Wikipedia

Serge Gainsbourg

"Gainsbourg" redirects here. For his daughter, the actress, seeCharlotte Gainsbourg.For the 2010 biopic, seeGainsbourg: A Heroic Life.For the Paris Métro station, seeSerge Gainsbourg (Paris Métro).

Serge Gainsbourg(French:[sɛʁʒɡɛ̃zbuʁ]ⓘ;bornLucien Ginsburg;[a]2 April 1928 – 2 March 1991) was a French singer-songwriter, actor, composer, and director. Regarded as one of the most important figures inFrench pop,he was renowned for often provocative releases which caused uproar in France, dividing public opinion.[2]His artistic output ranged from his early work injazz,chanson,andyé-yéto later efforts in rock,zouk,funk,reggae,andelectronica.[3]Gainsbourg's varied musical style and individuality make him difficult to categorise, although his legacy has been firmly established and he is often regarded as one of the world's most influential popular musicians.

Serge Gainsbourg
Gainsbourg in 1981
Born
Lucien Ginsburg

(1928-04-02)2 April 1928
Paris, France
Died2 March 1991(1991-03-02)(aged 62)
Paris, France
Resting placeMontparnasse Cemetery,Paris
Other names
  • Julien Grix
  • Gainsbarre
Occupations
  • Singer
  • songwriter
  • actor
  • composer
  • director
  • author
  • poet
Years active1957–1991
Spouses
Elisabeth "Lize" Levitsky
​
​
(m.1951;div.1957)​
Béatrice Pancrazzi
​
​
(m.1964;div.1966)​
Partners
Children4, includingCharlotte
Musical career
Genres
Instruments
  • Vocals
  • piano
  • guitar
Labels
(Universal Music Group)

His lyrical works incorporatedwordplay,with humorous, bizarre, provocative, sexual, satirical or subversive overtones. Gainsbourg wrote over 550 songs,[4][5]which have been covered more than 1,000 times by diverse artists.[6] Since his death from a secondheart attackin 1991, Gainsbourg's music has reached legendary stature in France. While controversial in his lifetime, he has become one of France's best-loved public figures.[7]He has also gained a cult following all over the world with chart success in the United Kingdom and Belgium with "Je t'aime... moi non plus"and"Bonnie and Clyde",respectively.

Biography

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1928–1956: Early years

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Lucien Ginsburg was born in Paris on 2 April 1928. He was the son ofRussian-Jewish[8]migrants, Joseph and Olga[b]Ginsburg,[9]who fled to Paris viaIstanbulafter the 1917Russian Revolution.[8]During stay inCrimea,Joseph Ginsburg met and married Olga, as she was a singer born in Crimea under theRussian Empire.Joseph Ginsburg was a classically trained musician whose profession was playing the piano in cabarets and casinos; he taught his children—Gainsbourg and his twin sister Liliane—to play the piano.[4]Gainsbourg's childhood was profoundly affected by theoccupation of Franceby Germany duringWorld War II.The identifyingyellow starthat Jews were required to wear haunted Gainsbourg; in later years he was able to transmute this memory into creative inspiration.[8]During the occupation, the Ginsburg family was able to make their way from Paris toLimoges,travelling under false papers. Limoges was in theZone libreunder the administration of the collaborationistVichy governmentand it became even more dangerous after Germanyoccupiedit in 1942.[4]Gainsbourg attended theLycée Condorcethigh school in Paris but dropped out before completing hisBaccalauréat.[9][10]

In 1945, Gainsbourg's (Ginsburg's) father enrolled him intoBeaux-Arts de Paris,a prestigious art school,[9]before he switched to the Académie de Montmartre, where his professors included the likes ofAndré LhoteandFernand Léger.[11][12]There, Gainsbourg would meet his first wife Elisabeth "Lize" Levitsky, daughter ofRussian aristocratswho was also a part-time model.[9]They married on 3rd of November 1951 and were divorced by 1957.[9]In 1948, he was conscripted by the military for twelve months of service inCourbevoie.He never saw action and spent the time playing dirty songs on his guitar, visiting prostitutes and drinking, later admitting that the service made him an alcoholic.[9]Gainsbourg obtained work teaching music and drawing in a school outside of Paris, inLe Mesnil-le-Roi.The school was set up under the auspices of local rabbis, for the orphaned children of murdered deportees. Here, Gainsbourg heard the accounts of Nazi persecution and genocide, stories that resonated for Gainsbourg far into the future.[8]

