Wikipedia

Screen Gems

This article is about the animation/television/feature film production company owned by Sony. For the New York company, seeEUE/Screen Gems.For the album by Elkie Brooks, seeScreen Gems (album).

Screen Gemsis an American film production company owned bySony Pictures Entertainment,a subsidiary of Japanese multinational conglomerate,Sony Group Corporation.[1]TheScreen Gemsbrand has served several different purposes for its parent companies over the decades since its incorporation, initially as a cartoon studio, then a television studio, and later on as a film studio. The label currently serves as a film production that specializes in genre films, mainly horror.[2]

Screen Gems
Product typeAnimation (1921–49)
Television (1948–74)
Film (1998–present)
OwnerSony Pictures Entertainment
CountryUnited States
Introduced1921;103 years ago(1921)(animation division)
November 1948;75 years ago(November 1948)(television division)
December 8, 1998;25 years ago(December 8, 1998)(film division)
Discontinued1949;75 years ago(1949)(animation division)
May 6, 1974;50 years ago(1974-05-06)(television division)

Screen Gems is a member of theMotion Picture Association(MPA).[3]

Animation studio (1921–49)

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Screen Gems
FormerlyM.J. Winkler Pictures (1921–26)
Winkler Pictures (1926–31)
The Charles Mintz Studio (1931–33)
IndustryAnimation
Founded1921;103 years ago(1921)
FounderMargaret J. Winkler
Defunct1949;75 years ago(1949)
Headquarters
New York City,New York (1921–31)
California
,
United States
ProductsShort films
Production output
Animation
ParentColumbia Pictures

Early years (1921–33)

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When producerPat Sullivancame toHarry Warnerto sign a contract with him on his andOtto Messmer's seriesFelix the Cat,he declined and instead told his soon-to-be former secretaryMargaret J. Winklerthat she should form her own company and take control of the distribution of the series. Winkler formed M.J. Winkler Productions and soon also took control ofMaxandDave Fleischer's seriesOut of the Inkwell.By 1923 she and Sullivan were arguing, and that same year the Fleischer Brothers formed their own distribution company named Red Seal. Winkler saw an unreleased short calledAlice's Wonderland,a cartoon produced and directed byWalt Disney,and became impressed with the short. The two agreed to make a series about the cartoon. In 1924,Charles Mintzmarried Winkler, and the latter's career began to decline. Mintz quickly assumed Winkler's role in the company, later rebranding it Winkler Pictures. In 1925 Winkler's renewal contract for the Felix shorts was written, yet Winkler declined to renew due to her dispute with Sullivan. The following year theAlice Comediesstopped being distributed by Winkler. After Mintz become involved with the progress it was clear that Disney was unhappy with the production costs on cartoons, and he asked Disney andUb Iwerksto develop a new character. The result wasOswald the Lucky Rabbit,the first animated character forUniversal Pictures.[4]In February 1928, when the character proved more successful than expected, Disney sought to meet with Mintz over the budget, wanting to spend more on the cartoons. Mintz refused, and hired away all ofWalt Disney Studios's animators except Iwerks, Les Clark, and Johnny Cannon, who all refused to leave Disney. He moved the production of the Oswald cartoons to Winkler Pictures, along with Margaret Winkler's brother, George. After losing the Oswald contract toWalter Lantz,Mintz focused on theKrazy Katseries, which was the output of a Winkler-distributed property.

M.J. Winkler Productions became known as Winkler Pictures after Mintz took over in 1926 and partnered withColumbia Picturesfor distribution in 1929. In 1931, when the studio moved from New York to California, it was renamed The Charles Mintz Studio.[5]

Becoming Screen Gems (1933–49)

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The Charles Mintz studio became known as Screen Gems in 1933. The name was originally used in 1933, whenColumbia Picturesacquired a stake in Charles Mintz's animation studio.[6]The name was derived from an early Columbia Pictures slogan, "Gems of the Screen"; itself a takeoff on the song "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean".[7]In 1939, a short while before his death, after becoming indebted to Columbia, Mintz relinquished ownership of his studio and the Screen Gems name to Columbia to settle longstanding financial problems.[8]

Mintz was nominated for twoAcademy Awardsfor Best Short Subject. His first nomination was in 1935 forHoliday Land,and he was nominated again in 1938 forThe Little Match Girl.

