Wikipedia

Death Star

(Redirected fromSecond Death Star)
For other uses, seeDeath Star (disambiguation).

TheDeath Staris afictionalspace stationandsuperweaponfeatured in theStar Warsspace-operafranchise.Constructed by the autocraticGalactic Empire,the Death Star is capable of obliterating entire planets, and serves to enforce the Empire'sreign of terror.Appearing in the original 1977 filmStar Wars,the Death Star serves as the central plot point and setting for the film, and is destroyed in an assault by theRebel Allianceduring the climax of the film, with the 2016 prequel filmRogue Oneand the 2022 television seriesAndorexploring its construction. A largersecond Death Staris being built in the events of the 1983 filmReturn of the Jedi,featuring substantially improved capabilities compared to its predecessor, before it is destroyed by the Rebel Alliance while under construction.

Death Star
A spherical space station suspended in space
Original Death Star
First appearance
Created byGeorge Lucas
Designed byColin Cantwell
Information
AffiliationGalactic Empire
Launchedn/a, constructed in space.
Combat vehiclesTIE Fighters
General characteristics
ClassOrbital Battle Station
ArmamentsSuperlaser
DefensesTurbolasers, Laser cannons, Tractor beams, and Ion cannons
Maximum speedFaster than light speed
PropulsionImperial Hyperdrive
PowerAble to destroy aplanetwith one shot of the superlaser.
Width160 km (99 mi) (Death Star I); 200 km (120 mi) (Death Star II)

Since its first appearance, the Death Star has become acultural iconand a widely recognized element of theStar Warsfranchise. It inspired numerous similar superweapons in fiction as well as in otherStar Warsworks. The 2015 filmThe Force AwakensintroducesStarkiller Base,a planet (Ilum) converted by theFirst Orderinto a Death Star-like superweapon. While more powerful and technologically advanced than both Death Stars, it is also destroyed by theResistance.The 2019 filmThe Rise of Skywalkerintroduces the Final Order, a massive fleet ofXyston-class Star Destroyers built by theSith Eternal,individual warships each carrying "planet-killing" weapons; the film also features the remains of the second Death Star, on the ocean moon of Kef Bir.

Origin and design

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According to franchise creatorGeorge Lucas,his initial outline for theStar Warssaga did not feature the Death Star in the portion that would be adapted as the first film. When he set to creating the first act of this outline as a feature, he borrowed the Death Star concept from the third act.[1]

Although details, such as the superlaser's location, shifted between different concept models during the production ofStar Wars(1977),[a]the notion of the Death Star being a large, spherical space station over 100 kilometres (62 mi) in diameter was consistent in all of them.[2]George Lucas gave the original task of designing a "Death Star" to concept artist and spaceship modelerColin Cantwell,[3]who had collaborated withStanley Kubrickon the 1968 film2001: A Space Odyssey.[4]InEmpire of Dreams,a documentary about the filming and production ofStar Wars,Cantwell revealed that theDeath Starwas originally supposed to be a perfect sphere. The model was constructed in two separate pieces, however, and wasn't fitting together as planned. It was then decided that there could be a trench going around the equator of the space station. Lucas liked the idea,[3][4]and the Death Star model was created byJohn Stears.[5][6]The buzzing sound counting down to the Death Star firing its superlaser comes from theFlash Gordonserials.[7]Portraying an incomplete yet powerful space station posed a problem forIndustrial Light & Magic's modelmakers forReturn of the Jedi.[8]Only the front side of the 137-centimetre (54 in) model was completed, and the image was flipped horizontally for the final film.[8]Both Death Stars were depicted by a combination of complete and sectional models andmatte paintings.[2][8]

Special effects

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The explosion special effect depicted in the 2004 Special Edition ofA New Hope

The grid plan animation shown during the Rebel briefing before the Death Star attack inA New Hopewas an actual computer-graphics simulation developed byLarry Cubaat theUniversity of Illinois Chicagoalongside computer graphics researcherTom DeFanti.[9]George Lucas had recruited Cuba for the project after becoming familiar with his andGary Imhoff's work withCalArtsat theJet Propulsion Laboratory.[10]

After filming was complete, the original model, as well as one of the surface setpieces, were to be thrown out, but they were eventually salvaged.[11][12][13]