1957–1963: Early work as a pianist and chanson singer

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Gainsbourg was disillusioned as a painter, as he lacked talent. He was able to earn a living working odd jobs and as a piano player in bars, usually as a stand-in for his father.[9]He soon became the venue pianist at the drag cabaret clubMadame Arthur.[13]Whilst filling in a form to join the songwriting societySACEM,Gainsbourg decided to change his first name to Serge, as his future partnerJane Birkinrelates: "Lucien reminded him of a hairdresser's assistant".[4]He chose Gainsbourg as his last name, in homage to the English painterThomas Gainsborough,whom he admired. Gainsbourg had a revelation when he sawBoris Vianat the Milord l'Arsouille club, whose provocative and humorous songs would influence his own compositions.[14]At the Milord l'Arsouille, Gainsbourg accompanied singer and club starMichèle Arnaudon the guitar.[11]In 1957, Arnaud and the club's director Francis Claude discovered, with amazement, the compositions of Gainsbourg while visiting his house to see his paintings. The next day, Claude pushed Gainsbourg on stage. Despite suffering from stage fright, he performed his own repertoire, including "Le Poinçonneur des Lilas",[15][16]which describes the day in the life of aParis Métroticket man, whose job is to stamp holes in passengers' tickets. Gainsbourg describes this chore as so monotonous, that the man eventually thinks of putting a hole into his own head and being buried in another hole.[17]He was given his own show by Claude and was eventually spotted byJacques Canetti,who helped propel his career with a spot at the Théâtre des Trois Baudets and on his tours.[18]In 1958, Arnaud began recording several interpretations of Gainsbourg's songs.

His debut album,Du chant à la une!...(1958), was recorded in the summer of 1958, backed by arrangerAlain Goraguerand his orchestra, beginning a fruitful collaboration. It was released in September, becoming a commercial and critical failure, despite winning the grand prize atL'Academie Charles Crossand the praise of Boris Vian, who compared him toCole Porter.[19]His next album,N° 2(1959), suffered a similar fate. He made his film debut in 1959 with a supporting role in the French-Italian co-productionCome Dance with Me,starring his future loverBrigitte Bardot.[20]In the following year, he featured as a Roman officer in the Italiansword-and-sandalsepic-filmThe Revolt of the Slaves.[21]He would continue playing "nasty characters" in similar productions, includingSamson(1961) andThe Fury of Hercules(1962).[22]Gainsbourg's first commercial success came in 1960 with his single "L'Eau à la bouche", the title song from thefilm of the same name,for which he had composed the score.[23]L'Étonnant Serge Gainsbourg(1961), his third LP, included what would become one of his best known songs from this period, "La Chanson de Prévert", which lifted lyrics from theJacques Prévertpoem "Les feuilles mortes".[24]After a night of drinking champagne and dancing with singerJuliette Gréco,Gainsbourg went home and wrote "La Javanaise"for her.[25]They would both release versions of the song in 1962, but it is Gainsbourg's rendition that has endured.[24]His fourth album,Serge Gainsbourg N° 4was released in 1962, incorporating Latin and rock and roll influences whilst his next,Gainsbourg Confidentiel(1963), featured a more minimalistic jazz approach, accompanied only by a double bass and electric guitar.[26][27]

1963–1966: Eurovision and involvement in the yé-yé movement

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Gainsbourg, Gall, and del Monaco at the Eurovision Song Contest, 20 March 1965

Despite initially mockingyé-yé,a style of French pop typically sung by young female singers, Gainsbourg would soon become one of its most important figures after writing a string of hits for artists like Brigitte Bardot,Petula ClarkandFrance Gall.[28]He had met Gall after being introduced by a friend as they werePhilips Recordslabelmates,[29]thus beginning a successful collaboration that would produce hits like "N'écoute pas les idoles", the frequently covered "Laisse tomber les filles",and"Poupée de cire, poupée de son",the latter of which was theLuxembourgian winning entryat theEurovision Song Contest 1965.[30]Inspired by the 4th movement (Prestissimo in F minor) fromBeethoven'sPiano Sonata No. 1,the song featureddouble entendresand wordplay, a staple of Gainsbourg's lyrics.[31]The controversially risqué "Les sucettes"(" Lollipops "), featured references tooral sex,unbeknownst to the 18-year-old Gall, who thought the song was about lollipops.[30]In 2001, Gall expressed displeasure at Gainsbourg's earlier antics, stating she felt "betrayed by the adults around me."[32]

