Wikipedia

Sciences Po

This is thelatest accepted revision,reviewedon28 November 2024.

Sciences Po(French:[sjɑ̃spo]) orSciences Po Paris,also known as theParis Institute of Political Studies(French:Institut d'études politiques de Paris), is a private and public[10][11][12]research universitylocated inParis,France, that holds the status ofgrande écoleand the legal status ofgrand établissement.The university's undergraduate program is taught on the Paris campus as well as on the decentralized campuses inDijon,Le Havre,Menton,Nancy,PoitiersandReims,each with their own academic program focused on a geopolitical part of the world. While Sciences Po historically specialized inpolitical science,it progressively expanded to othersocial sciencessuch aseconomics,lawandsociology.

Paris Institute of Political Studies
Institut d'études politiques de Paris(French)
Latin:Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense
Other name
Sciences Po
Former name
École libre des sciences politiques
Motto
French:Aux racines de l'avenir
Motto in English
At the roots of the future
TypePublicresearch university
Grande école[1]
Grand établissement
Institut d'études politiques
Established1872;152 years ago(1872)
FounderÉmile Boutmy
Endowment€127.2 million (2018)[2]
Budget€197 million (2018)[2]
ChairpersonLaurence Bertrand Dorléac(FNSP)[3]
PresidentLuis Vassy
ProvostSergei Guriev[4]
Academic staff
300[5]
Students15,000[6]
Undergraduates4,000
Postgraduates10,000
350
Location
Paris,Nancy,Dijon,Poitiers,Menton,Le HavreandReims
,
France

48°51′15″N2°19′43″E/ 48.85417°N 2.32861°E/48.85417; 2.32861
CampusUrban
LanguageFrenchandEnglish(official, university-wide)
German(working language at theNancy campus)[7]
Spanish(working language at thePoitiers campus)[8]
Printing houseSciences Po Press
ColoursRedWhite
AffiliationsCIVICA
Sorbonne Paris Cité
APSIA
COUPERIN[9]
CGE
MascotThe lion and the fox
Websitesciencespo.fr

The school was established in 1872 byÉmile Boutmyas theÉcole libre des sciences politiquesin the aftermath of theFranco-Prussian Waras a private institution to form a new French elite that would be knowledgeable in political science, law and history.[13]It was a pioneer in the emergence and development of political science as an academic field in France.[13]FollowingWorld War II,the school was nationalized and re-established as a public institution.[14]As of 2021, 80% of Sciences Po graduates are employed in the private sector.[15]

Sciences Po Paris is the only Institute of Political Sciences in France allowed to refer to itself with the epithet "Sciences Po" without indicating the name of the city where their headquarters are located, under a legal agreement with the other institutes.[16]They are allowed to use the term "Sciences Po" to refer to themselves only when followed by the names of the cities where they are located, such as "Sciences Po Lille"or"Sciences Po Grenoble".[17]

The institute is a member of theAssociation of Professional Schools of International Affairs(APSIA) and CIVICA – The European University of Social Sciences.[18]

History

edit

1872 to 1945: Free School of Political Sciences

edit
Émile Boutmy,Sciences Po founder

Sciences Po was established in December 1871[19][a]as theÉcole libre des sciences politiques(ELSP) by a group of French intellectuals, politicians and businessmen led byÉmile Boutmy,includingHippolyte Taine,Ernest Renan,Albert SorelandPaul Leroy Beaulieu.[20]The creation of the school was in response to widespread fears that the inadequacy of the education of the French political elite corps would diminish the country's international stature, as France grappled with a series of crises, including its defeat in the 1870Franco-Prussian War,[21]the demise ofNapoleon III'sregime,and the upheaval and massacre resulting from theParis Commune.The founders of the school sought to reform the training of the French political and economic elite by establishing a new "breeding ground where nearly all the major, non-technical state commissioners were trained."[22]His innovative intellectual axis was to teach contemporary history, whereas political elites had only been taught ancient humanities for centuries, which they could still learn in universities at the same time.[23]

TheÉcoleacquired a major role inFrance's political system.From 1901 to 1935, 92.5% of entrants to theGrands corps de l'État,the most powerful and prestigious administrative bodies in theFrench Civil Service,had studied there (this figure includes people who took civil service examination preparatory classes at Sciences Po but did not earn a degree and, in general, students were taking classes there on top of earning a degree at theUniversity of Paris,in particular the Law Faculty).[24]

Other countries created similar schools in the following century. In 1875, theIstituto Cesare Alfieri[it]in Italy (now part of theUniversity of Florence), at the end of the century, theÉcole libre des sciences Politiques et Socialesin Belgium (not existing any more), theDeutsche Hochschule für Politikin Germany, the Columbia School of Political Science (now merged into theColumbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences), theLondon School of Economicsin the United Kingdom,[25][26]and, afterWW1,for theSchool of Foreign ServicefromGeorgetown Universityin the United States and theGeneva Graduate Institutein Switzerland.[27]

Students and staff in front of the original entrance in the 1910s

The connection between Sciences Po and French institutions meant that the school also played a key role in the apparatus of the French colonial empires. In 1886, the university established a colonial studies program with the goal of training students to take on professions in the colonial administration in a way that "propagates [...] a more scientific and international colonialism".[28][29]Many professors and members of the ELSP administration, such asPaul Leroy-Beaulieu,chair in colonial affairs at ELSP,Joseph Chailley-Bert,Jules Cambon,Charles Jonnart,Auguste Louis Albéric d’ArenbergandErnest Roume,were also closely linked to or worked directly with the colonial government.[30]The colonial branch of ELSP closed in 1893 after a state-sponsoredColonial Schoolwas created in 1889; however positions in the administrations of French colonies and protectorates continued to accept graduates from the ELSP.[31]

1945: Refoundation

edit

Sciences Po underwent significant reforms in the aftermath ofWorld War IIin 1945. AtFrance's liberationfromNazi occupation,the public servants were accused of collaborating with theVichy regimeandNazi Germany[14][32]Communist politicians includingGeorges Cogniotaccused the school to be the "home of collaboration" with Nazi Germany[14]and proposed abolishing the ELSP entirely and founding a new state-run administration college on its premises.[27][33]The school, however, had also trained eight out of the thirteen ministers of theProvisional Government of the French Republic,and several prominent members of theFrench Resistance.[34]In order for the school not to be replaced, the director Roger Seydoux, his aid Jacques Chapsal and the school's most famous professor, André Siegfried, excluded those among the school's staff who were most compromised with the Vichy regime and Nazi Germany, and defended the school against accusation of collaboration and built up a communication campaign to save the school.[14]

The choice regarding the future of the school would be made by France's Provisional Government, underCharles de Gaulle.The alumniMichel Debré,Jules Jeanneneyand Roger Grégoire decided that the school would be preserved but transformed in a new structure. Two separate legal entities were created: theInstitut d'études politiques(English: Institute of political studies) and theFondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques(English:National Foundation of Political Science) or FNSP. Both were tasked by the French government to ensure "the progress and the spread, both within and outside France, of political science, economics, and sociology".[22]The FNSP, a private foundation, manages theIEP de Paris,owns its buildings and libraries, and determines its budget. The two entities work together in lockstep, however, as the director of the school is, by tradition, also the administrator of FNSP. This institutional arrangement gives Sciences Po a unique status, as the school draws most of its resources through substantial government subsidies to FNSP, but does not subject it to many government interventions and regulations, giving it a much higher level of autonomy compared to other French universities and schools.[14]The epithetSciences Pois applied to both entities, which inherited the reputation previously vested inELSP.[35]

The public-private nature of Sciences Po, Paris, also distinguishes it from a network ofinstitutes of political studiesthroughout the country that were inspired by its curriculum, namely inStrasbourg,Lyon,Aix,Bordeaux,Grenoble,Toulouse,RennesandLille.They are not to be confused with the seven campuses of Sciences Po in France.

The government also established in 1945 theÉcole Nationale d'Administration(ENA), an elite postgraduate school for training government officials. From then on, the Grands Corps de l'Etat were obliged to recruit new entrants from ENA.[36]Sciences Po became the school of choice for those hoping to enter the ENA, and so retained its dominant place in educating high-ranking officials.[37]

1945 to 1996: The Chapsal-Gentot-Lancelot era

edit

From 1947 to 1979, Sciences Po is directed byJacques Chapsal,who replaced his mentor Roger Seydoux and led the school through theTrente Glorieusesexpansion as well as theMay 68crisis. Under Chapsal, Sciences Po expands geographically. After the acquisition of theHôtel de La Meilleraye(56–58, rue des Saints-Pères), just across Sciences Po's lawn, the school bought thehôtel de La Bretescheat number 30, rue Saint-Guillaume, just in front of the main building.[27]In 1976, thePresses de Sciences Po(Sciences Po's publishing company) is created.[27]

In 1956, Sciences Po created its first PhD program. The CEVIPOF, Center for Political Research, is created in 1960.[27]

Between 1952 and 1969, 77.5% of the ENA's graduate student intake were Sciences Po alumni.[38]

FNSPreceived a significant donations from theRockefeller Foundation.FNSPpublished periodicals such asla Revue française de science politique,le Bulletin analytique de documentation,la Chronologie politique africaine,and theCahiers de la Fondationas well as its seven research centres and main publishing house,Presses de Sciences Po.[22]

