TheS-Bahn(/ˈɛsbɑːn/ESS-bahn,German:[ˈɛsˌbaːn]ⓘ),lit. 'S-Train',is a hybridurban–suburban railsystem serving ametropolitan regionpredominantly inGerman-speakingcountries. Some of the larger S-Bahn systems provide service similar torapid transitsystems, while smaller ones often resemblecommuteror evenregional railsystems. The nameS-Bahnderives fromSchnellbahn(lit. 'rapid train'),Stadtbahn(lit. 'city train',not to be confused with the present-dayStadtbahn) orStadtschnellbahn(lit. 'rapid city train').
Similar systems inAustriaand German-speakingSwitzerlandare known as S-Bahn as well. InBelgium,it is known asS-Trein(Flemish) orTrain S(French). InDenmark,they are known asS-tog[ˈesˌtsʰɔˀw],and in theCzech RepublicasEskoorS-lines.InMilan,they are known asLinee S.
S-Bahn is also a treated as atrain categoryin several European countries.
Characteristics
editThere is no complete definition of an S-Bahn system. S-Bahn are, where they exist, the most local type of passenger train service that stops at all existing stations on mainline networks inside and around a city (while other mainline trains only call at major stations).
They are slower than regional mainline trains, but usually serve as fast crosstown services within the city. TheCopenhagen S-togfor example goes up to 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph), faster than most urban heavy rail and mass transit. S-Bahn trains generally serve the hinterland of a certain city, rather than connecting different cities, although in high population density areas a few exceptions to this exist. A good example of such an exception is theRhine-Ruhr S-Bahn,which interconnects the cities, towns and suburbs of theRuhr,a largeurban agglomeration.
Many larger S-Bahn systems have at their core a corridor of exclusive trackage that individual suburban branches feed into, creating a high frequency trunk corridor. In many cases, this central corridor is a dedicated grade-separated line in the city centre with close stop spacing and a high frequency, similar to metro systems. A good example of this isBerliner Stadtbahnin Berlin's S-Bahn, which is regarded as a tourist attraction.[1]
Outside of the city center, most S-Bahn systems are entirely built on older local railways, or in some cases parallel to an existing dual track railway. Most use existing local mainline railway trackage, but a few branches and lines can be purpose-built S-Bahn lines.[2][3]S-Bahn trains typically use overhead lines or a third rail for traction power. In Hamburg both methods are used, depending on which line is powered.[4]In smaller S-Bahn systems and suburban sections of larger ones, trains typically share tracks with other rail traffic, with theBerlin S-Bahn,Hamburg S-BahnandCopenhagen S-trainbeing notable exceptions.
Further out from the central parts of a city the individual services branch off into lines where the distances between stations can exceed 5 km, similar to commuter rail. This allows the S-Bahn to serve a dual transport purpose: local transport within a city centre and suburban transport between suburbs and central boroughs of larger cities. Frequencies vary wildly between systems, with headways ranging from 2 minutes in the core sections of large networks to 30 or even 60 minutes in remote sections of the network, at off-peak times and in smaller systems.
The rolling stock typically used for S-Bahn systems reflects its hybrid purpose. The interior is designed for short journeys with provision for standing passengers, but may have more space allocated to comfortable seating than metro trains.
Integration with other local transport for ticketing, connectivity and easy interchange between lines or other systems like metros is typical for the S-Bahn. Where both S-Bahn and metro exist, the number of interchange stations between the two systems is substantial, with metro tickets being valid on S-Bahn services and vice versa. TheS-Bahn Mitteldeutschlandconstitutes the main local railway system forLeipzigbut also connects toHalle,where a few stations are located. TheRostock S-Bahnis an example of a smaller S-Bahn system.