Gainsbourg married a second time on 7 January 1964, to Françoise-Antoinette "Béatrice" Pancrazzi, with whom he had two children: a daughter named Natacha (b. 8 August 1964) and a son, Paul (born in spring 1968).[33]He divorced Béatrice in February 1966.[33]

His next album,Gainsbourg Percussions(1964), was inspired by the rhythms and melodies of African musiciansMiriam MakebaandBabatunde Olatunji.[34]Olatunji later sued Gainsbourg for lifting three tracks from his 1960 albumDrums of Passion.[35]Nevertheless, the album has been hailed as being ahead of its time for its incorporation of world music and lyrical content depicting interracial love.[34]Between 1965 and 1966, Gainsbourg composed the music and sang the words of science fiction writerAndré Ruellanfor several songs made for a series of animatedMarie-Mathematicsshorts created byJean-Claude Forest.[36]He would reunite with Michèle Arnaud for the duet "Les Papillons noirs" from her 1966 comeback record.[37]

1967–1970: Famous muses and duets

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Bardot (left) pictured in 1968 and Birkin pictured in 1970

In 1967, Gainsbourg wrote the script and provided the soundtrack for the musical comedy television filmAnnastarringAnna Karinain the titular role.[38][37]Another Gainsbourg song, "Boum-Badaboum"byMinouche Barelli,was entered byMonacoin theEurovision Song Contest 1967,coming in fifth place.[37]In that year, Gainsbourg would have a brief but ardent love affair withBrigitte Bardot.One day she asked him to write the most beautiful love song he could imagine and, that night, he wrote the duets "Je t'aime... moi non plus"and"Bonnie and Clyde"for her.[39]The erotic yet cynical "Je t'aime", describing the hopelessness of physical love, was recorded by the pair in a small glass booth in Paris but after Bardot's husband, German businessmanGunter Sachs,became aware of the recording, he demanded it be withdrawn. Bardot pleaded with Gainsbourg not to release it, and he complied.[2]

Bardot's LPBrigitte Bardot Show 67contained four songs penned by Gainsbourg, including duets such as the playful "Comic Strip" and the string-laden "Bonnie and Clyde", which tells the story of theAmerican criminal coupleand was based on a poem written by Bonnie Parker herself.[1]His ownInitials B.B.(1968) included these duets and was his first album in nearly four years. It blended orchestral pop with the style of rock characteristic of London in theSwinging Sixties,where the album was largely recorded.[40]Gainsbourg borrowed heavily fromAntonín Dvořák'sNew World Symphonyfor the title track, named after and dedicated to Bardot.[24]Phillips subsidiaryFontana Recordsalso issued the compilation LPBonnie and Clyde(1968) comprising their duets and other previously recorded material.[41]

His percussion-heavy 1968 single "Requiem pour un con" was performed onscreen by Gainsbourg in the crime filmLe Pacha,for which he was the composer.[42]Shortly after being left by Bardot, Gainsbourg was asked byFrançoise Hardyto write a French version of the song "It Hurts to Say Goodbye". The result was "Comment te dire adieu",which is notable for its uncommon rhymes and has become one of Hardy's signature songs.[43]

Anna Karina,in 1967, for whom he wrote the musical pop opera filmAnnafor television that year

