Sandal Castleis a ruinedmedievalcastle inSandal Magna,a suburb of the city ofWakefieldinWest Yorkshire,England, overlooking theRiver Calder.It was the site of royal intrigue and the setting for a scene in one ofWilliam Shakespeare's plays.
| Sandal Castle | |
|---|---|
| Sandal Magna,Wakefield,West Yorkshire | |
 A view of the Motte and Barbican at Sandal Castle | |
  Sandal Castle | |
| Coordinates | 53°39′32″N1°29′28″W/ 53.658889°N 1.491111°W grid referenceSE3318 |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Wakefield Metropolitan District Council |
| Condition | Substantial motte and ruined stonework |
| Site history | |
| Materials | Sandstone |
History
editThe Warennes
editWilliam de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey(1081–1138) was granted the Sandal estates in 1107.[1]The 2nd earl built the first Sandal Castle of timber. He supportedRobert CurthoseagainstHenry I of Englandand was banished from the kingdom for two years. Later he was given the Wakefield manor.William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey(1119–1148) spent little time at Sandal, having taken crusading vows and joined theSecond Crusade.He had one daughter,Isabel de Warenne(1137–1199), who marriedWilliam of Blois,son of King Stephen, who became the 4th earl. He died in 1159, leaving no children. Isabel, his widow, next marriedHamelin(1129–1202), the 5th earl. He was the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and assumed the Warrene name on his marriage in 1164. Hamelin is thought to have built the early Norman stone fortifications atConisbrough Castleand also begun to replace the wooden fortifications at Sandal with stone.
William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey(1166–1240) married Maud Marshal in 1225. He was loyal to his cousin,King Johnand is one of the four nobles whose name appears in theMagna Cartafor John. On King John's death in 1216 he supportedHenry III.Maud de Warenne, William's widow, held the Wakefield Manor from 1240 until their sonJohn de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey(1231–1304) came of age in 1252. John married Alice de Lusignan in 1247.[2]In 1296 the 6th Earl was appointed warden for Scotland by Edward I and in 1299, the Earl and his royal master were triumphant over the Scots at theBattle of Falkirk.
William de Warrene (1256–1286) was killed at a tournament in Croydon pre-deceasing his father. His sonJohn de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey(1286–1347) was born in the year of his death. John married Joan of Bar but lived adulterously with Maud de Nereford from a village near Castle Acre in Norfolk.[2]In 1347, the 7th Earl died. His sons John and Thomas becameKnights Hospitallerin the Holy Land, predeceasing their mother. The lands passed toEdward III.[3]
The Warennes had castles atLewesinSussexandReigateinSurrey,Castle Acre CastleinNorfolkandConisbroughin Yorkshire.
The Dukes of York
editIn 1347, Edward III granted Sandal to his fifth sonEdmund of Langleywho was six years old at the time. His elder brotherJohn of GauntheldPontefractandKnaresborough Castles,Edmund was grantedWark CastlenearColdstreamin theScottish Borders,and in 1377Fotheringhay CastleinNorthamptonshirewhich was to become his home, and for the next 75 years the family seems to have spent little time at Sandal, leaving it to the management of constables or stewards.
In 1385 Edmund was made Duke of York as a reward for his support for his nephew,Richard II of England.He was succeeded by his son, also Edward who campaigned in Ireland and died at theBattle of Agincourtin 1415. Edward was succeeded by his nephew,Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York.[4]
The Battle of Wakefield
editEarly in 1460, during theWars of the Roses,Richard Plantagenet made a bid for the throne. He was initially not well-received, but anAct of Accordmade in October 1460 recognised him as heir to the throne and named him Protector of the Realm. In December Richard went to Sandal Castle, either to consolidate his position or to counter Lancastrian dissent. He had an army of 3,000–8,000 men but on 30 December in theBattle of Wakefield,he was outnumbered and outmaneuvered byQueen Margaret'sarmy, coming from nearbyPontefract.Richard suffered a crushing defeat and both he and his younger sonEdmund, Earl of Rutlandwere killed (although only two months later Richard's eldest sonEdwardbecame king).