The Death Star explosions featured in the Special Edition ofA New Hopeand inReturn of the Jediare rendered with aPraxis Effect,wherein a flat ring of matter erupts from the explosion.[14]

Depiction

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The original Death Star was introduced in the originalStar Warsfilm,[a]which later had elements of its backstory explored in the prequel filmsAttack of the ClonesandRevenge of the Sith,the animated seriesThe Clone WarsandRebels,and the 2016anthology filmRogue One.The second Death Star appears inReturn of the Jedi,and a similar superweapon, Starkiller Base, appears inThe Force Awakens.Both the original and second Death Star weremoon-sized and designed for massivepower-projectioncapabilities, capable of destroying an entire planet with a 6.2x1032J/s power output blast from their superlasers.[15]

Original Death Star

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The original Death Star's completed form appears in the originalStar Warsfilm, known as theDS-1Orbital Battle Station,orProject StardustinRogue One;before learning the true name of the weapon, the Rebel Alliance referred to it as the "Planet Killer".[16]Commanded byGovernor Tarkin,it is theGalactic Empire's "ultimate weapon",[b]a huge spherical battle station 160 kilometres (99 mi) in diameter capable of destroying a planet with one shot of its superlaser.

Emperor Palpatine(left) andDarth Vader(right) oversee the construction of the first Death Star inStar Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith.

The film opens withPrincess Leiatransporting the station'sschematicsto theRebel Allianceto aid them in destroying the Death Star.[17]To mark the Death Star being fully operational, Tarkin orders the Death Star to destroy Leia's home world ofAlderaanin an attempt to press her into giving him the location of the secret Rebel headquarters; she gives them the location ofDantooine,which housed a now-deserted Rebel base, but Tarkin has Alderaan destroyed anyway as a demonstration of the Empire's resolve. Later,Luke Skywalker,Han Solo,Chewbacca,Obi-Wan Kenobi,C-3PO,andR2-D2(who were intended to arrive at Alderaan on board theMillennium Falcon) are pulled aboard the station by atractor beam,where they discover and manage to rescue Princess Leia. As they make their escape, Obi-Wan sacrifices himself whilst duelingDarth Vader,enabling the others to flee the station. Later, Luke returns as part of a fighter force to attack its only weak point: a ray-shielded particle exhaust vent leading straight from the surface directly into its reactor core, discovered previously from the stolen schematics. Luke is able to successfully launch hisX-wing fighter's torpedoes into the vent, impacting the core and triggering a catastrophic explosion, which destroys the station before it can annihilate the Rebel base onYavin 4.[18]

The Death Star's schematics are visible in the scenes onGeonosisinStar Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones,evidently designed byGeonosiansled by ArchdukePoggle the Lesser,a member of theConfederacy of Independent Systems,[19]and is shown early in construction at the end ofEpisode III – Revenge of the Sith.[20]The Clone WarsLegacy story reel from the unfinishedCrystal Crisis on Utapauepisodes reveals thatGeneral Grievouswent toUtapauprior toRevenge of the Sithin order to acquire an enormouskyber crystalto power the Death Star's superlaser.[21]

As depicted inRogue OneandCatalyst: A Rogue One Novel(2016), the Death Star was worked on by a team of scientists sequestered on the rainswept world ofEadu,overseen byOrson Krennic,the Director of Advanced Weapons Research for the Imperial Military. Under Krennic's supervision, the project was beset by constant delays, and he forcibly recruited weapons designerGalen Erso(the father ofJyn Erso,the film's protagonist) to complete the design. The Death Star scientists sought to fusekyber crystalshards into larger structures and used those crystals to amplify energy into a stable beam powerful enough to destroy an entire planet.[16][22][pages needed]In theDisney+series,Andor,set after the novel but before the film, prisoners of the Imperial Prison Complex in Narkina 5, includingCassian Andor,who got sent to the prison during his time as Keef Girgo, worked on Imperial equipment during their shifts, which was revealed in the post-credits scene of the series' final episode,Rix Road,to be parts built for the superlaser.