Etymology
editGermany, Austria and Switzerland
editThe nameS-Bahnis an abbreviation of the GermanStadtschnellbahn( "city rapid railway" ) and was introduced in December 1930 in Berlin. The name was introduced at the time of the reconstruction of the suburban commuter train tracks— the first section to be electrified was a section of theBerlin–Stettin railwayfromBerlin NordbahnhoftoBernau bei Berlin stationin 1924, leading to the formation of the Berlin S-Bahn.[5]
The main lineBerliner Stadtbahn( "Berlin city railway" ) was electrified with a 750 voltthird railin 1928 (some steam trains ran until 1929) and the circle lineBerliner Ringbahnwas electrified in 1929. The electrification continued on the radial suburban railway tracks along with the timetable moving to a rapid transit model with no more than a 20-minute headway per line where a number of lines overlapped on the main line. The system peaked during the1936 Summer Olympicsin Berlin with trains scheduled at least every 2 minutes.[5]
The idea of heavy rail rapid transit was not unique to Berlin. Hamburg had an electric railway between thecentral station(Hauptbahnhof) andAltonawhich opened in 1906, and in 1934 the system adopted theS-Bahnlabel from Berlin.[citation needed]In the same year in Denmark, Copenhagen'sS-togopened its first line. In Austria, Vienna had itsStadtbahnmain line electrified in 1908 and also introduced the termSchnellbahn( "rapid railway" ) in 1954 for its planned commuter railway network, which started operations in 1962. TheS-Bahnlabel was sometimes used as well, but the name was only switched toS-Bahn Wienin 2005.[citation needed]
As forMunich,in 1938 the Nazi government broke ground for an S-Bahn-like rapid transport system inLindwurmstraßenear what is nowGoetheplatz stationon line U6. The system was supposed to run through tunnels in the city centre. The planning process mainly consisted of the bundling and interconnecting of existing suburban and local railways, plus the construction of a few new lines. Plans and construction work - including the building shell of Goetheplatz station - came to a very early halt duringWorld War IIand were not pursued in its aftermath. Very extensive nowadays, Munich's existing S-Bahn system, together with the first twoU-Bahnlines, only began to operate prior to the1972 Summer Olympics.
The termS-Bahnwas a registeredwordmarkofDeutsche Bahnuntil 14 March 2012, when, at the request of a transportation association, theFederal Patent Court of Germanyordered its removal from the records of theGerman Patent and Trade Mark Office.[6]Prior to this Deutsche Bahn collected a royalty of 0.4 cents per train kilometer for the use of the term.
Denmark
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The "S" stood for "station". Just before the opening of the first line in theCopenhagen S-trainnetwork, the newspaperPolitikenon 17 February 1934 held a competition about the name, which in Danish became known asDen elektriske enqueteor "The electrical survey" (as the Copenhagen S-trains would become the first electrical railways in Denmark). But since an "S" already was put up at all the stations, weeks before the survey, the result becameS-togwhich means "S-train".[7]This was also just a few years after the S-trains had opened in Berlin and Hamburg. Today the Copenhagen S-trains uses six lines and serves 86 stations, 32 of them are located inside the (quite tiny) municipality borders. Each line uses 6 t.p.h (trains per hour) in each direction, with exception of the (yellow) F-line. The F-line has departures in each direction every five minutes, or 12 t.p.h. service.[8]
History
editThe history of theS-Bahnin present-day Germany begins in the 19th century inPrussia.
Early steam services
editIn 1882, the growing number ofsteam-poweredtrains around Berlin prompted the Prussian State Railway to construct separate rail tracks for suburban traffic.[citation needed]TheBerliner Stadtbahnconnected Berlin's eight intercity rail stations which were spread throughout the city (all but theStettiner Bahnhofwhich today is a pure S-Bahn station known asBerlin Nordbahnhof;as the cityStettintoday is Polish citySzczecin). A lower rate[clarification needed]for the newly foundedBerliner Stadt-, Ring- und Vorortbahn(Berlin City, Circular and Suburban Rail) was introduced on 1 October 1891. This rate and the growing succession of trains made the short-distance service stand out from other railways.[citation needed]
The second suburban railway was theHamburg-Altonaer Stadt- und Vorortbahnconnecting Hamburg withAltonaandBlankenese.The Altona office of the Prussian State Railway established the electric powered railway in 1906.[9]
Electricity
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The beginning of the 20th century saw the first electric trains, which in Germany operated at 15,000Vonoverhead lines.TheBerliner Stadt-, Ring- und Vorortbahninstead implementeddirect currentmultiple unitsrunning on 750 V from athird rail.In 1924, the first electrified route went into service. The third rail was chosen because it made both the modifications of the rail tracks (especially in tunnels and under bridges) and the side-by-side use of electric and steam trains easier.[9]
To set it apart from the subterraneanU-Bahn,the termS-BahnreplacedStadt-, Ring- und Vorortbahnin 1930.[citation needed]
The Hamburg service had established analternating currentline in 1907 with the use of multiple units withslam doors.In 1940 a new system with 1200 V DC third rail and modernelectric multiple unitswithsliding doorswas integrated on this line (on the same tracks). The old system with overhead wire remained up to 1955. The other lines of the network still used steam and later Diesel power. In 1934, theHamburg-Altonaer Stadt- und Vorortbahnwas renamed as S-Bahn.[citation needed]
Systems by country
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Austria
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The oldest and largest S-Bahn system inAustriais theVienna S-Bahn,which predominantly uses non exclusive rails tracks outside ofVienna.It was established in 1962, although it was usually referred to asSchnellbahnuntil 2005. The white "S" on a blue circle used as the logo is said to reflect the layout of the central railway line in Vienna. However, it has now been changed for a more stylized version that is used all through Austria, except Salzburg. The rolling stock was blue for a long time, reflecting the logo colour, but red is used uniformly for nearly all local traffic today.
