Semagacestat(LY-450139) was a candidate drug for a causal therapy againstAlzheimer's disease.It was originally developed byEli LillyandElan,andclinical trialswere conducted by Eli Lilly. Phase III trials included over 3000 patients,[2][3]but in August 2010, a disappointing interim analysis, in which semagacestat performed worse than the placebo, led to the trials being stopped.
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| Other names | LY-450139 |
| Routes of administration | By mouth |
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| Metabolism | CYP3A4,3A5[1] |
| Eliminationhalf-life | 2.4 hours in circulation |
| Excretion | 87%renal(44% unchanged, 43% as metabolites) |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.318.475 |
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| Formula | C19H27N3O4 |
| Molar mass | 361.442g·mol−1 |
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Mechanism of action
editβ-Amyloidis a peptide of 39 to 43 amino acids. The isoforms with 40 and 42 amino acids (Aβ40/42) are the main constituents ofamyloid plaquesin the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. β-Amyloid is formed byproteolysisofamyloid precursor protein(APP). Research on laboratory rats suggest that the soluble form of this peptide is a causative agent in the development of Alzheimer's.
Semagacestat blocks the enzymeγ-secretase,which (along withβ-secretase) is responsible for APP proteolysis.[3]
Clinical trials
editPhase III double-blind clinical trials started in March 2008 with the IDENTITY study (Interrupting Alzheimer'sdementia byevaluatingtreatment of amyloid pathology), including 1500 patients from 22 countries. This study was intended to run until May 2011.[4]The successor trial with further 1500 patients, IDENTITY-2, started in September 2008.[5]Theopen-label trialIDENTITY-XT, which included patients who have completed one of the two studies, started in December 2009.[6]On 17 August 2010, it was announced that the phase III trials failed. Preliminary findings show that not only did semagacestat fail to slow disease progression, but that it was actually associated with “worsening of clinical measures of cognition and the ability to perform activities of daily living”. Furthermore, the incidence of skin cancer was significantly higher in the treatment group than the placebo group.[7]
Issues
editA number of issues have already been raised during clinical trials:
- Phase I and II studies showed a decrease of Aβ40/42 concentration in theblood plasmaabout three hours after application of semagacestat, but an increase of 300% 15 hours after application. No reduction was shown in thecerebrospinal fluid.As a consequence, the phase III studies worked with much higher doses.[8]
- γ-Secretase has other targets, for example thenotch receptor.It is not known whether this could cause long-term side effects.[8]
- In a 2008, histological analysis of post-mortem brains from deceased subjects who had previously been enrolled in a phase 1 study of an experimental vaccine (Elan AN1792) demonstrated that the drug appeared to have cleared patients of amyloid plaques but did not have any significant effect on their dementia, which in some people's mind cast doubt on the utility of approaches lowering β-amyloid levels.[9]
- A notable feature of the results of the semagacestat phase III interim analysis is that subjects on treatment did significantly worse in cognitive assessment and activities of daily living than did subjects in the placebo group. This contrasts with the results from the phase III trial of Myriad's γ-secretase modulatortarenflurbil,which found that the subjects in the treatment group tracked the placebo control group very closely. The implications of this finding on other companies undertaking development of molecules targeting γ-secretase is not clear.
References
edit- ^Yi P, Hadden C, Kulanthaivel P, Calvert N, Annes W, Brown T, et al. (April 2010). "Disposition and metabolism of semagacestat, a {gamma}-secretase inhibitor, in humans".Drug Metabolism and Disposition.38(4): 554–65.doi:10.1124/dmd.109.030841.PMID20075192.S2CID19707025.
- ^Spreitzer H (July 21, 2008). "Neue Wirkstoffe – Semagacestat".Österreichische Apothekerzeitung(in German) (15/2008): 780.
- ^abProus Science: Molecule of the Month July 2008
- ^Clinical trial numberNCT00594568for "Effect of LY450139 on the Long Term Progression of Alzheimer's Disease" atClinicalTrials.gov
- ^Clinical trial numberNCT00762411for "Effects of LY450139, on the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease as Compared With Placebo (IDENTITY-2)" atClinicalTrials.gov
- ^Clinical trial numberNCT00762411for "A Study in Semagacestat for Alzheimer's Patients (Identity XT)" atClinicalTrials.gov
- ^"Lilly hit by spectacular failure of Phase III Alzheimer's candidate".PharmaTimes.18 August 2010.
- ^abSchubert-Zsilavecz M, Wurglics M (2008–2009). "Semagacestat".Neue Arzneimittel.
- ^Holmes C, Boche D, Wilkinson D, Yadegarfar G, Hopkins V, Bayer A, et al. (July 2008). "Long-term effects of Abeta42 immunisation in Alzheimer's disease: follow-up of a randomised, placebo-controlled phase I trial".Lancet.372(9634): 216–23.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61075-2.PMID18640458.S2CID18340153.