though he was not involved in the incident, Albizu Campos was found guilty and sentenced in 1937 to ten years of prison, to be served at the Federal penitentiary inAtlanta, Georgia.^[5]

Don Pedro Albizu Campos, 1936

In 1943, while still serving his sentence, Albizu Campos became seriously ill and had to be interned at theColumbus HospitalofNew York City.^[5]During his stay in the hospital, he learned of the work that the Harlem Ashram was doing with the local Puerto Ricans. He asked Julio Pinto Gandía, a member of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, to bring the group to his bedside because he wanted to meet them. Reynolds and the others went to meet Albizu Campos as requested. That was the beginning of a lifelong friendship between Reynolds and Albizu Campos.^[3]

Not only had Albizu Campos learned about the group's activities with the Puerto Rican community, he'd also learned that the group was involved with the non-violent "FreeIndia"movement." He convinced their group to become involved with a "Free Puerto Rico" movement, since he thought it was a comparable case ofcolonialism– the United States'colonizationof Puerto Rico. Even though the members of the group opposed the use of violence as a way of obtaining independence, they did agree that Puerto Rico should have its independence and became advocates of the island's independence.^[1]

Soon afterwards, Reynolds and her colleagues founded the American League for Puerto Rico's Independence and she was named Executive Secretary.^[1]In 1945, Reynolds made her first trip to Puerto Rico in order to see the social,economic,andpoliticalconditions in the island. From 1946 to 1947, Reynolds appeared before theUnited Nations,where she lobbied in favor of Puerto Rico's independence. She charged that the treatment of Puerto Rico by the United States was in violation of the "Declaration Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories" set forth in Chapter 11, Article 73 of the United Nations Charter. She also testified before theUnited States Congressin regard to the situation of the island. She returned to the island on 1948, to investigate the student strike at theUniversity of Puerto Rico.^[1]

Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s

The National Guard, commanded by thePuerto Rico Adjutant GeneralMajor GeneralLuis R. Estevesand under the orders of Gov.Luis Muñoz Marín,occupy Jayuya

ThePuerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950swas a widespread campaign for independence by thePuerto Rican Nationalist Party,againstUnited States Governmentrule over Puerto Rico. It specifically repudiated the so-called "Free Associated State" (Estado Libre Asociado) designation of Puerto Rico – a designation that the nationalists considered a "colonial farce".^[6]

The revolts began on October 30, 1950, upon the orders of Nationalist leaderPedro Albizu Campos,with uprisings in various towns, among themPeñuelas,Mayagüez,Naranjito,Arecibo,andPonce.The most notable uprisings occurred inUtuado,Jayuya,andSan Juan.^[7]^[8]

In Utuado, captured insurgents were executed.^[7]In Jayuya, the "Free Republic of Puerto Rico" was declared, until the U.S. sent bomber planes, heavy artillery, and Army infantry troops to end the uprising.^[9]In San Juan the Nationalists made an attempt against the governor of Puerto Rico at his residence,La Fortaleza.^[8]

When the revolts began, Reynolds was asleep in her home in San Juan. At 2 A.M. she was awakened when more than forty armed policemen andNational Guardsmenshowed up at her doorstep. Even though they did not have asearch warrantthey proceeded to search the house, and confiscated her papers and speeches. When she asked them if they had a search warrant they answered that they didn't but that they did have an order to arrest her. The police claimed that their actions were justified under the provisions theLey de la Mordaza(Gag Law,technically "Law 53 of 1948" ).^[1]^[3]Reynolds was taken into custody along with Carmen María Pérez Gonzalez andOlga Viscal Garriga.She was held for several days^{[clarification needed]}at police headquarters before she was transferred toLa PrincesaPrison.^{[citation needed]}

In January 1951, she was charged with two counts of sedition: for allegedly riding in a car which carried weapons and for pledging her loyalty to the Nationalist Party during a party meeting in December 1949. The government claimed that, in doing so, Reynolds had pledged her life and fortune to the "illegal, criminal, and malicious overthrow" of the U.S.-backed government in Puerto Rico. In September 1951 she was found guilty and sentenced to six years of hard labor in the Insular Penitentiary inArecibo.^[3]

Americans for Puerto Rico's Independence

The American League for Puerto Rico's Independence was dissolved as a direct result of Reynolds incarceration. Her friends organized "The Ruth Reynolds Defense Committee" and raised funds for her defense. In June, they raised enough funds to pay for bail and she was released. Reynolds then returned to New York City and was legally represented byConrad Lynn,an attorney who fought many important segregation andcivil libertiescases. He successfully defended Reynolds against the charge of collaboration with the Puerto Rican Nationalist movement in the advocacy of the overthrow of the U.S. government.^[10]In 1954, she won her case on appeal in the Supreme Court in Puerto Rico. Reynolds returned once more to New York and worked as an assistantlibrarianandarchivistat theNew York Psychoanalytic Institute.^[1]^[3]

On March 1, 1954, a group of four Nationalists, which includedLolita Lebrón,Rafael Cancel Miranda,Andrés Figueroa Cordero,andIrvin Flores,unfurled aPuerto Rican flagand opened fire on the Representatives of the83rd Congress,with the intention of capturing worldwide attention to the cause of Puerto Rican independence, wounding five congressmen.^[11]One of the consequences of this event was the arrest of Albizu Campos, who at the time was in ill health. Reynolds, with the aid of the American League for Puerto Rico's Independence, helped to defend Albizu Campos and the four Nationalists involved in the shooting incident.^[1]^[3]