In 2004, theSalzburg S-Bahnwent into service as the firstEuroregionS-Bahn, crossing the border to the neighbouring towns ofFreilassingandBerchtesgadeninBavaria.The network is served by three corporations: theBerchtesgadener Land Bahn(BLB)(S4), theAustrian Federal Railways(German:Österreichischen Bundesbahn/ ÖBB)(S2 and S3) and theSalzburger Lokalbahn(SLB)(S1 and S11) and. The Salzburg S-Bahn logo is only different one, it is a white S on a light blue circle.
In 2006 theregional trainline in theRhine Valleyin thestateofVorarlberghas been renamed toVorarlberg S-Bahn.It is a three lines network, operated by theMontafonerbahnand the ÖBB. It was later expanded. Presently, a frequent service, the S1, operates betweenBludenztoLindau-Reutin(D) viaBregenz.In addition, an hourly service, S3 (ÖBB), connectsBregenzwithSt. Margrethen(CH), and another service (S2) operates betweenFeldkirch(A),Schaan(FL) andBuchs SG(CH). TheMontafonerbahnruns the S4.[10]
TheS-Bahn Steiermarkhas been inaugurated in December 2007 inStyria,built to connect its capital cityGrazwith the rest of the metropolitan area, currently the following lines are active: S1, S11, S3, S31, S5, S51, S6, S61, S7, S8 and S9. The network is operated by three railway companies: theGraz-Köflacher Bahn(GKB) (lines: S6, S61 and S7), the ÖBB (lines: S1, S3, S5, S51, S8 and S9) and theSteiermärkische Landesbahnen(StB) (lines: S11 and S31).
In December 2007 as well theTyrol S-Bahnopened, running fromHall in Tirolin the east toInnsbruck Central StationandTelfsin the west and from Innsbruck to Steinach am Brenner.Class 4024EMUsare used as rolling stock on this network.
In 2010 theS-Bahn Kärntenwas opened in thestateofCarinthiaand currently consists of 4 lines operated by ÖBB.
The youngest network is theS-Bahn Oberösterreichin the GreaterLinzarea of the state ofUpper Austria,which was inaugurated in December 2016. It is a 5 line system operated byStern und Hafferland the ÖBB.
Belgium
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Since 2015, the trains of theBrussels Regional Express Network(French:Réseau Express Régional Bruxellois,RER;Dutch:Gewestelijk Expresnet,GEN) of theNMBS/SNCBbelong to train categorySand are referred to asS train(Dutch: 'S-trein', French:train S,German: 'S-Züge').[11]In 2018, local trains of NMBS/SNCB in and aroundAntwerp,Ghent,LiègeandCharleroichanged to the train categoryS trainas well.[12]
Czech Republic
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In theCzech Republic,integratedcommuter railsystems exist inPrague[13]andMoravian-Silesian Region.Both systems are calledEsko,which is howSletter is usually called in Czech.Esko Praguehas been operating since 9 December 2007 as a part of thePrague Integrated Transportsystem.Esko Moravian-Silesian Regionbegan operating on 14 December 2008 as a part of the ODIS Integrated Transport system serving the Moravian-Silesian Region. Both systems are primarily operated byČeské dráhy.Several shorter lines are operated by other companies.