In mid-1968 Gainsbourg started a relationship with English singer and actressJane Birkin,18 years his junior, whom he met when she was cast as his co-star inSlogan(1969).[4]In the film, Gainsbourg starred as a commercial director who has an affair behind the back of his pregnant wife with a younger woman, played by Birkin.[44]Gainsbourg also provided the soundtrack and dueted with Birkin on the title theme "La Chanson de Slogan". The relationship would last for over a decade.[45]In July 1971 they had a daughter,Charlotte,who would become an actress and singer.[46]Although many sources state that they were married,[47]according to Charlotte this was not the case.[45]After filmingSlogan,Gainsbourg asked Birkin to re-record "Je t'aime..." with him.[2]Her vocals were an octave higher than Bardot's, contained suggestive heavy breathing and culminated in simulated orgasm sounds. Released in February 1969, the song topped theUK Singles Chartafter being temporarily banned due to its overtly sexual content. It was banned from the radio in several other countries, including Spain, Sweden, Italy and France before 11pm.[48]The song was even publicly denounced byThe Vatican.[49]It was included on the joint albumJane Birkin/Serge Gainsbourg,which also contained "Élisa" and new recordings of songs written for other artists including "Les sucettes", "L'anamour" and "Sous le soleil exactement". In 2017,Pitchforknamed it the 44th best album of the 1960s.[40]He and Birkin would share the screen in another Gainsbourg-scored film,Cannabis(1970), in which he played an American gangster who falls in love with a girl from a wealthy family.[50]

1971–1977: Concept albums

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Gainsbourg in 1971

Following the success of "Je t'aime... moi non plus", his record company had expected Gainsbourg to produce another hit. But after having already made a fortune, he was uninterested, deciding to "move onto something serious".[51]The result was his 1971 concept albumHistoire de Melody Nelson,which tells the story of an illicit relationship between the narrator and the teenage Melody Nelson after running her over in hisRolls-Royce Silver Ghost.[52]The album heavily features Gainsbourg's distinctive half-spoken, half-sung vocal delivery, loose drums, guitar, and bass evoking funk music, and lush string and choral arrangements byJean-Claude Vannier.[52]Despite only selling around 15,000 copies upon release, it has become highly influential and is often considered hismagnum opus.[52]An accompanying television special starring Gainsbourg and Birkin was also broadcast.[53]

He suffered a heart attack in May 1973, but refused to cut back on his smoking and drinking.[48]Gainsbourg's next recordVu de l'extérieur(1973) was not strictly a concept album like its predecessor and follow-ups, despite its focus onscatologythroughout. It largely failed to connect with critics and listeners.[51][54]In that year, Gainsbourg also wrote all of the tracks on Birkin's debut solo albumDi doo dahand he would continue to write for her until his death.[55]In 1975, Gainsbourg released the darkly comic albumRock Around the Bunker,performed in an upbeat 1950s rock and roll style and written on the subject ofNazi Germanyand theSecond World War,drawing from his experiences as a Jewish child in occupied France.[56]The next year saw the release of yet another concept album,L'Homme à tête de chou(The Cabbage Head Man), a nickname used by Gainsbourg himself in reference to his large ears.[57]This album marked Gainsbourg's first foray into the Jamaicanreggaegenre, a style he would revisit for his next two albums.[58]

In 1976, Gainsbourg also made his directorial debut withJe t'aime moi non plus,an offbeat drama named after his song of the same name. It starred Birkin in the lead role, with American actorJoe Dallesandroplaying the gay man she falls in love with.[59]The film received positive critical notices from the French press and acclaimed directorFrançois Truffaut.[59]Having previously turned down the offer to score the popularsoftcore pornographyfilmEmmanuelle(1974), he agreed to do so for one of its sequelsGoodbye Emmanuellein 1977.[60]

1978–1981: Reggae period

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The I ThreesandSly and Robbiepictured between 1979 and 1980

In 1978, Gainsbourg dropped plans to record another concept album and contacted several Jamaican musicians including rhythm section playersSly and Robbiewith the intention of recording a reggae album.[61]He set off forKingston, Jamaicain September to begin recordingAux armes et cætera(1979) with the likes of Sly and Robbie and the female backing singersThe I-ThreesofBob Marley and the Wailers;[58]thus making him the first white musician to record such an album in Jamaica.[62]The album was immensely popular, achievingplatinumstatus for selling over one million copies. But it was not without controversy, as the title track—a reggae version of the French national anthem "La Marseillaise"—received harsh criticism in the newspaperLe FigarofromMichel Droit,who condemned the song and opined that it may cause a rise inantisemitism.[63]Gainsbourg also received death threats from right-wing veteran soldiers of theAlgerian War of Independence,who were opposed to their national anthem being arranged in reggae style.[64]In 1979, a show had to be cancelled, because an angry mob of French Army parachutists came to demonstrate in the audience. Alone onstage, Gainsbourg raised his fist and answered: "The true meaning of our national anthem is revolutionary" and sang ita capellawith the audience.[65]