1996 to 2012: The Descoings era

edit

Political science professor Alain Lancelot led the school between 1987 and 1997. He prepared for the school's vice-director, Richard Descoings, to become the director of Sciences Po.[39]Under the directorship of Descoings, the school incorporated courses in various branches of the social sciences on top of political science, such as law, economics, history, and sociology. In addition, the school began requiring all its undergraduate students to spend a year abroad, and introduced a multilingual curriculum in French, English,[40]and other languages. Sciences Po also began to expand outside Paris, establishing regional campuses throughout France.[19]

During this period, Sciences Po also implemented reforms in its admissions process. Previously, Sciences Po recruited its students exclusively on the basis of a competitive examination. This system was seen to favor students from prestigious high schools. In 2001, Sciences Po founded the Equal Opportunity Program, widening its admissions policy.[41]This program enables the institution to recruit high-potential students at partner high schools in more disadvantaged parts of France who, due to a social, academic, and financial constraints, would not otherwise have been able to attend Sciences Po.[42]As a consequence, from 2001 to 2011, the proportion of scholarship students at Sciences Po went from 6 to 27 percent[43]with around 30% of all students at Sciences Po currently receiving some form of scholarship.[44]

The reforms Descoings spearheaded were at times controversial and his leadership style came under heavy criticism.[45]A further report by the FrenchCourt of Auditin 2012 severely criticized the financial management of the bonuses and salaries under Descoings.[46]

2013 to 2024: The Mion-Vicherat directorate

edit

After the sudden death of Richard Descoing,Frédéric Mion,was appointed director of Sciences Po on 1 March 2013.[47]Mion's intention to pursue Sciences Po's development as a "selective university of international standing" is detailed in the policy paper "Sciences Po 2022", published in the spring of 2014.[48]He restructured the graduate studies by creating graduate schools, leading to the creation of the School of Public Affairs[49]and the Urban School in 2015 and the School of Management and Innovation in 2016.[50]

In early 2016, Sciences Po updated its governance structure, adopting new statutes for its two constituent bodies: theFondation nationale des sciences politiques(FNSP) and theInstitut d'études politiques de Paris(IEP).[51]

In late 2016, Sciences Po acquired a new site, theHôtel de l'Artilleriein the 7th arrondissement of Paris to expand its campus.[52]

In 2021, Sciences Po was hit by theDuhamel scandal,mainly put forward by the best-seller[53]bookLa Familia Grandeand newspaper articles fromLe MondeandNouvel Obs,asexual violence scandal oneand asuccession crisis.Olivier Duhamel, director of the National Foundation of Sciences Po, who was accused ofrapinghis son, resigned. Frédéric Mion and other members of the board of these institutions resigned.[citation needed]

On 22 November 2021Mathias Vicheratassumed office as the new director of Sciences Po.[54]He resigned on March 13, 2024, after being ordered to stand trial on charges of domestic abuse.[55]On March 26,Jean Bas sắc reswas named interim director.[56]

In April 2024, Sciences Po became one of theepicentersof French student protests against theIsrael–Hamas war.[57]

Campuses

edit

Sciences Po has seven campuses in France, with each specialising in different regions of the globe. Every May, at the end of the academic year, all seven campuses come together for the inter-campusCollégiadesde Sciences Potournament, also known as the MiniCrit. At the tournament, students represent each campus and compete against one another in arts and athletic competitions. Different events include athletic games such as volleyball and football, as well as artistic competitions such as music and dance.[58][59]

Paris

edit
The entrance to Sciences Po on Rue Saint-Guillaume
Sciences Po garden, between Rue Saint-Guillaume and Rue des Saints-Pères

The Paris campus is spread across several buildings concentrated around theBoulevard Saint-Germainin the 6th and 7tharrondissements.[60]The historic centre of Sciences Po at 27 rue Saint-Guillaume houses the head office, classrooms and the central library since 1879; it is located in ahôtel particuliercalledHôtel de Mortemart.[61]It is also home to Sciences Po's two largest teaching halls, the Amphitheatres Émile Boutmy and Jacques Chapsal. Other buildings include:

  • 117, boulevard Saint-Germain:School of Journalism
  • 199, boulevard Saint-Germain: Doctoral School
  • 174 and 224, boulevard Saint-Germain: offices and classrooms
  • 13,rue de l'Université/ The René Rémond building:Law Schooland administrative offices
  • 8, rue Jean-Sébastien-Bach: Urban School
  • 28, rue des Saints-Pères:Paris School of International Affairs(PSIA)
  • 56, rue des Saints-Pères: Language Lab, audiovisual service and a cartography workshop.
  • 56, rue Jacob: Research Center for History (Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po) and International Relations (Centre d'études et de recherches internationales)

The Paris campus enrolls about 3,000 undergraduate students, almost a third of whom are international exchange students.[62]

Sciences Po purchased in 2016 theHôtel de l’Artillerie,a 17th-century former monastery of 14,000 m2located 200 meters from its campus on rue Saint-Guillaume, from the French Ministry of Defense and refurbished the building for a total cost of around 200 million euros.[63][64]The new facility which opened in 2022, hosts 7 graduate schools including School of Public Affairs,Paris School of International Affairs,Law School, Urban School, School of Management and Impact,Journalism Schooland the School of Research. It is home to the scientific department and the institute of innovation as well as the Sciences Po's Center for Entrepreneurship.[65]It will providesocial housingfor 50 to 100 students with need-based aid from the State.[66][67]

Dijon

edit

Located in the region of Burgundy in a 19th-century building, the Dijon campus was created in 2001.[68]The regional specialisation is on the European Union, specificallyCentral and Eastern Europe,and is taught in French. The elective languages offered areHungarian,Polish,Romanian,RussianandCzech.[69]

Le Havre

edit

Located on the coast ofNormandy,Le Havrehas hosted the undergraduate Euro-Asian Programme (taught in English) since 2007.[70]The elective languages offered areChinese,JapaneseandKorean,and French as a Foreign Language courses for students without a B1-equivalent level.[71]Students primarily choose to spend their third year abroad in an Asian country.

Menton

edit

Established in theFrench Rivieracity ofMentonin 2005, the campus is located in an entirely renovated 19th-century building overlooking the Mediterranean. According to the Sciences Po brochure, the Menton Campus' regional specialisation is on the Middle Eastern and the Mediterranean, and it welcomes 300 students each year.[72]The undergraduate programme is taught through two language tracks (French or English) and several elective languages are offered:Arabic,Turkish,Italian,Spanish,Persian,Hebrew,and French as a Foreign Language for those without a CEFR B1-equivalent level in French.[73]The third mandatory year abroad is spent in the Middle East or elsewhere.

Nancy

edit

Established in the region ofLorrainein 2000, the Nancy campus is located in an 18th-century heritage site, the Hôtel des Missions Royales. The curriculum is taught in French, English andGerman,as its regional specialisation focuses on the European Union and French-German relations.[74]The elective languages offered are German, English, French as a foreign language and also Italian, Spanish, Russian, Swedish or Arabic.[75]

Poitiers

edit

Opened in 2010, the campus is located in the heart of the historic city ofPoitiersin the Hôtel Chaboureau, a renovated building dating from the 15th century. The regional specialisation is onLatin Americaand theIberian Peninsula.[76]The undergraduate programme is conducted mainly in French, with some courses in English and Spanish.[77]The elective languages offered are Spanish andPortuguese.[77]

Reims

edit

TheReimscampus opened in September 2010. It is housed in the 17th centuryCollege des Jesuits.Despite being the most recent campus, it is the largest of the regional campuses of Sciences Po, with over 1,600 undergraduates.[78]Over half of their students are international.[2]The campus offers two regional specialisations, one on North America (taught in English) and the other on Africa (taught in French).[79]Additionally, through a partnership with theUniversity of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA),the Reims Campus offers a dual degree in social sciences & humanities and life sciences entitled "Environment, Society, Sustainability." The elective languages offered are English, Spanish, German, Italian or Arabic, and French as a foreign language for students who do not have a B1 level of French.[79]

Organisation

edit

Governance

edit

Sciences Po operates under a dual governance model composed of two entities: theFondation nationale des sciences politiques(FNSP), aprivate non-profit foundation,and theInstitut d’études politiques de Parisor Paris Institute of Political Studies, apublic higher education institution.These two bodies constitute Sciences Po, which is the official term used to designate them collectively.

The FNSP is responsible for the strategic direction and administrative and financial management of Sciences Po. It is administered by a board of directors.[80]

The role of the Paris Institute of Political Studies is to ensure teaching, research and library services, like all international research universities. Its governing bodies consist of the Board of Directors, the Student Life and Education Committee and the Academic Board.[81]

The executive committee is the institution's operational steering committee. It brings together the directors of Sciences Po's various divisions and offices under the authority of the President of Sciences Po. The executive committee implements the strategic direction and makes operational decisions on running and managing the institution.[82]

Finances

edit

Sciences Po's own resources have grown significantly. They have been multiplied by six: from €18.3 million in 2000 to €127.2 million in 2018. These resources now account for a majority of the budget.[83]

The school's development under Richard Descoings led it to contract a €68 million debt by 2010.[84]The institution took on a debt of €191 million in 2016 in order to fund the acquisition of its new Paris campus and undertake the restoration of the site. This debt is partially guaranteed by theParis City Council.[85]

Education

edit
Diploma certificate from Sciences Po Paris (1952)

The academic bodies of Sciences Po consist of the Undergraduate College, six professional schools, and the Doctoral School.