Richard III
editThe castle's last brush with royalty came in 1483 when Richard's eighth son (and twelfth child)Richard IIIchose it as a northern base and ordered significant investments. This hope was short lived however as Richard was killed in theBattle of Bosworthin 1485.[5]After this the castle was maintained a little, but gradually declined, with the building ofWakefield Prisonin the 1590s leaving it even less useful.
The English Civil War
editDuring theEnglish Civil WarSandal Castle wasRoyalist,although its neglected state left it out of the major conflicts. In 1645 however it was besieged at least three times byParliamentariantroops. Butler recounts:[6]Having been assured that they would receive a safe passage to Welbeck House in northNottinghamshirethey surrendered the castle at 10 o'clock on 1 October 1645. The garrison was then 10 officers and 90 men with two of the men called "seniors" implying that they were professional soldiers rather than just non-commissioned officers. They also surrendered 100 muskets, 50 pikes, 20 halberds, 150 swords and two barrels of gunpowder: no pieces of artillery are mentioned.
As a result of this capitulation, onlyBolton CastleinWensleydaleandSkipton Castleremained in Royalist hands in Yorkshire, but Sandal "was the most resolute of all the three northern garrisons" and its fall caused great rejoicing among the parliamentarian forces. By the siege's end, it was a ruin. The following year, Parliament ordered that it be made untenable.
The castle
edit
The castles built by William the Conqueror's followers were self-sufficient strongholds, some of which were tax-gathering points, some controlled the larger towns, river crossings or passes through hills. Two castles were built near Wakefield, one atLowe Hillon the north bank of the Calder and Sandal on the south bank. The first castles were probably started and completed in the early 12th century byWilliam de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surreyafter he had been granted the manor of Wakefield by Henry I.
Sandal and Lowe Hill weremotte-and-baileyearthwork castles with wooden towers on the mound and baileys with timber palisades and deep ditches. Sandal is built on a natural sandstone ridge, the Oaks Rock. The motte was raised to 10 metres (33 ft) with the 7 metres (23 ft) deep moat surrounding it.[7]Only Sandal survived and during the 13th century the keep, curtain wall and other buildings were rebuilt in stone, probably started by either the sixth or seventh Earls Warenne.[8][9]Timber motte and bailey castles were often converted into stone if they were in use for long periods; Sandal is a particularly good example of this.[10]
The stone keep was circular with four towers each four storeys high; two of them close together formed a gatehouse, and the east tower contained a well, 37 metres (121 ft) deep. The double-walled keep would have had guardrooms, storerooms and servants' quarters on the ground floor, the main hall above and private apartments on the second floor. The tower rooms hadgarderobes,(lavatories) that discharged on the outer walls of the keep.[8]The curtain wall was 6 metres (20 ft) high with a wall walk along its length, it enclosed the bailey and crossed the moat twice to reach the keep.[11]
The barbican at Sandal was inside the bailey; it was a three-storey tower with a moat opposite two drum towers at the entrance to the keep, all of which were constructed in the early 1270s.[12]The barbican with its own gate andportcullisadded an extra line of defence between the main entrance gate and the keep. Attackers entering the barbican had to make a right-angled turn to enter the keep, which was protected by a drawbridge between the drum towers. A stairway from the barbican led to asally port.[13]
The bailey lay to the south-east of the keep with the main gatehouse on the north-east side. It was crescent shaped, about 71 metres (233 ft) long and 52 metres (171 ft) wide. Inside the bailey there was a 12 metres (39 ft) deep well and two privy shafts, one of which is 8 metres (26 ft) deep.[14]
The ruins
editThe ruins were a source of stone for local building and became a place for locals to relax. They were depicted in the foreground of a drawing of Wakefield from the south by Samuel Buck in 1719 or 1722, and in 1753 an engraving was published of anElizabethansurvey drawing.