Birkin left Gainsbourg in 1980, but the two remained close, with Gainsbourg becoming the godfather of Birkin andJacques Doillon's daughterLouand writing her next three albums.[66]His first live albumEnregistrement public au Théâtre Le Palace(1980), exhibited his reggae-influenced style at the time. Also in 1980, Gainsbourg dueted with actressCatherine Deneuveon the hit song "Dieu fumeur de havanes"from the filmJe vous aimeand published a novella entitledEvguénie Sokolov,the tale of anavant-gardepainter who exploits hisflatulenceby creating a style known as "gasograms".[67]His final reggae recording,Mauvaises nouvelles des étoiles(1981), was recorded atCompass Point Studiosin The Bahamas with the same personnel as its predecessor.[68]Bob Marley,husband to The I Threes singerRita Marley,was reportedly furious when he discovered that Gainsbourg had made his wife Rita sing erotic lyrics.[64]New posthumous dub mixes ofAux armes et cæteraandMauvaises Nouvelles des Étoileswere released in 2003.[69]During this period, Gainsbourg also had success writing material for other artists, mostly notably "Manureva"forAlain Chamfort,a tribute to French sailorAlain Colasand the titulartrimaranhe disappeared at sea with.[70]

1982–1991: Final years and death

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Gainsbourg in 1982

In 1982, Gainsbourg contributed his songwriting to French rockstarAlain Bashung's albumPlay blessures,which was a left turn creatively for Bashung and is often considered acult classicdespite negative contemporary reviews.[71]His second film as a director,Équateur(1983), was adapted from the 1933 novelTropic Moonby Belgian writerGeorges Simenonand is set in colonialistFrench Equatorial Africa.[72]

Love on the Beat(1984) saw Gainsbourg move on from reggae and onto a more electronic,new waveinspired sound.[73]The album is known for addressing taboo sexual subject matters, with Gainsbourg dressed in drag on the cover and the highly controversial duet with his daughterCharlotte,"Lemon Incest",which seemed to clearly refer to his fantasy of wanting to make love to his child.[73][48]The music video for the song featured a half-naked Gainsbourg lying on a bed with Charlotte, leading to further controversy.[48]Nevertheless, it was Gainsbourg's highest-charting song in France. In March 1984, he illegallyburnedthree-quarters of a 500-French-francbill on television to protest against taxes rising up to 74% of income.[4]In April 1986, onMichel Drucker's live Saturday evening television showChamps-Élysées,with the American singerWhitney Houston,he objected to Drucker's translating his comments to Houston and, in English, stated: "I said, I want to fuck her" —Drucker, utterly embarrassed, insisted that this meant "He says you are great..."[64]That same year, in another talk show interview, he appeared alongsideLes Rita MitsoukosingerCatherine Ringer.Gainsbourg spat out at her, "You're nothing but a filthy whore" to which Ringer replied, "Look at you, you're just a bitter old alcoholic... you've become a disgusting old parasite."[74]

Gainsbourg's final partner until his death was the modelCaroline Paulus,better known by her stage name Bambou.[33]They had a son, Lucien (b. 5 January 1986), who now goes by the name Lulu and is a musician.[33][75]His 1986 filmCharlotte for Everfurther expanded on the themes found in "Lemon Incest". He starred in the film alongside Charlotte as a widowed, alcoholic father living with his daughter.[48]Analbum of the same nameby Charlotte was also written by Gainsbourg.[76]

Tributes left at his gravesite

His sixteenth and final studio album,You're Under Arrest(1987), largely retained the funky new wave sound ofLove on the Beat,but also introducedhip hopelements.[77]A return to concept albums for Gainsbourg, it tells the story of an unnamed narrator and his drug-addicted girlfriend in New York City. The album's anti-drug message was exemplified by the single "Aux enfants de la chance".