Undergraduate level

edit

The Sciences Po Undergraduate College offers a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree with a multidisciplinary foundation in the humanities and social sciences with emphasis on civic, linguistic, artistic, and digital training.[86]

In the first year, students take foundational courses in six disciplines - economics, history, humanities, law, political science, and sociology.[87]In the second year, students choose a multidisciplinary major – Politics & Government, Economics & Societies, or Political Humanities.[87]The third year is spent abroad on an exchange programme with a partner university. In addition, each campus offers a different regional specialisation which anchors students' intellectual objectives, the regions are: Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, Middle East-Mediterranean, and North America.[87]

Sciences Po offers dual bachelor's degrees withColumbia University,Keio University,University College London,Freie Universität Berlin,University of British Columbia,theUniversity of Sydney,theNational University of Singapore,theUniversity of Hong Kong,and theUniversity of Californiaat Berkeley.[86]

The current dean of the Undergraduate College isStéphanie Balme.

In 2021, 15,284 students applied to the Undergraduate College across all three admissions pathways (the exam procedure, the Equal Opportunity Programme, and the international procedure). 1,630 students were accepted, for an admission rate of 7%.[88] Sciences Po has an acceptance rate of around 10% on Parcoursup (the national admissions platform for higher education) in 2021.[89]

Graduate level

edit

At the graduate level, Sciences Po's seven schools offer one- and two-year Master's programmes and PhD programmes. All graduate programmes are delivered on the Sciences Po campus in Paris. Sciences Po also hosts dual Master's programmes with international partners. Students enrolled in these dual degree programmes spend one year at Sciences Po in Paris and one year at the partner university.[90]

Schools

edit

The Undergraduate College (Collège universitaire) is the home of all undergraduate students. At the graduate level, there are seven professional schools:[91]

The Doctoral School offers Master and PhD programmes in law, economics, history, political science, or sociology. The PhD programme contains roughly 600 doctoral candidates.

Research

edit

Research at Sciences Po covers economics, law, history, sociology and political science, while also taking in interdisciplinary topics such as cities, political ecology, sustainable development, socio-economics and globalization.

Sciences Po is home to a research community that includes over 200 researchers and 350 PhD candidates.[92]In 2015, 32% of the school's budget was devoted to research. That year, 65% of its research publications were in French, 32% in English and 3% in other languages.[93]

The institute has research centers, seven of which are affiliated with France's National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).[94]

  • Center for Socio-Political Data (CDSP), which provides scientifically validated data for international survey programs. It also supports training in data collection and analysis.
  • Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics (CEE), which focuses on inter-disciplinary European studies; participation, democracy and government; election analyses; the restructuring of the state and public action.
  • Centre for International Studies (CERI), which produces comparative and historical analysis on foreign societies, international relations, and political, social and economic phenomena.
  • Centre for Political Research (CEVIPOF), which investigates political attitudes, behaviour and parties, as well as political thought and the history of ideas.
  • Centre for History (CHSP), whose research focuses on: arts, knowledge and culture; wars, conflicts and violence; states, institutions and societies; the political and cultural history of contemporary France; from local to global; international history and its levels.
  • Centre for the Sociology of Organisations (CSO), which conducts research on the sociology of organisations, sociology of public policy, and economic sociology. It also studies issues related to higher education and research, healthcare, sustainable development, the evolution of firms, and the transformation of the state.
  • Center for Studies in Social Change (OSC), which conducts research on topics such as urban, school and gender inequalities, stratification and social mobility, and ethno-racial or social segregation.
  • Department of Economics, which investigates areas such as labour markets, international economics, political economy, microeconomics and development.
  • Law School, whose research focuses on globalisation, legal cultures and the economics of law. It has also produced work on the theory and history of law, public and private international law and intellectual property.
  • Médialab, which studies the way data generated by new information technologies is produced, circulated and exploited.[95]
  • TheObservatoire Français des Conjonctures Économiques(OFCE), which is both a research centre and an independent economic forecasting body. Its stated mission is to "ensure that the fruits of scientific rigour and academic independence serve the public debate about the economy".[96][94][97]

In addition to these research units, the institute has recently established three major research programs – the LIEPP, DIME-SHS and MaxPo.[94]

  • The Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire d'Evaluation des Politiques Publiques (LIEPP) analyzes public policy based on qualitative, comparative, and quantitative methods.[98]The laboratory has been selected by an international scientific jury as a "Laboratoire d'Excellence" (Labex) that will be financed for the next ten years by the French government.[99]
  • Données Infrastructures et Méthodes d'Enquête en Sciences Humaines et Sociales (DIME-SHS) aims to collect and disseminate data for use in humanities and social sciences research.[100]
  • The Max Planck Sciences Po Center on Coping with Instability in Market Societies (known as MaxPo), was founded in 2012 in co-operation with theMax Planck Institute for the Study of Societies(MPIfG). It investigates how individuals, organizations, and nation-states deal with various forms of economic and social instability. It is located at Sciences Po's Paris campus.[101][102]

Library and publishing

edit
Sciences Po Library

Founded in 1871, the nucleus of the school's research is theBibliothèque de Sciences Po.The library offers a collection of more than 950,000 titles in the field of social sciences.

In 1982, theMinistry of National Educationmade theBibliothèquethe Centre for Acquisition and Dissemination of Scientific and Technical Information in the field ofpolitical science,and since 1994, it has been the antenna associated with theBibliothèque Nationale de France.[103]TheBibliothèque de Sciences Pois also the main French partner in theInternational Bibliography of the Social Sciences,which is based at theLondon School of Economics.[104]

Founded in the 1950s,Presses de Sciences Pois the publishing house of Sciences Po. It publishes academic works related to thesocial sciences.[105]

Public lectures

edit

Sciences Po organizes public lecture events. Recent guest speakers have includedBan Ki-moon,General David Petraeus,Condoleezza Rice,former President of BrazilLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva,Eric Schmidt,Joseph Stiglitz,Sheryl Sandberg,Mario Draghi,UNESCO Director-GeneralIrina Bokovaand Harvard University professorMichael Sandel.[106][107][108]

Since 2007 it has organized the Franco-British Dialogue Lecture Series in collaboration with the LSE and theFrench Embassy in London.The lectures are held every term at the LSE's European Institute.[109][110]

Reputation and rankings

edit

National rankings

edit

Sciences Po has the highest attractivity rate of the French Institutes of political studies, as 86% of students who were admitted to its undergraduate programs accepted their offer.[111]In 2022, the admission rate of the school was 10% as the undergraduate level, and 5% on the Paris campus.[112]In 2023, French students who joined the school had scored an average of 17.9/20 at theBaccalauréat.[113]92% of French students admitted to undergraduate programs got their Baccalauréat Summa cum laude ( "mention Très bien" ).[113]

National rankings place the school in first place in sociology, social policy and administration, in second place in development studies and law, and third place in economics.[114]

International rankings

edit

In rankings based on English-speaking publications, in 2023, Sciences Po ranks 2nd globally for the study of Politics in the QS World University Subjects Rankings,[115]whereas it is ranked 39th in social sciences by Times Higher Education[citation needed].In 2024, its global ranking in the QS World University Rankings decreased to the 319th rank.[116]

Rankings: International (national)/Total number of ranked institution[117]
Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Global and regional rankings
QS - Global ranking 214 222 223 220 220 221 242 (7) 242 (7) 261 259
THE - Global ranking 401–500 401–500 401–500 (19) 501-600 (21)
By field
QS - Social Sciences & Management – – – 62 67 69 59 (4) 56 (3) 65 (4)
THE - Social Sciences & Management 69 (2) 39 (1)
QS - Arts & Humanities – – – 154 207 176 170 (6) 162 (5)
THE - Arts & Humanities -/536 (-/20)
By subject
QS - Politics 13 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 (1) 3 (1) 3[118]
QS - Social Policy & Administration – – 40 51–100 48 22 23 21 (1) 13[119]
QS - Sociology 36 51–100 50 44 37 28 28 27[120]
QS - Development Studies – 51–100 51–100 – 51–100 51–100 40 51–100
QS - Law & Legal Studies 51–100 51–100 51–100 51–100 51–100 51–100 50 65 (2)
THE - Law –/190 (–/2) –/290 (–/6)
Eduniversal - Law (global) (–/15)
QS - Economics & Econometrics 101–150 101–150 51–100 101–150 101–150 101–150 51–100 89 (6)
THE - Business & Economics –/632 (–/20)
QS - History – – 101–150 51–100 51–100 101–150 101–150
QS - Philosophy – – – – – – 151–200
QS - Modern Languages – 151–200 201–250 251–300 201–250 201–250 201–250
QS - Accounting & Finance – – – – – 201–250 201–250 251-300 (10)

Reputation and criticism

edit

Sciences Po has been called France's "leading university in the social sciences".[121][122]It is considered to be the most prestigious of all of the IEP (Instituts d'études politiques,or Institutes of Political Studies) in France.[16]Sciences Po is widely regarded to be an elite institution due to its selectivity in admissions and its close connections to powerful networks within French society.[123][124][125]It has been described as a "school of power" that has inspired schools abroad, such as the London School of Economics.[23]Because of its role in training the French elite, it has been called the "school of domination".[34]According "Le Monde",the school's reputation for excellency and its prestige are such that some freshmen are sometimes" disillusioned "after having" fantasized "about the school.[126]