Denmark
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Copenhagen S-trainconnects the city centre, other inner and outer boroughs and suburbs with each other. The average distance between stations is 2.0km,shorter in the city core and inner boroughs, longer at the end of lines that serve suburbs. Of the 86 stations, 32 are located within the central parts of the city. Some stations are located around 40 km from Copenhagen city centre. For this reason the fares vary depending on distances. The one-day passes which the tourists buy are valid only in the most central parts of the S-train system. On weekdays each line has a departure every 10 minutes with the exception of the F-line, on which a train departs every five minutes. Where several lines converge on a common piece of track there could be as many as 30 trains per hour in each direction. On Sundays the seven lines are reduced to four lines, but all stations are served at least every 10 minutes. The three railway stations atAmagerhave a local service that is the equivalent of the S-trains.
TheCopenhagen Metroopened in 2002 as a complement to the already existing S-train system. Copenhagen's S-train system is the only one in the country. Outside Denmark, in cities where both exist, is it far from unusual that a metro system later has been complemented with S-trains. The branch towardsKøge(the southernmost S-train station in Copenhagen's S-network) has a rather unique history, as it was built in the 1970s where no previous railway ever had existed.
France
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Although not called a "Train S" in French, theParis RERhas the characteristic structure of an S-Bahn system, with branches going to distant suburbs and sharing a common corridor in the city center.[14]It is also called "S-Bahn" in some German-language signs.
Germany
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The trains of the Berlin and Hamburg S-Bahn systems ran on separate tracks from the beginning. When other cities started implementing their systems in the 1960s, they mostly had to use the existing intercity rail tracks, and they still more or less use such tracks.
Thecentral intercity stationsofFrankfurt,Leipzig,MunichandStuttgartareterminal stations,so all four cities have monocentric S-Bahn networks. The S-Bahn trains use as their core segment a tunnel under the central station and the city centre (e.g.Munich S-Bahn Stammstreckeand the upcomingZweite Stammstrecke).
The high number of large cities in theRuhrarea promotes a polycentric network connecting all cities and suburbs. TheS-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr,as it is called, features few tunnels, and its routes are longer than those of other networks. The Ruhr S-Bahn is the only S-Bahn network to be run by more than one corporation in Germany, and theSalzburg S-Bahnholds a similar distinction in Austria. Most Swiss S-Bahn systems are multi-corporation networks, however.
Most German S-Bahn networks have a unique ticket system, separated from theDeutsche Bahnrates, instead connected to the city ticket system used for U-bahns and local buses. The S-Bahn ofHanover,however, operates under five different rates due to its large expanse.
One S-Bahn system is no longer in operation: theErfurt S-Bahnwhich operated from 1976 until 1995 and was an 8.6 km (5.3 mi) single-line diesel-powered system which consisted of four stations fromErfurt Central Stationto Erfurt Berliner Straße station in the then newly built northern suburbs ofErfurt.
There are several S-Bahn or S-Bahn-like systems in planning, such as theAugsburg S-Bahn(network plan), theLübeck S-Bahn(network plan) and the tri-countryBodensee S-Bahn.
TheStadtbahn Karlsruhe(atram-trainnetwork) uses the green "S" logo for stations in the outskirts and has its lines indicated by an "S" in front of the line number, but does not refer to itself asS-Bahn.The logo also can't be found on the trains, contrary to most other systems where it's placed somewhere on the sides or at the front of the trains. A new city-centre tunnel opened at the end of 2021, however the blueU-Bahnlogo is not used either for it. To mark those tunnel stations, a yellow U is used, which is unique and can only be found there.
Despite their names, theOrtenau S-Bahn(Offenburg) and theDanube-Iller Regional S-Bahn(Ulm/Neu-Ulm,opened 2020) areRegionalbahnservices.