Reynolds remained a close friend of Albizu Campos until his death in 1965 and continued in her quest for Puerto Rican independence. She revived the "American League for Puerto Rico's Independence" and changed the organizations name to "Americans for Puerto Rico's Independence."^[1]^[3]Under her leadership, the organization presented itself in the United Nations and requested that the UN governing body investigate the US claim that Puerto Rico was now enjoying "self-government," and to also investigate the "repression" of members of the independence movement. In 1977, Reynolds made another presentation to the UN on behalf of Puerto Rico, this time to theDecolonization Committee of the United Nations.^[1]^[3]

Later years

Reynolds received many tributes from theIndependence movement in Puerto Ricoduring her lifetime. She worked on behalf of the Puerto Ricanpolitical prisonersas a member of the "Committee for the Release of the Five Nationalists." She participated in oral history interviews for variouseducationalinstitutions, among them the Center for Puerto Rican Studies at Hunter College,theSchomburg Center for Research in Black Cultureof theNew York Public Library,andColumbia University.Reynolds published her book "Campus in Bondage: a 1948 Microcosm of Puerto Rico in Bondage," in which she tells the story of the revolt and strike at the University of Puerto Rico.^[1]^[3]On December 2, 1989, Reynolds died near her home in South Dakota.^[1]

Written work

Reynolds' book, published shortly before her death:

Campus in Bondage: A Nineteen Forty-Eight Microcosm of Puerto Rico in Bondage;author: Ruth M. Reynolds; co-authors: Carlos R. Fraticelli and Blanca Vázquez-Erazo; Publisher: Hunter College (June 1989);ISBN 978-1-878483-00-3

Legacy

Plaque honoring the women of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party

Noelle Ghoussaini wrote and directed a play in New York City titledRuth and the Great Gust of Wind,which conveys the experience of Reynolds and the Puerto Rican independence movement.^[12]The play premiered at Les Manouches Theatre'sBetween the Seasliterary reading festival in October 2010.^[12]

In the town ofMayagüez,there is a plaque which honors the women of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. It was incorporated into the monument to the Nationalist fighters of theJayuya Uprising.Reynolds' name is inscribed asRuth Mary Reynolds Willmarthin accordance with Latin American naming customs which use both the paternal and maternal surnames. Her name is located on the fourth line of the first plate.

References

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^mGuide to the Ruth M. Reynolds Papers 1915-1989 Archived2010-06-20 at theWayback Machine
^Materson, Lisa G. (2019)."Ruth Reynolds, Solidarity Activism, and the Struggle against U.S. Colonialism in Puerto Rico".Modern American History.2(02): 183–187.doi:10.1017/mah.2019.22.ISSN 2515-0456.S2CID 201351216.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱJean, Abraham and Daniel Zwickel (June 1993),"Doña Ruth Reynolds",Voices for Independence: In the Spirit of Valor and Sacrifice,retrievedMarch 9,2012
^"PropaGandhi Ahimsa in Black America"; By Vijay Prashad- 2002; The influence of Gandhi on the American non violence movement
^^a ^bThe Imprisonment of Men and Women Fighting Colonialism,1930 - 1940
^Who will determine Puerto Rico’s future status?; ROBERTO BARRETO examines Washington's shifting debate on Puerto Rico's status
^^a ^bHistory of Utuado Archived2016-04-22 at theWayback Machine
^^a ^bEl ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza;byPedro Aponte Vázquez;Page 2; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;ISBN 978-1-931702-01-0
^Puerto Rico Uprising - 1950
^The Southern Negro Stirs by Conrad Lynn By Conrad Lynn
^Carlos ‘Carlitos’ Rovira (March 2012)."Lolita Lebrón, a bold fighter for Puerto Rican independence".S&L Magazine. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-11-09.
^^a ^bRuth and the Great Gust of Wind

[RMR-1] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^mGuide to the Ruth M. Reynolds Papers 1915-1989 Archived2010-06-20 at theWayback Machine

[2] Materson, Lisa G. (2019)."Ruth Reynolds, Solidarity Activism, and the Struggle against U.S. Colonialism in Puerto Rico".Modern American History.2(02): 183–187.doi:10.1017/mah.2019.22.ISSN 2515-0456.S2CID 201351216.

[V-3] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱJean, Abraham and Daniel Zwickel (June 1993),"Doña Ruth Reynolds",Voices for Independence: In the Spirit of Valor and Sacrifice,retrievedMarch 9,2012

[4] "PropaGandhi Ahimsa in Black America"; By Vijay Prashad- 2002; The influence of Gandhi on the American non violence movement

[IMW-5] The Imprisonment of Men and Women Fighting Colonialism,1930 - 1940

[6] Who will determine Puerto Rico’s future status?; ROBERTO BARRETO examines Washington's shifting debate on Puerto Rico's status

[HU-7] History of Utuado Archived2016-04-22 at theWayback Machine

[Page_2-8] El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza;byPedro Aponte Vázquez;Page 2; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;ISBN 978-1-931702-01-0

[PRU-9] Puerto Rico Uprising - 1950

[10] The Southern Negro Stirs by Conrad Lynn By Conrad Lynn

[11] Carlos ‘Carlitos’ Rovira (March 2012)."Lolita Lebrón, a bold fighter for Puerto Rican independence".S&L Magazine. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-11-09.

[GW-12] Ruth and the Great Gust of Wind

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