Because of its role in training the French political, administrative and economic elite, the school has been criticized byfar-leftcritics for the alleged close-mindedness of its students.[127][128][129][130]Peter Gumbelcalled Sciences Po and other "Grandes Écoles ""elite colleges [which] have become a machine for perpetuating a brilliant but blinkered, often arrogant and frequently incompetent ruling freemasonry".[131]The academicGilles Deverscriticized the institution for being the "base of the conservatism, and the mold of the molluscs that make the public elite" where "dissenting ideas are only admitted if they strengthen the system".[132]

Sciences Po's core curriculum has historically been very transdisciplinary, as the students go through introductory classes to disciplines as diverse as political science, economics, history, law and international relations. This priority given to transversality of knowledge over expertise in one field has been the subject of praise as well as of criticism.[133]

In 2021 Sciences Po was criticized[by whom?]for allegedgrade inflationas a means to attract international students.[134]

Controversies

edit

Duhamel scandal

edit
Further information:Duhamel scandal

Camille Kouchner,daughter ofBernard Kouchner,published a book in which she wrote that her step-father Olivier Duhamel, at that time president of the Foundation of Sciences Po which was the "heart of [his] power" for 30 years,[39]sexually abused his step-son for two years during his childhood.[135][136][137]Newspapers further unearthed a series of controversial attitudes[by whom?]toward the sexuality of minors.[138][139]It led to a series of investigations on the environment of Duhamel at Sciences Po and on the way they dealt with these abuses.[39]

The scandal eventually led to a series of resignations under pressure at Sciences Po. Duhamel resigned. While Frédéric Mion initially refused to resign, it later became apparent that he had lied about not having heard the rumors about Duhamel. He resigned.[140][141][142][143][144]

Following the Duhamel scandal, Sciences Po issued a statement condemning "all forms of sexualized violence" and declaring "its shock and astonishment". It also stated: "The fight against sexual and gender-based violence is at the heart of our institution's core values and actions."[136]

Sexual violence

edit

After Richard Descoing, head of the school from 1997 to 2012, died, it was revealed that he had had sex with students,[145]and made no case ofDominique Strauss-Kahn's habit of "seducing" young students.[135]Descoing was accused of sending sexual messages to students, but no further inquiry was made.[39]

In February 2021, hundreds of students and former students shared on Twitter allegations of rape or sexual abuse at severalInstituts d'études politiques,and claimed that despite denunciations of victims, "colleagues and staff [were] unwilling to take their complaints seriously".[146][147]A hashtag #SciencesPorcs ( "Sciences Pigs", similar to the French #Metoo hashtag #Balancetonporcs) has been widely used to do so.[148]

Among many op-eds dealing with the 2021 crisis at Sciences Po, two male alumni published inL'Expressan op-ed specific to the sexual violence scandal, stating their disagreement with the "caricature" that is made of Sciences Po, which is allegedly the object of "passions, sometimes irrational ones" in the public "imaginary" because of the elite status they say the institute has; they assured there is no systemic problem regarding sexual violence in Sciences Po.[149]Bénédicte Durand, interim administrator of the school, further toldLe Figarothat "no, there is no rape culture in Sciences Po".[150]The school published a report on sexual and sexist violence that was called "abundant but shy".[151]

"Racialism" and social issues

edit

Many students and some members of the French Parliament have expressed concern about the enforcement of "racialism"in Sciences Po.[152][153]

Financial scandals

edit

Alain Lancelot, director of Sciences Po from 1987 to 1996, was investigated for financial mismanagement by theFrench Court of Audit.[154]

UnderRichard Descoings,its director from 1997 to 2012, the school was hit by a few financial scandals.[155][156][157]Descoings had been criticized for offering large sums of money (through salary rise, free accommodation, etc.) to diverse members of staff, including his wife, in spite of the fact that Sciences Po was partly state-funded.[158]

In October 2012, the Court of Audit reprimanded Sciences Po for financial mismanagement, accusing it of opaque remuneration procedures, unwarranted expenses claims and excessive pay rises for managers.[159]The Court noted that the school's complex legal status – a public institute managed by a private trust – had contributed to a dysfunction and waste. It also criticized theFrench governmentfor increasing state funding for the school without insisting on additional public oversight.[160][161]

In July 2015,Jean-Claude Casanova,the former president of theFoundation Nationale des Sciences Politiques,the private trust which manages Sciences Po, was fined €1500 for failing to properly consult the Foundation's Administrative Council over budgeting decisions involving public money. The Court of Financial and Budgetary Discipline eventually found Casanova guilty, but gave him a lenient sentence because the procedures had some part of regularity and because it was not customary in Sciences Po to follow all the financial rules.[162][163]

In February 2016, the Court of Audit noted that reforms had been made, but stated that greater transparency was still needed. Frédéric Mion, the then director of Sciences Po, defended the school's reforms.[164][165]

Access to the Bar

edit
See also:Law schools in France (disambiguation)

In 2007, a governmental decree authorized Sciences Po students to pass the Bar exam, providing they take a master's degree in law. This led to academics in universities to label the move as a "coup", fearing that Sciences Po students would crowd out law students from the universities at the bar. According to them, Sciences Po did not offer enough law courses for barristers to have a solid education in law.[166]

In 2009, Sciences Po created its law school, the "École de droit de Sciences Po"(" law school ", as opposed in French to afaculté de droit,"faculty of law" ), delivering masters (graduate) degrees. In 2008, partly as an answer,Paris II Panthéon-Assascreated acollège de droit(undergraduate level) and then an "école de droit"(graduate level) on top of its faculty of law to attract top students in France.[167][168][169]A lot of universities followed this model, and created theseselective "colleges" or "schools".[170]

Notable people

edit
Main article:List of Sciences Po People

Alumni

edit

It has been customary to graduate in Sciences Po in addition to a law school or agrande écolein Paris, therefore many of these graduates are also graduates of the latter.[171]

In 2016, the Sciences Po Alumni Association declared that there were 55,000 alumni.[172]Many alumni are notable for their roles in fields such as politics or business.[173][174]

Politics

edit
French Presidents of the Fifth Republic who attended Sciences Po
Georges Pompidou,2nd President of the French Fifth Republic
François Mitterrand,4th President of the French Fifth Republic
Jacques Chirac,5th President of the French Fifth Republic
Nicolas Sarkozy,6th President of the French Fifth Republic
François Hollande,7th President of the French Fifth Republic
Emmanuel Macron,8th and Incumbent President of the French Fifth Republic

Six of the eightpresidentsof theFrench Fifth Republichave attended Sciences Po, includingGeorges Pompidou,François Mitterrand,Jacques Chirac,Nicolas Sarkozy,François Hollande,andEmmanuel Macron.[175]Alain Poher(who served twice as acting president) was also an alumnus.[176]A number of French politicians who are Sciences Po alumni also graduated fromEcole Nationale d'Administration (ENA),as the Sciences Po degree and its preparatory programmes have shown high admittance rates to the ENA.[177]

In 2017, 14% (81 of the 577) of French members of parliament elected that year were Sciences Po graduates, the most represented institution of higher learning andgrande écolein theNational Assembly.[178]

Some politicians having a role in international organisations were also students at Sciences Po, includingSimone Veil,former President of the European Parliament;Boutros Boutros-Ghali,formerUN Secretary General;Pascal Lamy,former Director-General of the World Trade Organisation;Michel CamdessusandDominique Strauss-Kahn,former presidents of the International Monetary Fund;[179]Jean-Claude Trichet,former President of the European Central Bank; andMarisol Touraine,Chair ofUnitaidExecutive Board.

Sciences Po is alsoalma materto politicians includingWładysław Grabski(Prime Minister of Poland 1920, 1923–1925),Habib Bourgiba(Prime Minister of theKingdom of Tunisia1956–1957 and the first President of theTunisian Republic1957–1987),Joseph Ki-Zerbo(Burkinabé advocate for African independence),Mohammad Mosaddegh(Prime Minister of Iran 1951–1953),Pierre Trudeau(Prime Minister of Canada1968–1979, 1980–1984),Thanat Khoman(Thai Minister of Foreign Affairs 1959–1971 and Deputy Prime Minister 1981–1983) andSalome Zourabichvili(President of Georgiasince 2018).

Among the recipients of Sciences Po doctorate honoris causa areVáclav Havel(2009),Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva(2011), Elena Zhemkova (2022), andAngela Merkel(2023).

Diplomacy

edit

Senior French diplomats includingJean-Marcel Jeanneney(France's first Ambassador to Algeria)François Delattre(currently Permanent Representative of Franceto the UN),[180]Gérard Araud(formerambassador to the USA),[181]Sylvie Bermann(currentlyambassador to Russia),[182]Bernard Émié(former Director of theDGSE),[183]Jean-Maurice Ripert(formerPermanent Representative of France to the United Nations,Ambassador of France to Russia,andAmbassador of France to China), andMaurice Gourdault-Montagne(ambassador to China)[184]are also alumni.