The ruins were first excavated by theYorkshire Archaeological Societyin 1893. A more detailed project began in the summer of 1964 and was a partnership between Wakefield Corporation, Wakefield Historical Society and theUniversity of Leeds.This project started as an experiment inadult education,but with the help of over a hundred local volunteers it grew into a complete and rigorous excavation that continued for nine years. Whilst excavating the bailey, archaeologists found remains of flint tools suggesting aMesolithicencampment was there in about 5,000 BC.[15]
In 2003, a wooden walkway was provided to allow access to the summit of the motte without causingerosion.A visitor centre was constructed about 110 yards (100 m) from the castle. There have been historical re-enactments and "living history" days, including commemoration of the Battle of Wakefield and the deaths of Richard Duke of York and his son Edmund. In February 2015 Wakefield Council announced that due to budget constraints they were considering plans to either close the visitor centre or reduce its opening hours.
The castle is aScheduled Monument,[16]which means it is a "nationally important" historic building andarchaeological sitewhich has been given protection against unauthorised change.[17]It is also a Grade II*listed building.[18]
Literary and folk references
editShakespeare's playHenry VI, Part 3(Act 1, Scene 2) is set in Sandal Castle. It describes Richard's sons urging him to take the crown before news is brought of Margaret's approach. Act 1, scene 4 then depicts the death of Richard at the Queen's hands. This brief fictionalised account bears little resemblance to the history as we understand it today. The play is sometimes performed on the castle ruins.
Local folklore holds that the nursery rhymeGrand Old Duke of Yorkwas written about the castle, with the titular Duke referring to Richard III. The song is said to refer to either the frequent movement of soldiers to and from the castle, where the Duke had his treasury, or to the movement of soldiers just prior to theBattle of Wakefield.
Castle occupants
editThroughout its long and storied history, Sandal Castle has been owned by many lineages, resulting in multiple occupants hailing from a handful of families. Among the notable individuals who lived in the castle were William de Warrene, the Second Earl of Surrey;Elizabeth of Vermandois;William de Warrene, the Third Earl of Surrey, who was also a Knight Crusader; Isabel de Warrene, the Fourth Countess of Surrey;Hamelin Plantagenet(also known as Hamelin de Warrene), the Fifth Earl of Surrey; John de Warrene,, the Seventh Earl of Surrey; Joan of Bar; Edmund of Langley, the First Duke of York; Edward of Norwich, the Second Duke of York; andRichard of York,the Third Duke of York. These figures are a testament to the castle's rich and diverse history, and their legacies continue to be felt to this day.[19]
See also
editReferences
editNotes
- ^Butler 1991,p. 19.
- ^abButler 1991,p. 22.
- ^History of Sandal Castle,Wakefield Council, archived fromthe originalon 28 January 2010,retrieved16 March2010
- ^Butler 1991,p. 49.
- ^Askew 2016,p. 55.
- ^Butler 1991,p. 89.
- ^Bell 2008,p. 8.
- ^abButler 1991,p. 28.
- ^Walker 1966,p. 49.
- ^Allen Brown 1976,pp. 57–58.
- ^Bell 2008,p. 9.
- ^Bell 2008,p. 12.
- ^Bell 2008,p. 21
- ^Bell 2008,p. 111
- ^Bell 2008,p. 10
- ^Historic England."Sandal (52533)".Research records (formerly PastScape).Retrieved22 April2010.
- ^"Scheduled Monuments".Historic England.Retrieved4 December2016.
- ^Historic England."Sandal Castle (1366010)".National Heritage List for England.Retrieved22 April2010.
- ^May, Mark (4 May 2023)."Crazy About Castles".crazyaboutcastles.
Bibliography
- Allen Brown, Reginald (1976) [1954],Allen Brown's English Castles,Woodbridge: The Boydell Press,ISBN1-84383-069-8
- Askew, Rachel (22 February 2016), "Biography and Memory: Sandal Castle and the English Civil War",European Journal of Archaeology,19(1): 48–67,doi:10.1179/1461957115Y.0000000012,S2CID161996975
- Bell, Richard (2008),Sandal Castle,Willow Island Editions,ISBN978-1-902467-05-4
- Butler, Lawrence (1991),Sandal Castle, Wakefield,Wakefield Historical Publications,ISBN0901869317
- Walker, J. W. (1966),Wakefield its History and People Vol.1&2 3rd Edn,S.R.Publishers
External links
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