The following networks are currently in operation:
Liechtenstein
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The only railway line passing through thePrincipality of Liechtensteinis theFeldkirch–Buchs railwayline, which connects with the Austrian rail network inFeldkirchand with the Swiss network inBuchs SG.In June 2008, theSwiss cantonofSt. Gallen,theAustrian stateofVorarlberg,and the Principality of Liechtenstein signed an agreement for a project to upgrade this line (and the surrounding ones) and to increase the rail traffic. The project, namedS-Bahn Liechtensteinwas approved by Liechtenstein and Austria in aLetter of Intentsigned in April 2020[15]and under that plan, it was to be fully realised by 2027 and would have cost an estimated€187 million.[16]That plan was however rejected by 62.3% of Liechtenstein voters in a referendum on 30 August 2020.[17][18]
As of the December 2023 timetable change, an S-Bahn service, the S2 ofVorarlberg S-Bahn,operates betweenFeldkirch(A),Schaan(FL) andBuchs SG(CH). There are three operational railway stations in Liechtenstein along the Feldkirch–Buchs line:Schaan-Vaduz(which serves the capitalVaduz),Forst HiltiandNendeln.A fourth station,Schaanwald,was closed in 2013.
Switzerland
editS-Bahnis also used in theGerman-speakingpart of Switzerland.Swiss Frenchnetworks use the termRERwith line numbers prefixed with an R, e.g. as R2, except for theLéman ExpressinGreater Genevathat uses the prefix L followed by the line number ( "L" for "Léman-Express" ), e.g. L2. S-Bahn-style services in theItalianandRomanshspeaking parts of Switzerland also use, like theMilan suburban system,the "S" prefix, although in Italian such networks are calledrete celere(lit. 'fast network') instead of S-Bahn.
The oldest network in Switzerland is theBern S-Bahn,which was established in stages from 1974 onward and has adopted the term S-Bahn since 1995. It is also the only one in Switzerland to use a coloured "S" logo. In 1990, theZürich S-Bahn,went into service. As of 2022, this network comprises 32 services, covering a large area in Switzerland (and parts of southern Germany). Further S-Bahn services were set up in the course of theBahn 2000initiative inCentral Switzerland(a collaborative network ofS-Bahn LuzernandStadtbahn Zug), andEastern Switzerland(S-Bahn St. Gallen).
TheBasel trinational S-Bahnservices theBasel metropolitan area,thus providing cross-border transportation into both France and Germany. A tunnel connectingBasel's two large intercity stations (Basel Badischer BahnhofandBasel SBB) is planned asHerzstück Regio-S-Bahn Basel(lit. heart-piece Regio-S-Bahn Basel).
An international S-Bahn network also existsts across theSwiss-Italian border,in the SwissCanton of Ticinoand theItalian stateofLombardy.Services are operated byTreni Regionali Ticino Lombardia(TILO), a joint venture between Italian railway companyTrenordand Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS).
TheRER VaudofLausanneand theLéman ExpressofGenevaserve the area aroundLake Geneva(fr. Lac Léman). TheLéman expressnetwork expands across theSwiss-French border.It is the largest cross-country S-Bahn network of Europe.[19]Léman expresswas launched in December 2019 and is operated by Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS) andSNCF.
Another transborder network for theLake Constance(Bodensee) area, connecting up to four nations, is under discussion. This network would extend across theGerman statesBaden-WürttembergandBavaria,theAustrian stateVorarlberg,the Principality ofLiechtenstein(S-Bahn FL.A.CH), and theSwiss cantonsofAppenzell Ausserrhoden,Appenzell Innerrhoden,Schaffhausen,St. GallenandThurgau.Possible names areBodensee-S-BahnandAlpenrhein-Bahn.Presently, theBodensee S-Bahnonly operates services around Lake Constance in Austria, Germany and Switzerland (without Liechtenstein).[17]It includes, among others, theS14andS44services of St. Gallen S-Bahn, which both connectKonstanz(D) withKreuzlingenandWeinfelden(CH). Since 2022, someS7services continue fromRorschach(CH) to Bregenz (A) andLindau-Reutin (D).[20]Additional transborder services are planned.
TheChur S-Bahnprovides services aroundChur,the capital of the alpineCantonofGraubünden(Grisons) in south-eastern Switzerland.
TheAargau S-Bahnis a small network that services stations in the cantons ofAargau,LucerneandBern.
TheRER Fribourgis an S-Bahn-style service centered atFribourg/FreiburgandBullein theCanton of Fribourg,and extending into the cantons ofNeuchâtelandVaud.