For an entire decade,Charles MintzproducedKrazy Kat,Scrappy,andColor Rhapsodyanimated filmshortsthrough Columbia Pictures. Mintz's production manager became the studio head but was shortly replaced by Mintz's brother-in-law, George Winkler. Columbia then decided to hireFrank Tashlin,then a writer forWalt Disney Productions,as lead producer.[9]There he would hire many displaced animators from the 1941Disney animators' strike,as well as making the decision of firing the bulk of their initial staff (includedArthur Davis,Manny Gould,Lou Lilly,Ben Harrison and Winkler). Tashlin would also direct the 1941 shortThe Fox and the Grapes.Based on theAesop's Fableof the same name, the short would inadvetably spawn Columbia's most successful characters withThe Fox and the Crow,a comic duo of a refined Fox and a street-wise Crow.

Tashlin's stay at Screen Gems would be short-lived, as he would later leave the studio, following an argument with Columbia higher-ups.[10]When interviewed by Michael Barrier, Tashlin said that the management "can't stay happy long when things are going well, so we ended up in another fracas and I left."[9]He was replaced byDave Fleischer,previously the co-founder and head director ofFleischer Studios.John Hubleydescribed Fleischer as "one of the world's intellectual lightweights", as he had very little involvement in the making of cartoons. However he was also noted for his baffling editing practices.[11]Dave was later fired and succeeded by a revolving door of producers, including musician Paul Worth,Three StoogesproducerHugh McCollumand ex-Schlesinger assistants Ray Katz and Henry Binder. The studio would also create several more recurring characters around this time, includingTito and His Burrito,Flippy,Flop the Cat,Igor Puzzlewitz,Willoughby Wren,and an adaptation ofAl Capp'scomic seriesLi'l Abner,with varying levels of success.

The studios output following Tashlin's departure was, in retrospect, considered to be vastly inferior as many of the cartoons made during this period were described as being "misguided" or "imitation Warner Bros." Hubley also said to have disliked his work at the studio, and that Columbia "hated" the cartoons they were making.[11]Historians note that the decline in quality could have been caused by several key factors; Tashlin's departure from the studio, the inability to obtain confident animators, writers or directors and Columbia's mismanagement behind the scenes.

Other staff members during this period included people such as Bob Wickersham, Paul Sommer, Alec Geiss, Sid Marcus, Howard Swift andAlex Lovy.Bob Clampettwas also brought in as a gag writer before setting up his own animation studio forRepublic Pictures.[12][13]

Screen Gems was, in an attempt to keep costs low, the last American animation studio to stop producing black and white cartoons. The final black-and-white Screen Gems shorts appeared in 1946, over three years after the second-longest holdouts (Famous Studiosand Leon Schlesinger Productions). During that same year, Columbia decided to shut its doors for good, while releasing a back catalog up until 1949.[14]It later merged with the television version of Screen Gems (previously Pioneer Telefilms).

In spite of the studio's internal affairs, Screen Gems' cartoons were still moderately successful, with it achieving additionalAcademy Awards nominations.However it never achieved a level of success comparable toWalt Disney Productions,Warner Bros. Cartoons,and theMGM Cartoon Studio.The studio's purpose was assumed by an outside producer,United Productions of America(UPA), whose cartoons, includingGerald McBoing-Boingand theMr. Magooseries, were major critical and commercial successes. Following UPA, a deal withHanna-Barberawas made in 1957, which lasted until 1967.

In 1999,Columbia TriStar International TelevisionproducedTotally Tooned In- a syndicated TV package showcasing Columbia's classic cartoon library. With the aid of animation historianJerry Beck,Columbia restored and remastered the majority of the color Screen Gems cartoons (as well as all the UPA cartoons) from their original 35mm elements. The show aired in several international markets before making its American television debut onAntenna TVon January 8, 2011. They would later be aired onToon In With Meon theMeTVNetwork in November 2021.[15]Despite these restoration efforts,Sony Pictures Home Entertainmenthas no current plans to release these shorts on DVD or Blu-ray. Since CPE Holdings, Inc. became dormant on May 9, 2024,Sony Pictures Releasingnow owns the theatrical distribution on behalf ofColumbia Pictures,whileSony Pictures Televisionowns the television distribution on behalf of CPT Holdings, Inc. to the majority of the color Screen Gems cartoons (as well as all the UPA cartoons) library.