Other

edit

The writerMarcel Proust,the founder of the modernOlympicsPierre de Coubertin,[185]fashion designerChristian Dior,authorLeïla Slimani,authorEmmanuel Carrère,Harvard UniversityProfessor of political scienceStanley Hoffmann,Chinese linguistMa Jianzhong,Director ofParis Peace ForumJustin Vaïsse,journalistArthur Dreyfus,researcher,Margaret Maruani,political scientistTiago C. Peixoto,and formerLe MondeeditorJean-Marie Colombaniwere all graduated from Sciences Po.[186]

Notable staff

edit
Main page:Category:Academic staff of Sciences Po

Jurist and 1907Nobel Peace PrizelaureateLouis Renaulttaught international law at Sciences Po from its foundation in 1875 until his death in 1918. ArbitratorEmmanuel Gaillardtaught at the Law School until his death.[187]

EconomistJean-Paul Fitoussitaught at Sciences Po from 1982 to 2010.Michel AgliettaandYann Alganalso taught economics there.

The philosopher, anthropologist and sociologistBruno Latourtaught at Sciences Po from 2006 until his death in 2022.[188]Paul Janetalso taught philosophy at Sciences Po.[189]Frédéric Grosteaches philosophy at Sciences Po.[190]

The sociologistsMichel CrozierandErhard Friedbergtaught at Sciences Po and founded its sociology department (Center for the Sociology of Organizations).[19]

Pierre Hassner,a French geopolitologist and philosopher, was director emeritus of Research at the Sciences Po Center for International Studies and Research.Pierre Renouvin,a French historian of international relations, taught at Sciences Po from 1938 to 1970.Jean-Baptiste Duroselletaught from 1946 to 1983.[191]More recently,Gilles Kepeltaught there starting from 2001.[192]

Jean-Luc Parodi,a French political scientist, worked at the Sciences Po Center of Political Research for the entirety of his career.

Élie Halévytaught history of English political ideas and socialism at Sciences Po from 1896 until his death in 1937.Raoul Girardetstarted teaching at Sciences Po in 1956.[19]René Rémondtaught history starting from 1956.Marc Lazartaught history from 1999 to 2022.[19]

Among French presidents,Raymond Poincarétaught at Sciences Po in the 1900s,[193]as well asPaul Deschanel.[194]Georges Pompidoutaught philosophy at Sciences Po starting from the 1950s.[27]Jacques Chiractaught economics in the 1960s.[195]François Hollandewas an adjunct lecturer in economics at Sciences Po until 1991.[196]Emmanuel Macronwas an adjunct lecturer in philosophy in the mid-2000s.[197],[198]The Prime ministerRaymond Barretaught economics starting from the 1960s.[199]

Presidents of the FNSP and directors of Sciences Po

edit

National foundation of Sciences Po (FNSP)

edit

Sciences Po

edit
Émile Boutmy
Eugène d'Eichthal
Roger Seydoux
Michel Gentot
Alain Lancelot
Richard Descoings
Frédéric Mion
Mathias Vicherat
Luis Vassy
Directors of the Paris Institute of Political Studies and Administrators of the National Foundation of Political Sciences

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^While the school's statutes were registered by a notary in December 1871, the school opened in 1872.