Two unnumbered S-Bahn services (designated only with an "S" ), one betweenSchaffhausenandErzingen(D), running on railway tracks owned byDeutsche Bahn(DB), and one between Schaffhausen andJestetten(D), opened in 2013. They are operated bySBB GmbHandTHURBO,respectively. Since December 2022, the Schaffhausen–Singen am Hohentwielline is also serviced by SBB GmbH[21]As of the December 2023 timetable change, the three services ofSchaffhausen S-Bahnare numbered S62, S64 and S65.
Additionally, there are services designated "S" that are not part of any formal S-Bahn network. These include the S20, S21, and S22 operated by Swiss Federal Railways inSolothurnor theS27operated by Südostbahn (SOB) betweenSiebnen-WangenandZiegelbrücke.
Swiss S-Bahn services are operated mostly by theSwiss Federal Railways(SBB CFF FFS) but also by private railway companies, such asAppenzeller Bahnen(AB),BLS AG,Forchbahn(FB),Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn(RBS),Rhätische Bahn(RhB),Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn(SZU),Südostbahn(SOB) orZentralbahn(ZB).
Rail transport in Switzerland,including S-Bahn systems, is noteworthy for its coordination between services due to theclock-face schedule.Due to the proximity of the various S-Bahn systems in Switzerland, services of one network often offer connections to services of neighboring networks. S-Bahn services are used bycommutersandtourists(some services call nearby tourist attractions, such as theRhine Fallsor theSwiss Museum of Transport).
See also
editReferences
edit- ^"Geschichte und Geschichten rund um die Berliner S-Bahn".Stadtschnellbahn-berlin.de.
- ^An example of this is theKøgebugtor Køge-Bay railway at Copenhagen, built 1971 to 1983"Banedanmark - Dansk jernbanehistorie".Archived fromthe originalon 3 February 2005.Retrieved16 May2005.
- ^"S-train tunnel at Hamburg between Central Station and Altona 1967-1979".S-bahn-galerie.de.Retrieved24 October2021.
- ^"Geschichte der S-Bahn Hamburg - S-Bahn-Galerie.de".Archived fromthe originalon 28 March 2019.Retrieved31 March2016.
- ^ab"Geschichte und Geschichten rund um die Berliner S-Bahn".Stadtschnellbahn-berlin.de.Retrieved24 October2021.
- ^Beschluss Bundespatentgericht vom 14. März 2012.Juris.bundespatentgericht.de, Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ^John Poulsen: S-bane 1934-2009 side 47
- ^"Siden blev desværre ikke fundet"(PDF).Dsb.dk.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 15 February 2017.Retrieved24 October2021.
- ^abSee picture of Berliner Stadtbahn by Hackescher Markt S-Bahn station, the third rail is clearly seen between the two S-Bahn tracks. Original name of that station was "Börse", or "the Stock Market" (which now is located in Frankfurt am Main)
- ^"S-Bahn Vorarlberg".oebb.at.Retrieved12 December2022.
- ^Alan Hope (15 September 2015)."NMBS releases details of S-train express network".Flanders Today.
- ^"S-trein: Reis eenvoudig door de stad | NMBS".Belgiantrain.be.Retrieved24 October2021.
- ^"Prague Train Map - Prague, Czech Republic".14 July 2014.Retrieved1 May2019.
- ^"S-Bahn, RER, and Overground – Steven Can Plan".stevencanplan.Retrieved1 February2025.
- ^"S-Bahn Liechtenstein to proceed".Archived fromthe originalon 2 May 2020.
- ^Austria and Liechtenstein to finance S-Bahn project
- ^ab"Voters reject Liechtenstein S-Bahn proposal".Archived fromthe originalon 21 September 2020.
- ^""Nein" zum Ausbau der S-Bahn Liechtenstein"(in German). ORF.at. 30 August 2020.Retrieved25 August2024.
- ^htr.ch:https:// htr.ch/story/tourismus/einweihungsfeiern-fuer-groesste-grenzueberschreitende-s-bahn-europas-25128.html
- ^"THURBO FahrplanNetzkarte 2023"(PDF).THURBO.11 December 2022.Retrieved12 December2022.
- ^SBB GmbH website:https:// sbb-deutschland.de/strecken-und-tarife/s-bahn-schaffhausen/
External links
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Media related toS-Bahnat Wikimedia Commons
