Simien Mountains

TheSimien Mountains(Amharic:ስሜን ተራራ or Səmen; also spelledSemain,SimeonandSemien), in northernEthiopia,north east ofGondarin theAmhara Region,are part of theEthiopian Highlands.They are aWorld Heritage Siteand include theSimien Mountains National Park.The mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles. The highest Ethiopian mountain isRas Dejenat 4,550 m with thesecond highest peakofKidis Yaredat 4,453 m; other notable peaks includeMount Biuatat 4,437 m.

Simien Mountains
IUCN categoryII (national park)
Location	Amhara Region,Ethiopia
Nearest city	DebarqandMekane Berhan
Coordinates	13°16′N38°05′E
Area	220 km2(85 sq mi)
Established	1969
Visitors	26,000(in 2016)
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Simien National Park
Type	Natural
Criteria	vii, x
Designated	1978(2ndsession)
Reference no.	9
Region	Africa
Endangered	1996–2017

Ageladain the Simien Mountains

Herder in the Simien Mountains

Steep cliffs on the north face of the Simien mountains, nearDebarq

Jin Bahir Falls in the Simien Mountains, falling into the Geech Abyss, nearDebarq.

A troop of gelada monkeys at Geech camp.

The Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls.Because of their geological origins, the mountains are almost unique, with onlySouth Africa'sDrakensbergrange having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. Notable animals in the mountains include thewalia ibex,gelada,andcaracal.There are a fewEthiopian wolves.

Etymology

Although the wordSemienmeans "north" inAmharic,according toRichard Pankhurstthe ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" inGe'ez,because the mountains lay to the south ofAxum,which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. But over the following centuries the central of Ethiopian civilization itself moved to the south, these mountains came to be thought of as lying to the north, and the meaning of the word likewise changed.

Geology and landscape

The Simien Mountains were formed prior to the creation of theRift Valley,from lava outpourings between 40 and 25 million years ago during theOligoceneperiod. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000 m²and resulted in a thick sequence ofbasalticlavasome 3,000-3,500 m thick that was deposited onPrecambriancrystalline basement. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-typeshield volcano.The Kidus Yared peak is situated near the middle of the shield volcano. Ras Dejen (4,533 m), Bwahit (4,430 m) and Silki (4,420 m) were formed from the outer core of this ancient volcano.

The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity. Especially of note is the 2,000 m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis.

There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. HumicAndosolsare the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000 m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and HaplicPhaeozemsthat are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500 m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area.

History

There is a note inCosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by theAksumiteking.

First mentioned in theMonumentum Adulitanumof the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priestJerónimo Lobo.Although the later Scottish travellerJames Bruceclaims that he had never witnessed snow in the Simien Mountains, the 19th century explorerHenry Saltnot only recorded that he saw snow there (on 9 April 1814), but explained the reason for Bruce's failure to see snow in these mountains – Bruce had ventured no further than the foothills of the Simiens.

Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks.

Folklore

An old folkloresuperstitionsfrom the Semien mountains regarding certain trees calledGenwararwas documented inNathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. The people would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence. Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. Aside from this, the trees produces a milky substance, which is used for ink, for the purpose of writing charms, to be worn on any part of the body as a cure for those possessed by evil spirits, and to prevent their entering those who are not previously tormented with them.± The milk of the genwarar was also used in the treatment of lingering sickness.

External links

Simien Mountains National Park