References

edit
  1. ^"Sciences Po rejoint la Conférence des grandes écoles".30 June 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 7 May 2019.Retrieved16 December2019.
  2. ^ab"Governance & Budget".Sciences Po.Archivedfrom the original on 17 August 2022.Retrieved17 August2022.
  3. ^"Sciences Po: l'historienne Laurence Bertrand Dorléac qualifiée pour prendre la tête de la FNSP".Le Monde.fr(in French). 10 April 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2021.Retrieved17 August2022.
  4. ^"CEPR Research Fellow Sergeï Guriev appointed Sciences Po Provost".CEPR.26 July 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 17 August 2022.Retrieved17 August2022.
  5. ^"Overview: Facts & Figures".facts.
  6. ^"Overview: Facts & Figures".
  7. ^"Sciences Po Paris, Campus européen franco-allemand à Nancy - Forum Franco-Allemand".ffa-dff.org.Archivedfrom the original on 17 August 2022.Retrieved17 August2022.
  8. ^"Bienvenue à Poitiers Presente".POITIERS PRESENTE(in French).Archivedfrom the original on 17 August 2022.Retrieved17 August2022.
  9. ^"Les membres de Couperin",Couperin.org(in French), Paris, archived fromthe originalon 17 November 2022,retrieved12 July2018
  10. ^"L'IEP de Paris, favori de l'Etat".Le Monde.fr(in French). 25 January 2012.Retrieved11 May2024.
  11. ^Nord, Philip (26 August 2012).France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era.Princeton University Press.ISBN978-0-691-15611-8.
  12. ^"Governance & Budget".Sciences Po.Retrieved11 May2024.
  13. ^abNoiriel, Gérard (1990)."Review of Naissances de la science politique en France (1870-1914)".Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire(27): 130–131.doi:10.2307/3769067.ISSN0294-1759.JSTOR3769067.
  14. ^abcde"1945: From the École libre to Sciences Po".Sciences Po Stories.Archivedfrom the original on 27 May 2022.Retrieved7 August2024.
  15. ^Adenor, Jean-Loup (3 December 2021)."Pantouflage: le conseil décomplexé du directeur de Sciences Po à ses étudiants".marianne.net(in French).Archivedfrom the original on 15 January 2022.Retrieved25 April2022.
  16. ^abChillaud, Matthieu (October 2014)."IR in France: state and costs of a disciplinary variety".Review of International Studies.40(4): 803–824.doi:10.1017/S0260210513000521.ISSN0260-2105.S2CID145486611.Archivedfrom the original on 23 June 2023.Retrieved23 June2023.
  17. ^figaro, le (2 February 2015)."L'utilisation du nom" Sciences Po "est désormais réglementée".Le Figaro Etudiant(in French).Archivedfrom the original on 23 June 2023.Retrieved20 July2023.
  18. ^Science, London School of Economics and Political."CIVICA gets greenlight from the European Commission".London School of Economics and Political Science.Retrieved17 August2022.
  19. ^abcdeScot, Marie (2022).Sciences Po, le roman vrai.Sciences Po, les presses.ISBN978-2-7246-3915-5.
  20. ^Leblond, François; Leblond, Renaud (2013).Émile Boutmy, le père de Science Po.A. Carrière.ISBN978-2-84337-698-6.
  21. ^"Emile Boutmy, l'inventeur de Sciences Po, modèle du défunt Richard Descoings".L'Obs.14 January 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2021.Retrieved11 January2021.
  22. ^abc"Sciences Po Institut d'études politiques Fondation nationale des sciences politiques 1945-1979".Centre d’histoire de Sciences Po.Archived fromthe originalon 12 October 2005.Retrieved21 February2022.
  23. ^abGarrigou, Alain (March 1999)."Sciences-Po, laminoir des élites françaises".Le Monde diplomatique(in French).Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2021.Retrieved21 February2022.
  24. ^Nord, Philip (2002).The Jacobin Legacy in Modern France: Essays in Honour of Vincent Wright.Oxford:Oxford University Press.p. 116.ISBN9780199256464.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2022.Retrieved30 May2017.
  25. ^LSE: A History of the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1895–1995.Oxford University Press. 1 June 1995. p. 73.ISBN9780198202400.Archivedfrom the original on 7 June 2020.Retrieved11 August2018.
  26. ^Page, Arnaud. "Socialisme et sciences sociales: Sidney Webb et la création de la London School of Economics".OpenEdition Journals.
  27. ^abcdefVincent, Gérard; Dethomas, Anne-Marie (January 1987).Sciences po: Histoire d'une réussite.Plon.ISBN9782259260770.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2022.Retrieved22 February2022.
  28. ^"Former une élite coloniale à l'aube du XXe siècle | SciencesPo - Dossiers documentaires".dossiers-bibliotheque.sciencespo.fr.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2020.Retrieved24 August2020.
  29. ^"1886-1887: Programme de l'Ecole libre des sciences politiques: Ecole libre des sciences politiques (Paris): Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming".Internet Archive.1886.Retrieved24 August2020.
  30. ^"Une vision libérale de la colonisation | SciencesPo - Dossiers documentaires".dossiers-bibliotheque.sciencespo.fr.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2020.Retrieved24 August2020.
  31. ^"Former une élite coloniale à l'aube du XXe siècle | SciencesPo - Dossiers documentaires".dossiers-bibliotheque.sciencespo.fr.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2020.Retrieved24 August2020.
  32. ^"Reform of the civil service".Archived fromthe originalon 13 August 2015.
  33. ^Nord, Philip (2002).The Jacobin Legacy in Modern France: Essays in Honour of Vincent Wright.Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 138.ISBN9780199256464.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2022.Retrieved20 October2020.
  34. ^abDejean, Mathieu (2023).Sciences po, l'école de la domination.Paris: La Fabrique éditions.ISBN978-2-35872-253-7.
  35. ^"Le statut juridique de Sciences Po: la dualité FNSP et IEP de Paris"Centre d'histoire de Sciences PoArchived20 June 2004 at theWayback Machine
  36. ^Nord, Philip (2002).The Jacobin Legacy in Modern France: Essays in Honour of Vincent Wright.Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 141.ISBN9780199256464.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2022.Retrieved20 October2020.
  37. ^Devine, Summerfield (1998).International Dictionary of University Histories.Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 147.ISBN9781134262175.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2022.Retrieved29 May2017.
  38. ^Nord, Philip (2002).The Jacobin Legacy in Modern France: Essays in Honour of Vincent Wright.Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 117.ISBN9780199256464.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2022.Retrieved20 October2020.
  39. ^abcd"Sciences Po, cœur du pouvoir d'Olivier Duhamel".Le Monde.fr.8 January 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2021.Retrieved8 January2021– via Le Monde.
  40. ^Noack, Rick (29 October 2014)."7 countries where Americans can study at universities, in English, for free (or almost free)".The Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.Archivedfrom the original on 16 November 2017.Retrieved5 October2017.
  41. ^"Sciences Po ― an elite institution's introspection on its power, position and worth in French society"NYU Department of Journalism,9 September 2003.
  42. ^Kahlenberg, Richard D. (13 September 2011)."An Affirmative-Action Success".The Chronicle of Higher Education Blogs: Innovations.Archivedfrom the original on 10 July 2015.Retrieved5 October2017.
  43. ^"In France, a Bastion of Privilege No More".The New York Times.4 September 2011.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on 21 February 2017.Retrieved5 October2017.
  44. ^Maillard, Benoît Floc'h et Matteo (16 January 2015)."Sciences Po Paris: 64% des admis viennent de province".Le Monde(in French).ISSN1950-6244.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2017.Retrieved9 October2017.
  45. ^Lindgaard, Jade (13 October 2009)."Sciences-Po: bienvenue à la Cour du roi Richard!".Mediapart.Archivedfrom the original on 27 April 2017.Retrieved26 April2017.
  46. ^"Sciences Po: la Cour des comptes accable Descoigns".8 October 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 5 July 2019.Retrieved5 July2019.
  47. ^Brafman, Nathalie (2 March 2013)."Un pur produit de l'élite française pour Sciences Po".Le Monde(in French).ISSN1950-6244.Archivedfrom the original on 29 July 2017.Retrieved21 June2017.
  48. ^"Frédéric Mion invente le Sciences Po de 2022".Le Figaro(in French). 19 January 2018.Retrieved22 September2024.
  49. ^"Sciences Po ouvre une" École des affaires publiques "".Le Figaro Etudiant(in French).Archivedfrom the original on 10 June 2017.Retrieved21 June2017.
  50. ^"Sciences Po va ouvrir son" école du management et de l'innovation "".Le Point(in French). 3 October 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 9 August 2017.Retrieved21 June2017.
  51. ^Décret n° 2015-1829 du 29 décembre 2015 portant approbation des statuts de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques,29 December 2015,archivedfrom the original on 8 August 2017,retrieved21 June2017
  52. ^"L'hôtel de l'Artillerie va accueillir le futur campus de Sciences-po".Le Parisien.14 May 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 18 July 2017.Retrieved21 June2017.
  53. ^"La familia grande, livre le plus vendu de la semaine".17 January 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2021.Retrieved8 May2021.
  54. ^"First Interview with our New President".Sciences Po.Archivedfrom the original on 29 November 2021.Retrieved29 November2021.
  55. ^Wiels, Jason; Goury-Laffont, Victor (13 March 2024)."Elite French university Boss resigns amid domestic violence accusations".Politico.Archivedfrom the original on 13 March 2024.Retrieved14 March2024.
  56. ^"Sciences Po: après la démission de Mathias Vicherat, Jean Bas sắc res est nommé administrateur provisoire".Le Monde.fr(in French). 26 March 2024.Retrieved28 April2024.
  57. ^"Paris regional leader suspends Sciences Po funding over Gaza protests".The Guardian.Agence France-Presse. 30 April 2024.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved1 May2024.
  58. ^"Collégiades: 7 campus en compétition | Sciences Po Collège universitaire".SciencesPo.fr.7 June 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2020.Retrieved18 July2019.
  59. ^"Our campuses".Sciences Po.Archivedfrom the original on 2 May 2017.Retrieved6 May2017.
  60. ^"Le campus".Sciences Po and University of Toronto.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2017.Retrieved6 May2017.
  61. ^Régibier, Philippe (1997).27 rue Saint-Guillaume: petite chronique d'une grande demeure et de ses habitants, d'après des documents inédits(in French). P. Régibier.ISBN978-2-9511292-0-7.Retrieved2 January2024.
  62. ^"Paris campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College".24 February 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 28 September 2020.Retrieved11 April2020.
  63. ^"/ L'Hôtel de l'Artillerie – Sciences Po".sciencespo.fr.Archivedfrom the original on 29 April 2017.Retrieved8 May2017.
  64. ^"Sciences Po achète l'Hôtel de l'Artillerie pour créer un campus dans Paris » VousNousIls".17 June 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 8 August 2017.Retrieved8 May2017.
  65. ^"Opening of 1, Saint Thomas Campus".Sciences Po.8 March 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2023.Retrieved8 March2023.
  66. ^"Sciences Po se dote d'un grand campus au cœur de Paris".Les Échos.France. 17 June 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 24 July 2017.Retrieved8 May2017.
  67. ^"L'hôtel de l'Artillerie, future vitrine pédagogique de Sciences po Paris".letudiant.fr.21 June 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2020.Retrieved11 January2021.
  68. ^"Dijon campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College".24 February 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2020.Retrieved11 April2020.
  69. ^"Dijon Campus".College.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2023.Retrieved26 June2023.
  70. ^"Le Havre campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College".24 February 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 28 September 2020.Retrieved11 April2020.
  71. ^"Le Havre campus".College.Archivedfrom the original on 28 June 2023.Retrieved26 June2023.
  72. ^"Menton campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College".24 February 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 3 August 2020.Retrieved11 April2020.
  73. ^"Menton campus".College.Archivedfrom the original on 10 July 2023.Retrieved26 June2023.
  74. ^"Nancy campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College".23 February 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 21 June 2020.Retrieved11 April2020.
  75. ^"Nancy campus".College.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2023.Retrieved26 June2023.
  76. ^"Poitiers campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College".24 February 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 10 August 2020.Retrieved11 April2020.
  77. ^ab"Poitiers campus".College.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2023.Retrieved26 June2023.
  78. ^"Reims campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College".24 February 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 28 September 2020.Retrieved11 April2020.
  79. ^ab"Reims campus".College.Archivedfrom the original on 28 June 2023.Retrieved26 June2023.
  80. ^"La Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques".Sciences Po(in French).Archivedfrom the original on 30 November 2022.Retrieved30 November2022.
  81. ^"Institut d'études politiques de Paris".Sciences Po(in French).Archivedfrom the original on 30 November 2022.Retrieved30 November2022.
  82. ^"Gouvernance & budget".Sciences Po(in French).Archivedfrom the original on 30 November 2022.Retrieved30 November2022.
  83. ^"Sciences Po: quel budget pour quelle(s) vision(s)?".La Péniche(in French).Archivedfrom the original on 30 November 2022.Retrieved30 November2022.
  84. ^Sayare, Scott (16 January 2013)."Paris University Scandal Clouds Esteemed Past".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved1 May2024.
  85. ^Mérieux, Alice (28 January 2022)."Comment Sciences Po va payer son prestigieux nouveau campus?".Challenges(in French).Archivedfrom the original on 30 November 2022.Retrieved30 November2022.
  86. ^ab"Undergraduate Studies".Sciences Po.Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2021.Retrieved11 January2021.
  87. ^abc"Bachelor of Arts".College.Archivedfrom the original on 27 June 2023.Retrieved27 June2023.
  88. ^"2021 Post-Baccalaueate Admissions: Who entered Sciences PO via general route on Parcoursup?".Sciences Po.Archivedfrom the original on 16 May 2022.Retrieved10 May2022.
  89. ^"Inside the mind of a Sciences Po student".Le Monde.fr.15 October 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 23 June 2023.Retrieved23 June2023.
  90. ^"Graduate Studies".Sciences Po.Archivedfrom the original on 26 January 2021.Retrieved11 January2021.
  91. ^"Graduate Studies at Sciences Po".Sciences Po.Archivedfrom the original on 6 February 2018.Retrieved6 May2017.
  92. ^"Home – Sciences Po Research".sciencespo.fr.3 December 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 2 May 2017.Retrieved9 May2017.
  93. ^"Research at Sciences Po in 2015".Issuu.21 June 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2020.Retrieved9 May2017.
  94. ^abc"Research Centers – Sciences Po Research".sciencespo.fr.20 June 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2017.Retrieved9 May2017.
  95. ^INA."Médialab de Sciences Po: cartographier le web pour les sciences sociales / E-dossier de l'audiovisuel: sciences humaines et sociales et patrimoine numérique / E-dossiers de l'audiovisuel / Publications / INA Expert – Accueil – Ina".ina-expert.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2023.Retrieved9 May2017.
  96. ^"OFCE About..."ofce.sciences-po.fr.Archivedfrom the original on 2 May 2017.Retrieved9 May2017.
  97. ^"Research Units – Sciences Po Research".sciencespo.fr.10 March 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 5 May 2017.Retrieved9 May2017.
  98. ^"Page d'accueil – Sciences Po liepp".sciencespo.fr.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2017.Retrieved9 May2017.
  99. ^"What is LIEPP? – Sciences Po liepp".sciencespo.fr.23 September 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 10 April 2017.Retrieved9 May2017.
  100. ^"Page d'accueil – Sciences Po dime-shs".sciencespo.fr.Archivedfrom the original on 27 June 2017.Retrieved9 May2017.
  101. ^"MaxPo – About the Center".maxpo.eu.Archivedfrom the original on 11 March 2017.Retrieved9 May2017.