In December 1988, while a judge at a film festival inVal d'I sắc re,he was extremely intoxicated at a local theatre where he was to do a presentation. While on stage he began to tell an obscene story aboutBrigitte Bardotand a champagne bottle, only to stagger offstage and collapse in a nearby seat.[74]Subsequent years saw his health deteriorate, undergoing liver surgery in April 1989.[78]In his ill health, he retired to a private apartment inVézelayin July 1990, where he would spend six months.[79]He continued to write for other artists, including the lyrics to "White and Black Blues"byJoëlle Ursull,theFrenchentry in theEurovision Song Contest 1990,coming in second place.[62]He similarly wrote all of the lyrics for popular singerVanessa Paradis's albumVariations sur le même t'aime(1990), declaring "Paradis is hell" after its release.[80]His final film,Stan the Flasher,starredClaude Berrias an English teacher who engages inexhibitionism.[81]Gainsbourg's last album of original material was Birkin'sAmours des feintesin 1990.[82]

Gainsbourg, who smoked five packs of unfilteredGitanescigarettes a day,[83]died from a heart attack at his home on 2 March 1991, aged 62.[48]He was buried in the Jewish section of theMontparnasse Cemeteryin Paris.[28]French PresidentFrançois Mitterrandpaid tribute by saying, "He was ourBaudelaire,ourApollinaire... He elevated the song to the level of art. "[2]In her first interview after her father's death, his daughter Charlotte told Vanity Fair: "He was a poet. What he did was way ahead of its time. You can just read his lyrics—he plays with words in such a way that there are double meanings that don't work out in English. He was just so very authentic. He was so shy, and very touching. And he was very generous. Every time I get into a taxi [in Paris] I hear a story about my father, because he used to take taxis all day long and [the drivers] tell me how sweet he was. One day a taxi driver told me my father had paid for his teeth to be mended; somebody else's roof needed to be mended and he paid for that. He just had real relationships with people from the street. He was selfish in ways that artists can be, but there was no snobisme. He was always amazed at the fact that he had money. I remember going to lovely hotels with him and he was like... ‘Oooh, how fun this is.' He had the eyes of a child."[84]

Legacy and influence

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Tribute graffiti covers the outer wall of Serge Gainsbourg's house on the rue de Verneuil in Paris, looked after byCharlotte Gainsbourgafter her father's death

Since his death, Gainsbourg's music has reached legendary stature in France.[85]In his native country, artists like the bandsAir,StereolabandBB Brunes(who named themselves after Gainsbourg's song "Initials B.B." ), singersBenjamin Biolay,Vincent Delerm,Thomas FersenandArthur Hhave cited him as an influence.[2][86]He has also gained a following in the English-speaking world from artists likeJarvis CockerofPulp,Beck,Michael StipeofR.E.M.,Alex TurnerofArctic Monkeys,Portishead,Massive Attack,Mike PattonofFaith No MoreandNeil HannonofThe Divine Comedy.[87][52][88]Nick Cave and the Bad SeedsguitaristMick Harveyhas recorded four cover albums sung in English and he is referenced by name in the song "Aloo Gobi"by American rock bandWeezer.[89][90]Gainsbourg's music has been sampled by severalhip hop artists,including songs byNas,Wu-Tang Clan,Busta RhymesandMC Solaar.[87][91]

TheParisian house in which Gainsbourg lived from 1969 until 1991,at 5 bis Rue de Verneuil, remains a celebrated shrine, with his ashtrays and collections of various items, such as police badges and bullets, intact. The outside of the house is covered in graffiti dedicated to Gainsbourg, as well as with photographs of significant figures in his life, including Bardot and Birkin.[4]In 2008, Paris'sCité de la Musiqueheld theGainsbourg 2008exhibition, curated by sound artistFrédéric Sanchez.[92][93]

Gainsbourg has been described as an unlikelysex symbolandfashion icon,noted for his sharp suits, whiteRepettoshoes, double-denim, greenUnited States Armyshirts and pinstripe jackets.[94][95]

Comic artistJoann Sfarwrote and directed the biographical film of his lifeGainsbourg (Vie héroïque)(2010).[96]Gainsbourg is portrayed byEric Elmosninoas an adult andKacey Mottet Kleinas a child. The film won threeCésar Awards,including Best Actor for Elmosnino, and was nominated for an additional eight.[97]