Theatrical short film series

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All series were distributed by Columbia unless otherwise noted.[16]

Television subsidiary (1948–1974)

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Screen Gems Television
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryTelevision production
Television syndication
PredecessorPioneer Telefilms
FoundedNovember 1948;75 years ago(1948-11)
FounderRalph Cohn
DefunctMay 6, 1974;50 years ago(1974-05-06)
FateRebranded asColumbia Pictures Television
SuccessorsStudio:
Columbia Pictures Television
Library:
NBCUniversal Syndication Studios
(pre-1948Universal Pictureslibrary only)
Warner Bros. Television Studios
(pre-1969Hanna-Barberalibrary only)
Headquarters
New York City,Los Angeles, California
,
United States
Area served
Worldwide
ParentColumbia Pictures

Early years (1948–54)

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Ralph Cohn, the son of Columbia co-founderJack Cohnand nephew of Columbia headHarry Cohn,founded Pioneer Telefilms, a television commercial production company, in 1947. Ralph later wrote a 50-page memo arguing that Columbia should be the first major film studio to move into television. Although Harry wasn't convinced by the suggestion, Columbia invested $50,000 acquiring Pioneer and reorganized it as Screen Gems.[18]The studio started its new business in New York on April 15, 1949.[19]

By 1951, Screen Gems became a full-fledged television studio by producing and syndicating several popular shows(seebelow).Within a few months, Ralph Cohn had sold a half-hour dramatic anthology concept to theFord Motor Companywhich becameFord Theatre,which was one of the first times a major Hollywood movie studio had produced content for television. They also produced seven episodes of the first season ofCavalcade of America.[20][21]

The name "Screen Gems," at the time, was used to hide the fact that the film studio was entering television production and distribution. Many film studios saw television as a threat to their business, thus it was expected that they would shun the medium. However, Columbia was one of a few studios who branched out to television under a pseudonym to conceal the true ownership of the television arm. That is until 1955, when Columbia decided to usethe woman from its logounder the Screen Gems banner, officially billing itself as a part of "the Hollywood studios of Columbia Pictures", as spoken in announcements at the end of some Screen Gems series.

By 1952, the studio had produced a series of about 100 film-record coordinated releases for television under the brand "TV Disk Jockey Toons" in which the films "synchronize perfectly with the records".[22]

Rising success (1954–68)

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In 1954, the studio started producingFather Knows Beston CBS andThe Adventures of Rin Tin Tinon ABC, which became their biggest successes at the time.[18]

On July 1, 1956, studio veteranIrving Briskinstepped down as stage manager of Columbia Pictures and formed his own production company Briskin Productions, Inc. to release series through Screen Gems and supervise all of its productions.[23]On December 10, 1956, Screen Gems expanded into television syndication by acquiring Hygo Television Films (a.k.a. Serials Inc.) and its affiliated company United Television Films, Inc. Hygo Television Films was founded in 1951 by Jerome Hyams, who also acquired United Television Films in 1955 that was founded by Archie Mayers.[24]

During that year, the studio began syndicating Columbia Pictures' theatrical film library to television, including the series of two-reel short subjects starringThe Three Stoogesin 1957. Earlier on August 2, 1957, they also acquired syndication rights to "Shock Theater",a package ofUniversal Pictureshorror films (later shifted toMCA TV), which was enormously successful in reviving that genre.[25]

From 1958 to 1974, under President John H. Mitchell and Vice President of ProductionHarry Ackerman,Screen Gems delivered TV shows and sitcoms:Dennis the Menace,The Donna Reed Show,Hazel,Here Come the Brides,Mr. Smith Goes to Washington,Gidget,Bewitched,I Dream of Jeannie,The Flying Nun,The Monkees,The Girl with Something ExtraandThe Partridge Family.