  102. ^"Cross-cutting Programmes – Sciences Po Research".sciencespo.fr.6 October 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2017.Retrieved9 May2017.
  103. ^"Sciences Po Paris Overview: Introducing Sciences Po"Sciences Po Website,2001.
  104. ^"IBSS Boosts Coverage of French Social Science Journals",IBSSArchived24 May 2009 at theWayback Machine,2005.
  105. ^"Presses de Sciences Po",Sciences Po Website,21 October 2004.
  106. ^"Sciences Po: France's Leading University in the Social Sciences".Archivedfrom the original on 8 August 2017.Retrieved23 May2017.
  107. ^"Justice: A lecture and discussion with Harvard Professor Michael J. Sandel – Sciences Po School of Public Affairs".sciencespo.fr.6 April 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 8 August 2017.Retrieved23 May2017.
  108. ^"Irina Bokova – Guest speaker at PSIA – Sciences Po psia".sciencespo.fr.7 April 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 8 August 2017.Retrieved23 May2017.
  109. ^Haas, Annette."LSE and Sciences Po – Academic partners – Academic Partnerships – Services and divisions – Staff and students – Home".London School of Economics.Archivedfrom the original on 1 June 2017.Retrieved23 May2017.
  110. ^Lane, Philippe (8 July 2011).Franco-British Academic Partnerships: The Next Chapter(1 ed.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 12.ISBN9781781386569.Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2017.Retrieved23 May2017.
  111. ^"Quels sont les Sciences po les plus sélectifs et attractifs?".L'Etudiant(in French).Retrieved20 March2024.
  112. ^Paul-Henri Wallet (29 December 2022)."Sciences Po: quels sont les IEP les plus sélectifs?".Le Figaro(in French)..
  113. ^ab"Quelle moyenne au bac faut-il pour intégrer Sciences Po?".Le Figaro Etudiant(in French). 24 April 2024.Retrieved24 April2024.
  114. ^"Sciences Po".Top Universities.9 December 2012.Retrieved6 March2020..
  115. ^"2024 QS Rankings: Sciences Po Second in the World in" Politics "".Sciences Po.Retrieved24 April2024.
  116. ^"Sciences Po".Top Universities.9 December 2012.Retrieved6 March2020..
  117. ^"Sciences Po".Top Universities.9 December 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2020.Retrieved6 March2020.
  118. ^"2023 QS Rankings: Sciences Po Third in the World in" Politics "".Sciences Po.Retrieved24 April2024.
  119. ^"2023 QS Rankings: Sciences Po Third in the World in" Politics "| Sciences Po Research".sciencespo.fr.22 March 2023.Retrieved24 April2024.
  120. ^"2023 QS Rankings: Sciences Po Third in the World in" Politics "| Sciences Po Research".sciencespo.fr.22 March 2023.Retrieved24 April2024.
  121. ^"Sciences Po".Top Universities.Archivedfrom the original on 13 April 2020.Retrieved20 June2023.
  122. ^"New Double Degree Programme: Sciences Po - NUS".La France à Singapour.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2023.Retrieved20 June2023.
  123. ^Conley, Marjorie (9 September 2003)."Sciences Po? an elite institution's introspection on its power, position and worth in French society".Portfolio, The Journalism of Ideas.New York University.Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2016.Retrieved10 August2016.
  124. ^Koh, Aaron (2016).Elite Schools: Multiple Geographies of Privilege.New York; Oxon: Routledge. p. 193.ISBN978-1--138-77940-2.
  125. ^Guttenplan, D.D. (4 May 2001)."In France, a Bastion of Privilege No More".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 9 August 2017.Retrieved10 August2016.
  126. ^"Faire Sciences Po, entre fantasme et désillusion".Le Monde.fr(in French). 22 May 2019.Retrieved29 April2024.
  127. ^[1]Archived7 March 2022 at theWayback MachineSciences Po peine à dépasser l’entre-soi
  128. ^"Sciences Po, l'enquête inédite (1/3): malgré le scandale Duhamel, un implacable entre-soi".26 April 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 7 May 2021.Retrieved8 May2021.
  129. ^"Le réseau avant le mérite: à Sciences Po, la désillusion des étudiants".6 October 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 7 October 2022.Retrieved7 October2022.
  130. ^"Dans la tête d'un étudiant de Sciences Po".Le Monde.5 October 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 7 October 2022.Retrieved7 October2022.
  131. ^Lichfield, John (17 May 2013)."Liberte, inegalite, fraternite: Is French elitism holding the country back?".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 30 July 2016.Retrieved10 August2016.
  132. ^"Sciences-Pipeau: Plus rentable que de braquer une banque".Actualités du droit(in French). 10 September 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 13 November 2012.Retrieved21 February2022.
  133. ^Beauvais, Anne-Sophie; Cauchy, Pascal (19 January 2017).Sciences Po pour les Nuls.edi8.ISBN9782412024003.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2022.Retrieved20 October2020– via Google Books.
  134. ^"Démocratiser le recrutement sans renoncer à l'élitisme, la difficile ligne de crête des Sciences Po".Le Monde.fr.31 March 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 1 April 2021.Retrieved2 April2021.
  135. ^ab"Olivier Duhamel, l'inceste et les enfants du silence".Le Monde.fr.4 January 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2021.Retrieved8 January2021– via Le Monde.
  136. ^abCohen, Roger (5 January 2021)."Prominent French Intellectual Steps Down Amid Accusations of Incest".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 7 March 2021.Retrieved8 January2021.
  137. ^"High-profile French political scientist accused of sexually abusing stepson".The Guardian.5 January 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 19 January 2021.Retrieved11 January2021.
  138. ^""Il était sa propre planète et on gravitait autour": quand Olivier Duhamel régnait sur Sanary ".13 January 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 5 March 2021.Retrieved31 January2021.
  139. ^""La familia grande", l'inceste comme mécanisme de domination ".Marie Claire.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2021.Retrieved8 March2021.
  140. ^"Affaire Duhamel: des étudiants de Sciences Po demandent la démission de leur directeur".France 3 Paris Ile-de-France.Archivedfrom the original on 8 January 2021.Retrieved8 January2021.
  141. ^Mugerin, Daniel."Sciences-Po: après l'affaire Duhamel, une seule solution, la démission du directeur".Libération.Archivedfrom the original on 21 February 2021.Retrieved9 March2021.
  142. ^Paris, Un collectif d'étudiants de Sciences-Po."Affaire Duhamel:" Nous, étudiantes et étudiants, demandons la démission du directeur de Sciences-Po Frédéric Mion "".Libération.Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2021.Retrieved9 March2021.
  143. ^"Affaire Duhamel: des étudiants demandent de nouveau la démission du directeur de Sciences-po".Le Parisien.18 January 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 4 February 2021.Retrieved31 January2021.
  144. ^"Affaire Olivier Duhamel: le rapport qui a poussé Frédéric Mion à démissionner de Sciences Po".Le Monde.fr.10 February 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2021.Retrieved20 February2021– via Le Monde.
  145. ^Garrigou, Alain (1 March 2021)."Petits secrets entre amis à Sciences Po".Le Monde diplomatique.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2021.Retrieved5 March2021.
  146. ^Paris, Charles Bremner."Elite French university caught up in deluge of sex abuse allegations".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2021.Retrieved20 February2021– via thetimes.co.uk.
  147. ^"Elite university drawn into France's sex abuse scandal".The Week UK.12 February 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 14 February 2021.Retrieved20 February2021.
  148. ^"France's elite confronted by sexual abuse scandals".BBC News.19 February 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2021.Retrieved20 February2021.
  149. ^"Sciences Po:" Nous ne nous reconnaissons pas dans la caricature qui est faite "".18 February 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2021.Retrieved19 April2021.
  150. ^""Non, il n'y a pas de culture du viol à Sciences Po"".4 May 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 7 May 2021.Retrieved7 May2021.
  151. ^"Sciences-Po Paris: les foisonnants mais timides rapports sur la déontologie et les violences sexistes et sexuelles".4 May 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 7 May 2021.Retrieved7 May2021.
  152. ^"À Sciences Po Paris, l'idéologie racialiste fait peu à peu son nid".LEFIGARO.10 January 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2021.Retrieved31 January2021.
  153. ^"Race, genre, wokisme et... Sorcières: Sciences Po Reims sous emprise américaine".28 September 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 7 October 2022.Retrieved7 October2022.
  154. ^"Sciences Po: la Cour des comptes demande des poursuites".Challenges.22 November 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2016.Retrieved26 May2017.
  155. ^Bonnet, François (8 October 2012)."Dossier: Sciences-Po, la fuite en avant et les scandales".Mediapart.Archivedfrom the original on 28 August 2016.Retrieved27 August2016.
  156. ^"La dérive financière de Sciences Po et la complaisance de l'État".12 October 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 17 February 2017.Retrieved16 February2017.
  157. ^"La dérive financière de Sciences Po et la complaisance de l'État".Contrepoints.12 October 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 17 February 2017.Retrieved16 February2017.
  158. ^Lindgaard, Jade (13 December 2011)."Les dirigeants de Sciences-Po touchent des superbonus".Mediapart.Archivedfrom the original on 28 August 2016.Retrieved27 August2016.
  159. ^"Educpros: actualités et services pour les professionnels de l'éducation. – Educpros.fr"(PDF).blog.educpros.fr.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 28 August 2016.Retrieved27 August2016.
  160. ^comptes, Cour des."Sciences Po: une forte ambition, une gestion défaillante / Archives / Actualités / Accueil / Cour des Comptes – Cour des comptes".ccomptes.fr.Archived fromthe originalon 26 August 2016.
  161. ^Floc'h, Benoît (8 July 2012)."La Cour des comptes fustige la gestion de Sciences Po".Le Monde.Archivedfrom the original on 9 August 2016.Retrieved27 August2016.
  162. ^"Scandale des salaires à Sciences Po: Jean-Claude Casanova renvoyé devant la Cour de discipline budgétaire".Le Monde.24 July 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2016.Retrieved27 August2016.
  163. ^Floc'h, Benoît (4 December 2015)."Jean-Claude Casanova condamné dans l'" affaire Sciences Po "".Le Monde.Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2016.Retrieved27 August2016.
  164. ^Décodeurs, Les (10 February 2016)."Ce qu'il faut retenir du rapport de la Cour des comptes 2016 en 7 graphes".Le Monde.Archivedfrom the original on 24 August 2017.Retrieved26 May2017.
  165. ^"Prise de bec entre la Cour des comptes et Sciences-Po".Challenges.10 February 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 16 March 2017.Retrieved26 May2017.
  166. ^Ait-Aoudia, Myriam (2013)."Le droit dans la concurrence. Mobilisations universitaires contre la création de diplômes de droit à Sciences Po Paris".Droit et Société(in French): 99–116.doi:10.3917/drs.083.0099.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2020.Retrieved21 February2022.
  167. ^"Filières d'excellence à la fac".Franceinfo.13 February 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 20 January 2021.Retrieved11 January2021.
  168. ^"Universités: les cursus pour étudiants brillants".LEFIGARO.29 September 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2021.Retrieved11 January2021.
  169. ^"Les charmes cachés de l'université".L'Obs.27 December 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2021.Retrieved11 January2021.
  170. ^"Polémique sur les" parcours d'excellence "en droit".Le Monde.fr.24 June 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 25 January 2021.Retrieved11 January2021– via Le Monde.
  171. ^"De Marcel Proust à Florian Zeller: les écrivains diplômés de Sciences Po".Sciences Po.Archivedfrom the original on 6 May 2021.Retrieved31 January2021.
  172. ^Dumont, Yves (2016).Administrateur de sociétés: pourquoi pas moi?: Méthodes et conseils pour rechercher et obtenir un mandat d'administrateur(in French). Eyrolles. p. 215.ISBN978-2-212-56419-8.Archivedfrom the original on 20 October 2021.Retrieved28 January2021.
  173. ^Antonelli, Gilberto; Rehbein, Boike (6 July 2017).Inequality in Economics and Sociology: New Perspectives.Taylor & Francis. p. 101.ISBN978-1-317-19315-9.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2022.Retrieved28 January2021.
  174. ^Delchet-Cochet, Karen (3 November 2020).Circular Economy: From Waste Reduction to Value Creation.John Wiley & Sons. p. 17.ISBN978-1-78630-573-2.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2022.Retrieved28 January2021.
  175. ^Zerouala, Faïza (11 May 2012)."A l'école des présidents de la Vème République".Le Monde.Archivedfrom the original on 8 August 2017.Retrieved9 May2017.
  176. ^"Alain Poher".elysee. Fr.15 December 2022.
  177. ^"ENA and Civil Service Exams: Record Results for Sciences Po Students".Sciences Po.Archivedfrom the original on 22 September 2020.Retrieved26 March2022.
  178. ^Le Foll, Clément (26 June 2017)."Les diplômés de grandes écoles surreprésentés à l'Assemblée nationale".Le Monde.Archivedfrom the original on 13 July 2020.Retrieved10 January2020.
  179. ^"Biographie de Dominique Strauss Kahn".edubourse.21 October 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 24 June 2017.Retrieved9 May2017.
  180. ^"François Delattre, porte-voix de la France à l'ONU".Le Monde.fr.19 April 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 23 April 2017.Retrieved1 June2017.
  181. ^D.C., Ambassade de France aux Etats-Unis – Washington."L'Ambassadeur – France in the United States / Embassy of France in Washington, D.C."France in the United States / Embassy of France in Washington, D.C.Archivedfrom the original on 6 June 2017.Retrieved1 June2017.
  182. ^Po, Alumni Sciences."Manifestation Alumni Sciences Po: Dinner Debate with H.E Sylvie Bermann, French Ambassador to the UK".sciences-po.asso.fr.Archivedfrom the original on 8 August 2017.Retrieved1 June2017.
  183. ^"Biographie de M. Bernard Emié, Ambassadeur de France en Algérie – La France en Algérie".Archived fromthe originalon 25 April 2017.
  184. ^"L'ambassadeur – La France en Chine".Archived fromthe originalon 9 January 2017.
  185. ^"Alumni – Sciences Po International".sciencespo.fr.4 February 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 18 January 2022.Retrieved18 December2021.
  186. ^"Alumni – Sciences Po International".sciencespo.fr.4 February 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 24 April 2017.Retrieved9 May2017.
  187. ^"Emmanuel Gaillard élu professeur à l'École de Droit de Sciences Po"(in French). 6 September 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 21 February 2022.Retrieved21 February2022.
  188. ^"Bruno Latour – Sciences Po – MedialabSciences Po – Medialab".medialab.sciences-po.fr.Archivedfrom the original on 5 August 2017.Retrieved23 May2017.
  189. ^Vincent, Gérard; Dethomas, Anne-Marie (1 January 1987).Sciences po: Histoire d'une réussite(in French). Plon (réédition numérique FeniXX).ISBN978-2-259-26077-0.Retrieved21 June2023.
  190. ^"Frédéric Gros".sciencespo.fr.18 October 2017.Retrieved29 January2023.
  191. ^"1917: Jean- Baptiste Duroselle".Sciences Po stories(in French).Retrieved3 August2017..
  192. ^Bacqué, Raphaëlle (2015).Richie: Biografie(in French). Paris: Bernard Grasset. p. 284.ISBN978-2-246-78913-0.
  193. ^Berstein, Gi sắc le; Berstein, Serge (1995).Dictionnaire historique de la France contemporaine: 1870-1945(in French). Editions Complexe.ISBN978-2-87027-549-8.Retrieved18 July2023.
  194. ^Berstein, Gi sắc le; Berstein, Serge (1995).Dictionnaire historique de la France contemporaine: 1870-1945(in French). Editions Complexe.ISBN978-2-87027-549-8.
  195. ^"Émile Magazine - Ces présidents qui ont enseigné à Sciences Po".Émile Magazine(in French). 23 November 2016.Retrieved22 June2024.
  196. ^Cotta, Michèle (17 October 2012).Le Rose et le Gris: Prélude au quinquennat de François Hollande(in French). Fayard.ISBN978-2-213-67536-7.
  197. ^Fulda, Anne (6 April 2017).Emmanuel Macron, un jeune homme si parfait(in French). Place des éditeurs.ISBN978-2-259-25363-5.
  198. ^Bourmaud, François-Xavier (1 May 2016).Emmanuel Macron, le banquier qui voulait être roi(in French). L'Archipel.ISBN978-2-8098-1873-4.
  199. ^Pellissier, Pierre (1 January 1977).Un certain Raymond Barre(in French). (Hachette) réédition numérique FeniXX.ISBN978-2-7062-3125-4.