The 2014 bookStar Wars: Tarkindetails the life of Grand Moff Tarkin and prominently features the Death Star.Catalyst: A Rogue One Noveltells the story of the development of the Death Star's superweapon by Galen Erso and Krennic's deception of him. It also reveals how Poggle worked with Krennic on the project but then turned on him.[23]In the animated seriesStar Wars Rebels,the two-part episode "Ghosts of Geonosis" hints that the Geonosians were nearly wiped out to extinction out of the Empire's need for secrecy.Saw Gerrera,having been sent to Geonosis to investigate, deduces that the Empire possesses a superweapon and resolves to discover the Death Star as depicted in the two-part episode "In the Name of the Rebellion". Though it is a dead end, Saw learns that the weapon is powered by kyber crystals taken from theJedhasystem.

Rogue Onefocuses on a band of Rebels stealing the Death Star plans just prior to the events ofA New Hope.The Death Star is first used to destroy Jedha City, both as a response to a violent insurgency on the planet and as a display of the Death Star's operational status. Tarkin assumes control over the Death Star while Krennic investigates security breaches in the design project. It is subsequently revealed that Galen discreetly sabotaged the design by building a vulnerability into the reactor. After the Death Star plans are stolen from the Scarif vault, Tarkin fires the Death Star's superlaser on the base, killing Krennic, as well as Jyn Erso and her small band of rebels.[16]Rogue Onealso reveals that the Death Star's superlaser is powered by multiple reactors, allowing it to vary its destructive power depending on the target; both the attack on Jedha City and the Scarif base used a single reactor.

According toStar Warsreference books, the population of the Death Star was 1.7 million military personnel, 400,000 maintenance droids, and 250,000 civilians, associated contractors and catering staff.[24][25] The Death Star was defended by thousands of turbolasers, ion cannons and laser cannons, plus a complement of seven to nine thousand TIE fighters, along with tens of thousands of support craft. It also had several massive docking bays, including dry docks capable of accommodatingStar Destroyers.[26]

A hologram of the original Death Star is briefly visible in a scene at the Resistance base inThe Force Awakensand used as a means of comparison with one from theFirst Order's own superweapon, Starkiller Base.[27]

Second Death Star

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The second Death Star

The 1983 filmReturn of the Jedifeatures theDS-2 Orbital Battle Stationunder construction as it orbits the forest moonEndor,which houses a shield generator protecting the station. The second Death Star is substantially more advanced and more powerful than its predecessor, and the critical weakness found in the first Death Star has been removed—the Rebel Alliance's only hope is to destroy it prior to its completion.Darth Sidiousand Darth Vadersend the Rebels false informationthat the station's weapons systems are not yet complete in order to lure the Alliance fleet into a trap, resulting in the decisive Battle of Endor. In fact, the station's superlaser is fully operational, and it begins firing on and destroying Rebelcapital shipsduring the battle.

A ground assault team led byHan Solowith the help of the Endor-nativeEwokssuccessfully manages to disable the shield generator, allowing Rebel pilotsWedge AntillesandLando Calrissianto fly into the station (using Han'sMillennium Falcon) and fire on its reactor, destroying the station in another catastrophic explosion.[28]

An early draft ofReturn of the Jedifeatures two Death Stars at various stages of completion.[29]According to theStar Wars Encyclopedia,the second Death Star had at its "north pole... a heavily armored 100-story tower topped by the Emperor's private observation chamber."[30]The size of the second Death Star has not remained consistent among the various writers for theStar Warsfranchise, with some stating it shared the first Death Star's 160-kilometre (99 mi) radius and others claiming it was much more massive with a 900-kilometre (560 mi) radius.[31]The most recent figure established in 2017 by Ryder Windham gives the second Death Star a radius of 200 kilometres (120 mi).[32]

The second Death Star is featured on the cover of the bookStar Wars: Aftermath(2015), which also features many flashbacks to the destruction of the second Death Star, as well as the events directly after its destruction. One of the main characters in the story personally escaped the explosion of the Death Star. The destruction of the second Death Star was also shown in holograms in the book.[citation needed]The 2015 comic bookStar Wars: Shattered Empirealso explores the days following the destruction of the second Death Star from the perspective ofPoe Dameron's parents, who were pilots during the event. The video gameStar Wars: Uprisingalso takes place during the aftermath of the second Death Star's destruction, and features a hologram of its description on multiple occasions in and out of cutscenes.[citation needed]

Part of the wreckage of the second Death Star appears inThe Rise of Skywalker(2019), on the ocean moonKef Bir.[33]Reyvisits the wreckage to obtain the Emperor's wayfinder, a device that points the way to his hidden lair onExegol.[34]