It was also the first distributor forHanna-BarberaProductions, an animation studio founded byWilliam HannaandJoseph Barberaafter leavingMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer,and was also the distributor of theSoupy Salesshow. The company also entered a co-production deal withCanada'sCTV Television Networkand produced several shows, many of which were filmed or taped inTorontofor distribution to Canadian stations (Showdown,The Pierre Berton Show).[citation needed]The company even expanded as far asAustralia,opening Screen Gems Australia to produce shows for that country's networks, includingThe Graham Kennedy Showfor theNine Network.[26]

In the late 1950s, Screen Gems also entered into ownership and operation of television stations. Stations owned by Screen Gems over the years included KCPX (Salt Lake City; nowKTVX,owned byNexstar Media Group),WVUE-DT(New Orleans; now owned byGray Television),WAPA-TV(San Juan; now owned by the Hemisphere Media Group),WNJU(Linden, NJ; nowTelemundo/NBCUniversalO&O), and several radio stations as well, including 50,000-watt clear channelWWVA(Wheeling, WV; now owned byiHeartMedia). As a result, in funding its acquisitions, 18% of Screen Gems' shares was spun off from Columbia and it became a publicly-traded company on the NYSE until 1968. Screen Gems also provided technical assistance and partial control of a private television station inVenezuela,Canal 11 Televisión,which existed from 1966 to 1968.[27][28]

In 1963, William Dozier, who was one of the top Screen Gems employees, and senior vice president of production left to start out Greenway Productions, with a non-exclusive agreement with the studio for joint distribution of its TV productions.[29]Even though none of Greenway's shows went to SG, Greenway immediately struck out a deal with rival television producer20th Century-Fox Televisionin 1964.[30]

In 1963, Screen Gens entered music publishing with the purchase ofDon Kirshner'sAldon Musicwith Kirshner named head of the Columbia-Screen-Gems music division. Four years later, he departed Screen Gems after coming into conflict withThe Monkeesover their desire to play on their records.Lester SillreplacedKirshner,and remained head of music publishing until 1985. Screen Gems-Columbia Music was sold to EMI for $23.5 million in 1976.

From 1964 to 1969, former child starJackie Cooperwas Vice President of Program Development. He was responsible for packaging series (such asBewitched) and other projects and selling them to the networks.

For the 1965–1966 season, Screen Gems announced that they would sign three big creative programmers to develop new series, which was announced in June 1964. Among them was writerSidney Sheldon,directorHy Averback,and writerDavid Swift.[31]

In 1965, Columbia Pictures acquired a fifty per cent interest in the New York-based commercialproduction companyEUE, which was incorporated into Screen Gems and renamedEUE/Screen Gems.The studios were sold in 1982 to longtime Columbia Pictures Executive, George Cooney, shortly after Columbia Pictures was sold toThe Coca-Cola Company.

Later years, merger with Columbia Pictures and reincorporation as Columbia Pictures Television (1968–74)

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On December 23, 1968, Screen Gems merged with its parent company Columbia Pictures Corporation and became part of the newly formed Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. for $24.5 million.[32]

In the following year, formerABCvice president of programmingLeonard Goldbergjoined Screen Gems, displacing Jackie Cooper as vice president of program development.[33]Goldberg failed to receive the same level of success as Cooper. His shows all tanked after one season, with the exception ofThe Partridge Family,and he abruptly left after three years, with the most notable other production of Goldberg's tenure at Screen Gems being the 1971 television movieBrian's Song.He then formed a production company with producerAaron Spelling.[34]

In 1971,Douglas S. Cramer,former executive VP in charge of production atParamount Television,set up a SG-affiliated production firm, The Douglas S. Cramer Company, to produce projects for feature films and TV projects via Columbia Pictures.[35]In 1972,David Gerber,who had left20th Century Fox Television,set up a SG-affiliated production company to produce his own projects with that company. The most notable of these productions wasPolice Story,an NBC police crime drama.[34]In 1973, Allan Blye andChris Beardevia Blye-Bearde Productions signed an independent production agreement with Screen Gems to develop their own projects.[36]Also that year, Harry Ackerman, who was vice president of production left the studio to start his own production company to be affiliated withParamount Television.[37]

On May 6, 1974, Screen Gems was renamed toColumbia Pictures Televisionas suggested by then-studio presidentDavid Gerber,who succeeded Art Frankel as his studio president.[38]The final notable production from this incarnation of Screen Gems before the name change was the 1974miniseriesQB VII.Columbia was, technically, the last major studio to enter television by name.