Bibliography

edit
  • Richard Descoings,Sciences Po. De la Courneuve à Shanghai,préface deRené Rémond,Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2007 (ISBN2-7246-0990-5)
  • Jacques Chapsal,"L'Institut d'études politiques de l'Université de Paris",Annales de l'Université de Paris,n° 1, 1950
  • "Centenaire de l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris (1872–1972)", brochure de l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris, 1972
  • A Sciences-Po, les voyages forment la jeunesse,Monde Diplomatique, Février 2006
  • Pierre Favre,Cent dix années de cours à l'École libre des sciences politiques et à l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris (1871–1982),thèse de doctorat, 2 volumes, 1986
  • Gérard Vincent,Sciences Po. Histoire d'une réussite,Orban, Paris, 1987
  • Marie-Estelle Leroty,L'Enseignement de l'histoire à l'École libre des sciences politiques et à l'Institut d'études politiques de l'Université de Paris de 1943 à 1968,mémoire de diplôme d'études approfondies dirigé parJean-François Sirinelli,Institut d'études politiques de Paris, 2000
  • Anne Muxel (direction),Les Étudiants de Sciences Po,Paris:Presses de Sciences Po,2004,ISBN2-7246-0937-9:Résultats d'une grande enquête menée en janvier 2002 auprès des élèves par le Cevipof
  • Comité national d'évaluation des établissements publics à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel,Rapport d'évaluation de l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris,Septembre 2005
  • Cyril Delhay,Promotion ZEP. Des quartiers à Sciences Po,Paris:Hachette,2006,ISBN2-01-235949-3
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related toInstitut d'études politiques de Paris.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sciences_Po&oldid=1259956514"