Similar superweapons

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The 2019 comicStar Wars#68 reveals that the Rebels considered creating their own version of a Death Star by luring Star Destroyers to atectonicallyunstable planet and setting it off with proton detonators.[35]

Starkiller Base

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The Force AwakensfeaturesStarkiller Base,a Death Star-like superweapon built by theFirst Order,an autocratic regime considered to be the successor of the Empire. Significantly larger than both previous Death Stars, the superweapon was constructed out of an existing planet calledIluminstead of being assembled in deep space. The base draws its raw firepower byharnessing energy directly from a nearby star.Unlike its predecessors, Starkiller Base is capable of firing on and destroying multiple planets at once from extreme range—in the film, the First Order obliterates the five planets in theHosnian Primesystem, at that time thecapitalof theNew Republic.[36]Starkiller Base is protected by a defensiveshieldthat blocks all objects traveling at slower-than-light speeds;Han Solo,Chewbacca,andFinnexploit a vulnerability by bypassing the shield atfaster-than-lightspeeds, successfully infiltrating the base and sabotaging its shields. Subsequently, anX-wingassault led byPoe DameronandNien Nunbdestroys the superweapon by damaging the base's thermal oscillator and fuel cells, resulting in a catastrophic release of energy from the planet's core. As Resistance forces flee, the planet implodes and forms a star.[37]

The name Starkiller Base pays homage to the early drafts of the originalStar Warsfilm, referring to Luke Skywalker's original surname.[38][39]Coincidentally, the name "Starkiller" is an alias given to Galen Marek by Darth Vader in the 2008 game,Star Wars: The Force Unleashed.During early concept development, artistDoug Chiangenvisioned the superweapon's gun as set inside a volcano, which X-wings would have to enter in a maneuver similar to the trench run on the Death Star in the original film.[40]

Sith Star Destroyers

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InThe Rise of Skywalker,the ninth installment in the series, the resurrected Darth Sidious is revealed to have constructed theSith Eternal's fleet ofXyston-class Star Destroyers, the Final Order, over the Sith planetExegol.Each warship is armed with an axial superlaser capable of destroying planets; Sidious uses one of the Star Destroyers to destroy the planetKijimias ashow of force.At the end of the film, the Resistance launches an offensive against the Sith Eternal forces, including the Sith fleet. Aided by reinforcements from across the galaxy, the Resistance defeats the remaining Sith forces by destroying the onboard superlasers, which ignited the ships reactors and destroyed them one by one. The Resistance also destroyed theResurgent-class Star DestroyerSteadfastand the navigation signal that the fleet needed to exit the planet due to the unstable nature of the atmosphere.[34]

Expanded Universe

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Both Death Stars and similar superweapons appear throughout the non-canonicalStar WarsLegendscontinuity. National Public Radio'sStar Warsadaptation(1981) portrays Leia (Ann Sachs) andBail Organa's (Stephen Elliott) discovery of the Death Star's existence and how Leia obtained its schematics. The1983Star Warsarcade gameand numerousLucasArtstitles recreate the films' attacks on the Death Stars.

Kevin J. Anderson'sJedi Academytrilogy(1994) introduces the Maw Cluster ofblack holesthat protect a laboratory where the Death Star prototype was built (consisting of the superstructure, power core, and superlaser).[citation needed]The first level of LucasArts'Dark Forces(1995) gives mercenaryKyle Katarnthe role of stealing the plans that are subsequently given to Leia.Steve Perry's novelShadows of the Empire(1996) describes a mission that leads to the Rebels learning of the second Death Star's existence, and that mission is playable in LucasArts'X-Wing Alliancespace flight simulator(1999). The Death Star itself is a controllable weapon for the Empire in theRebellion(1998) andEmpire at War(2006) strategy game.[c]InBattlefront II(2005), the player participates in a mission to secure crystals used in the Death Star's superlaser.[41]Another mission in the game tasks the player with acting as astormtrooperor Darth Vader in an attempt to recover the plans and capture Leia.[42]The first Death Star under construction acts as the final stage in the video gameThe Force Unleashed(2008).[43]

The first Death Star's construction is the subject ofMichael Reavesand Steve Perry's novelDeath Star(2007),[44]which depicts the many politics and hidden agendas behind the massive project, from its construction up until its final destruction.