Changes in corporate ownership of Columbia came in 1982, when Coca-Cola bought the company, although continuing to trade under the CPT name. In the mid-1980s, Coca-Cola reorganized its television holdings to create Coca-Cola Television, merging CPT with the television unit of Embassy Communications as Columbia/Embassy Television, although both companies continued to use separate identities until January 4, 1988, when it andTri-Star Televisionwere reunited under the CPT name.[39]Columbia also ranColex Enterprises,a joint venture withLBS Communicationsto distribute most of the Screen Gems library, which ended in 1987.[40]In 1985, the name was brought back byColumbia Pictures Televisionto distribute classic television series from its vaults to first-run syndication.[41]

On December 18, 1987, Coca-Cola spun off its entertainment holdings and sold it toTri-Star Pictures, Inc.for $3.1 billion. It was renamed to Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc., also creating Columbia/Tri-Star by merging Columbia and Tri-Star. Both studios continued to produce and distribute films under their separate names.[42]In 1989,SonyCorporation of Japan purchased Columbia Pictures Entertainment. On August 11, 1991, Columbia Pictures Entertainment was renamed asSony Pictures Entertainmentas a film production-distribution subsidiary and subsequently combined CPT with a revived TriStar Television on February 21, 1994 to formColumbia TriStar Television.The name "Screen Gems" was also utilized for a syndicated hour-long program for classic television calledScreen Gems Networkthat first aired in 1999 and ran until 2002.[43]

The television division is presently known as (and as a name-only unit of)Sony Pictures Television.

Television series

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Television programs produced and/or syndicated by Screen Gems:

Films

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Hanna-Barbera Productions

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TV series / specials

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Note: (*)= Currently owned byTurner Entertainment Co.andWarner Bros.

Theatrical films

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Note: (*) = Currently owned byTurner EntertainmentandWarner Bros. Discovery

Briskin Productions

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Specialty feature film studio (1998–present)

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Screen Gems, Inc.
Company typeDivision[1]
IndustryFilm
PredecessorTriumph Films
FoundedDecember 8, 1998;25 years ago(1998-12-08)[47]
Headquarters10202 West Washington Boulevard,
Culver City, California
,
United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Ashley Brucks (President)
ParentSony Pictures Motion Picture Group
SubsidiariesScream Gems

On December 8, 1998, Screen Gems was resurrected as a fourth speciality film-producing arm of Sony's Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group. It was created afterTriumph Filmsclosed.[47]Screen Gems produces and releases "films that fall between the wide-release films traditionally developed and distributed by Columbia Pictures and those released bySony Pictures Classics".[48]Many of its releases are of the horror,[2]thriller, action, drama, comedy and urban genres, making the unit similar toDimension Films(part ofLantern Entertainment),Hollywood PictureswithSearchlight Pictures(divisions ofThe Walt Disney Company), andRogue Pictures(when it was formally owned byRelativity Mediaand before that,Universal Pictures).

As of 2023,Resident Evil: The Final Chapter(2016) is Screen Gems' highest-grossing film with over $300 million dollars worldwide in box office earnings.

Film library

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Main article:List of Screen Gems films