The first Death Star's hangars contain assault shuttles, blastboats, Strike cruisers, land vehicles, support ships, and 7,293TIE fighters.[45]It is also protected by 10,000 turbolaser batteries, 2,600ion cannons,and at least 768 tractor beam projectors.[45]Various sources state that the first Death Star has adiameterof between 140 and 160 kilometers.[46][47][48]There is a broader range of figures for the second Death Star's diameter, ranging from 160 to 900 kilometers.[49][50]

DS-X Prototype Battle Station

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In theLegendsworksDeath Star(2007),Dark Empire II,Jedi SearchandChampions of the Force,an experimental Death Star prototype,DS-X(a durasteel frame surrounding a reactor core, superlaser, engines and a control room) was conceived by Grand Moff Wilhuff Tarkin as a test bed for the first Death Star. It was constructed by Bevel Lemelisk and his engineers at the Empire's secret Maw Installation. The prototype measured 120 kilometers in diameter. Its superlaser was only powerful enough to destroy a planet's core, rendering it an uninhabitable "dead planet". The targeting system on the prototype was never calibrated and the superlaser was inefficient, leaving the weapon's batteries drained. The prototype had no interior except a slave-linked control room, hyperdrive engines and other components; the station operated with skeleton-crew of 75 personnel.[citation needed]

Death Star III

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In the Disney attractionStar Tours – The Adventures Continue,guests can travel inside an incomplete Death Star during one of the randomized ride sequences. In the original Star Tours, aDeath Star IIIis seen and destroyed during the ride sequence by the New Republic.Leland Cheeoriginally created the third Death Star to explain why a Death Star is present on theStar Toursride when both of the stations in the film were destroyed.[51]The station being built near the Forest Moon of Endor like the second Death Star before. It is similar to an original concept forReturn of the Jedi,where two Death Stars would have been built near Had Abbadon (then the Imperial capital world). TheHabitationspheres, based on the Imperials' suspicious claims that they were designed strictly for peaceful purposes, were suggested by some fans to have been the origin for the Death Star III. This was later revealed to be the case in Part 2 of the StarWars Blog seriesThe Imperial Warlords: Despoilers of an Empire.In the Expanded Universe gameStar Wars: Tiny Death Star,a random HoloNet entry states that one of the residents of the Death Star is simply staying there until he can afford to stay at the third Death Star.[citation needed]

Other superweapons

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A prototype version of the Death Star can be found in Kevin J. Anderson's novelJedi Search(1994).[52]It was kept at the Maw Installation, an Imperial research institute in a cluster of black holes, and later deployed by Tol Sivron after the Maw Installation was invaded by the New Republic. The prototype was ineffective, missing its target and instead destroying an Imperial garrison moon the sole time it was fired in combat. After this, the prototype was later destroyed when it was led into the black holes of the cluster.

In the original MarvelStar Warscomic series(1977–1986), a superweapon called "The Tarkin" is built. It is described as being similar to the Death Star but with more energy. Darth Vader commands it and Luke, Leia, Chewbacca,C-3PO,and R2-D2 sabotage it with Lando's help. It is finally destroyed by an Imperial officer attempting to use an ionic weapon to both attack the escaping Rebels and assassinate Vader. Later in the series, a nihilistic group attempts to use a weapon to dislodge a planet from its orbit and cause others to do the same in a chain reaction, thereby destroying the entire universe.[53]

In theDark Empirecomic series (1991–95), the reborn Emperor Palpatine's flagshipsEclipseandEclipse IISuper Star Destroyers (Star Dreadnoughts) have a miniaturized version of the Death Star superlaser.[54]The firstEclipsewas under construction at the time of the Emperor's death at Endor; shortly thereafter, it was briefly captured by pirates, who quickly abandoned it as an obvious target for the Rebels. The vessel was retrieved by remnants of the Empire and completed, and later served as the flagship of the resurrected Palpatine. It was destroyed by a Force storm enhanced by Luke and Leia, who had been brought aboard by the Emperor in hopes that they could be converted to the dark side. TheEclipse IIwas mostly identical to its predecessor save for a handful of visual changes, and fulfilled the same purpose. It was later destroyed when an errant projectile from the destroyed Galaxy Gun, another superweapon developed under the returned Palpatine, fell onto the ship and caused a massive explosion that destroyed not only the ship and its accompanying fleet, but also the nearby Imperial citadel ofByss.

In Kevin J. Anderson's novelDarksaber(1995), Death Star designer Bevel Lemelisk is recruited by the Hutts to build a superlaser weapon. Due to their refusal to sufficiently fund and supply the project, the resultant 'superweapon' is quickly destroyed by a combination of the tumultuous Hoth asteroid field in which it was built and the efforts of the New Republic. Lemelisk is captured and incarcerated by the Republic, and is later executed for his hand in the design and construction of Imperial superweapons.[55]

The novelChildren of the Jedi(1995) involves the return ofEye of Palpatine,a "colossal, asteroid-shaped" super dreadnaught constructed at the behest of Emperor Palpatine during the second year of the Galactic Civil War. The Imperials lose control of theEyewhen a Jedi uses the Force to hijack the main computer with their spirits.

Cultural influence

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Main article:Cultural impact of Star Wars

The Death Star placed ninth in a 200820th Century Foxpoll of the most popular film weapons.[56]

It has been referred to outside of theStar Warscontext in such examples as:

The large craterHerschelon theSaturnianmoonMimasgives it a resemblance to the Death Star.

Astronomy

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In 1981, following theVoyagerspacecraft's flight pastSaturn,scientists noticed a resemblance between one of the planet's moons,Mimas,and the Death Star.[69]Additionally, some media outlets used the term "Death Star" to describeNemesis,a hypotheticalstarpostulated in 1984 to be responsible forgravitationallyforcingcometsandasteroidsfrom theOort cloudtoward the innerSolar System.[70]

Merchandise

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KennerandAMTcreated a playset and a model, respectively, of the first Death Star.[71][72]In 2005 and 2008,Legoreleased models ofDeath Star IIandDeath Star I,respectively.[73][74][75][76] In 1979,Palitoycreated a heavy card version of the Death Star as a playset for the vintage range of action figures in the UK, Australia and Canada. Both Death Stars are part of differentMicro Machinesthree-packs.[77][78]The Death Stars and locations in them are cards inDecipher, Inc.'s andWizards of the Coast'sStar Wars Customizable Card GameandStar Wars Trading Card Game,respectively.[79]Hasbroreleased a Death Star model thattransformsinto a Darth Vadermech.[80]Estes Industriesreleased a flying model rocket version.[81]

A Death Star trinket box was also released byRoyal Selangorin 2015, in conjunction with the December screening ofStar Wars: The Force Awakensthat year,[82]and in 2016, Plox released the official levitating Death Star Speaker[83]in anticipation of that year's screening ofRogue One.

Legoreleased a gift with purchase forStar Wars Day2023 of a mini Death Star II.[84]

Political campaigns

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In 2012–13, a (satirical) proposal on theWhite House's website urging the United States government to build a real Death Star as an economic stimulus and job creation measure gained more than 30,000 signatures, enough to qualify for an official response. The official (tongue-in-cheek) response was released in January 2013:[85]the cost of building a real Death Star has been estimated in 2012 by a Centives economics blog ofLehigh Universityto $850 quadrillion, or about 13,000 times the worldwidegross domestic product,as well as at current rates of steel production, the Death Star would not be ready for more than 833,000 years.[86][87]The White House response also stated that "the Administration does not support blowing up planets," and questioned funding a weapon "with a fundamental flaw that can be exploited by a one-man starship" as reasons for denying the petition.[85][88][89]

The Luxembourgish magician Christian Lavey (born as Christian Kies) submitted a petition for the construction of a Death Star to the Luxembourgish parliament.[90]In an interview with a local radio station, however Lavey admitted that this petition was just a joke and some kind of protest against the space plans of the government.

References

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Footnotes

  1. ^abLater titledStar Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope
  2. ^The space station is also called "Ultimate Weapon" by the Confederacy of Independent Systems (CIS), who commissioned the original designs.
  3. ^InEmpire at War,if the Imperial fleet defending the Death Star is defeated and the hero unit of Red Squadron is present, the Death Star will be destroyed.

Citations

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  3. ^abFashingbauer Cooper, Gael (September 29, 2016),Star Wars Death Star's famed feature was a complete accident,CNET,archivedfrom the original on January 16, 2017,retrievedJanuary 14,2017
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