References

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  2. ^abLang, Brent (April 12, 2016)."Sony Pictures Chief Tom Rothman Said Movie Business Must Stay Committed to Originality".Variety.RetrievedJune 26,2016.
  3. ^"Motion Picture Association of America – Who We Are – Our Story".MPAA.Archivedfrom the original on August 30, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 17,2018.
  4. ^Gabler, Neal (2006).Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination.New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 183.ISBN978-0-6794-3822-9.Archived fromthe originalon June 7, 2013.
  5. ^"Winkler Pictures Moves West" - The Film Daily (12/14/1931)
  6. ^"History of Gems".Los Angeles Times.June 12, 1999.RetrievedSeptember 17,2020.
  7. ^"Juvenile Stars Of These Movies Work As Long As Asked".The Helena Daily Independent.Associated Press.October 8, 1939. p. 4.RetrievedSeptember 17,2020– viaNewspapers.
  8. ^Dobson, Nichola (April 1, 2010).The A to Z of Animation and Cartoons.Scarecrow Press. pp. 47–48.ISBN978-1-4616-6402-4.
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  10. ^Sigall (2005), pp. 71–72
  11. ^ab"MichaelBarrier -- Interviews: John Hubley".michaelbarrier.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
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  13. ^Beck, Jerry;Amidi, Amid."It's a Grand Old Nag".Cartoon Brew. Archived fromthe originalon July 21, 2012.RetrievedOctober 30,2009.
  14. ^Thomas, Bob(November 28, 1946)."Future of Movie Cartoons Gloomy As Costs Increase".The Paris News.Associated Press. p. 13.RetrievedSeptember 11,2015– via Newspapers.
  15. ^Beck, Jerry.Totally Tooned In episode guide.Accessed 3 September 2012.
  16. ^"The Columbia Crow's Nest - the Columbia Ency-Crow-Pedia".Archived fromthe originalon September 29, 2007.
  17. ^"Screen Gems".Screen Gems - Chermayeff & Geismar & Haviv.Chermayeff & Geismar & Haviv.RetrievedFebruary 17,2022.
  18. ^abLittleton, Cynthia (January 25, 1999). "Little screen sees big global success".Variety(Columbia Pictures 75th Anniversary ed.). p. 11.
  19. ^"Screen gems has new iron in fire"(PDF).Broadcasting.56(15): 76. April 13, 1959.RetrievedSeptember 17,2020.
  20. ^abc"Obituaries: Ralph M. Cohn".Variety.August 5, 1959. p. 79.RetrievedJanuary 18,2021– viaArchive.org.
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  22. ^Kleiner, Richard(May 10, 1952)."Video Disc Jockey Rolls Films, Too".Anderson Daily Bulletin.RetrievedSeptember 11,2015– via Newspapers.
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  24. ^"Screen Gems Buys Hygo, United, Sets Up TV Ownership Division"(PDF).Broadcasting.51(24): 60. December 10, 1956.
  25. ^"Table of Contents".Dick Nitelinger's The Hosts of Horror.June 10, 2004. Archived fromthe originalon June 10, 2004.RetrievedSeptember 17,2020.
  26. ^"Closing credits,The Graham Kennedy Show".YouTube.Archivedfrom the original on December 21, 2021.RetrievedOctober 2,2017.
  27. ^"Television Factbook"(PDF).1966. p. 871-b.RetrievedMay 12,2023.
  28. ^"The U.S. Media Empire in Latin America (with four pages of charts and tables)".NACLA.September 25, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon November 22, 2021.RetrievedMay 12,2023.
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  31. ^"Fates & Fortunes"(PDF).Broadcasting.June 15, 1964.RetrievedOctober 30,2021.
  32. ^"Columbia, SG complete $24.5 million merger"(PDF).Broadcasting.75(26): 53. December 23, 1968.
  33. ^"Fates & Fortunes"(PDF).Broadcasting.April 7, 1969.RetrievedOctober 30,2021.
  34. ^ab"Metamorphosis underway at TV studios"(PDF).Broadcasting.May 1, 1972.RetrievedOctober 30,2021.
  35. ^"Fates & Fortunes"(PDF).Broadcasting.May 10, 1971.RetrievedOctober 31,2021.
  36. ^"Fates & Fortunes"(PDF).Broadcasting.October 1, 1973.RetrievedOctober 31,2021.
  37. ^"Harry Ackerman".Variety.February 11, 1991.RetrievedJuly 2,2017.
  38. ^ab"Remodeling at Screen Gems"(PDF).Broadcasting.86(18): 39–40. May 6, 1974.
  39. ^Harris, Kathryn (November 25, 1986)."Nation".Los Angeles Times.p. 44.RetrievedAugust 1,2023– via Newspapers.
  40. ^"Sale in the works for 'Eden' mini-series"(PDF).Broadcasting.106(5): 45. January 30, 1984.
  41. ^"Out of attic"(PDF).Broadcasting Magazine.July 29, 1985. p. 7.RetrievedAugust 18,2023.
  42. ^Harris, Kathryn (September 2, 1987)."Coke, Tri-Star Confirm Plans for $3.1-Billion Deal".Los Angeles Times.pp. 44,46.RetrievedAugust 1,2023– via Newspapers.
  43. ^"CTTD pitches classic TV"(PDF).Broadcasting & Cable.Vol. 129, no. 2. January 11, 1999. p. 12.RetrievedSeptember 17,2020.
  44. ^Manners, Dorothy (August 21, 1952)."Will Rogers Jr. Sign to Make Another Film, for TV This Time".Albuquerque Journal.International News Service. p. 18.RetrievedSeptember 11,2015– via Newspapers.
  45. ^"No Introduction Needed Here".The Ogden (Utah) Standard Examiner.November 12, 1952. p. 14C.RetrievedSeptember 11,2001– via Newspapers.
  46. ^abc"A man for all seasons: CPT's David Gerber"(PDF).Broadcasting.October 7, 1974.RetrievedOctober 31,2021.
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