Discography

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Main article:Serge Gainsbourg discography

Studio albums

Notes and references

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Notes

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  1. ^Ginsburgis sometimes spelled Ginzburg in the media, including print encyclopaedias and dictionaries. Ginsburg is however the spelling onGainsbourg's grave;Lucien Ginsburg is the name by which Gainsbourg is referred to, as a performer, in theSacemcatalogue[1](along withSerge Gainsbourgas the author/composer/adaptor)
  2. ^Short version: Olia, his mother's baptist name was Olga, as written onGainsbourg's grave

References

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  1. ^abJones, Mikey IQ (10 September 2015)."A beginner's guide to Serge Gainsbourg".Fact.Archivedfrom the original on 6 February 2021.Retrieved10 July2017.
  2. ^abcdeSimmons, Sylvie (2 February 2001)."The eyes have it".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 26 February 2022.Retrieved11 March2022.
  3. ^Torrance, Kelly Jane (13 October 2011)."An Unconventional Film for the Unconventional Serge Gainsbourg".Washington Examiner.Retrieved1 January2020.
  4. ^abcdefgRobinson, Lisa (15 October 2007)."The Secret World of Serge Gainsbourg".Vanity Fair.Condé Nast.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2021.Retrieved22 January2021.
  5. ^fr:Liste des chansons de Serge Gainsbourg
  6. ^fr:Reprises des chansons de Serge Gainsbourg
  7. ^E.W. (12 October 2017)."In 'Rest', Charlotte Gainsbourg explores the sharp edges of grief".The Economist.Archivedfrom the original on 13 January 2022.Retrieved11 March2022.
  8. ^abcdIvry, Benjamin (26 November 2008)."The Man With the Yellow Star: The Jewish Life of Serge Gainsbourg".The Forward.Archivedfrom the original on 10 March 2021.Retrieved3 May2021.
  9. ^abcdefgSimmons, Sylvie (6 June 2015)."Tolstoy's granddaughter. Dali's sleek couch. How Serge Gainsbourg became Serge Gainsbourg".Salon.Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2020.Retrieved22 January2021.
  10. ^Chrisafis, Angelique (13 December 2023)."Anger over plan to name Métro station after 'misogynist' Serge Gainsbourg".the guardian.
  11. ^abGiuliani, Morgane (2 March 2016)."Serge Gainsbourg: 9 lieux à visiter à Paris pour mieux connaître le chanteur".RTL.Archivedfrom the original on 28 January 2021.Retrieved22 January2021.
  12. ^Searle, Adrian (25 November 2018)."Fernand Léger: New Times, New Pleasures review – humanity in a machine age".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 18 December 2020.Retrieved22 January2021.
  13. ^"Discovering Serge Gainsbourg's Paris".Coggle.March 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 28 January 2021.Retrieved22 January2021.
  14. ^L'ArcJournal (#90) special issue devoted to Boris Vian, 1984
  15. ^Rollet, Thierry (26 July 2018).Léo Ferré an artist's life.p. 196.
  16. ^Verlant, Gilles (15 November 2000).Gainsbourg.Albin Michel. pp. 132 to 134.
  17. ^Grabar, Henry (12 April 2013)."Could Paris End Up With a Metro Station Named After Serge Gainsbourg?".Bloomberg CityLab.Retrieved22 January2021.
  18. ^Kirkup, James (10 June 1997)."Obituary: Jacques Canetti".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 4 May 2021.Retrieved4 May2021.
  19. ^"Serge Gainsbourg".Encyclopedia.29 May 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2021.Retrieved4 May2021.
  20. ^Simmons 2001,p. 31.
  21. ^Morain, Jean-Baptiste (23 February 2021)."Gainsbourg et le cinéma: je t'aime, moi non plus..."Les Inrockuptibles.Archivedfrom the original on 3 June 2021.Retrieved3 June2021.
  22. ^Simmons 2001,p. 34.
  23. ^Dale, Paul (23 July 2010)."Five Great Serge Gainsbourg film soundtracks".The List.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2021.Retrieved3 June2021.
  24. ^abcAllen, Jeremy (15 January 2014)."10 of the best: Serge Gainsbourg".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 1 April 2021.Retrieved22 January2021.
  25. ^Guyard, Bertrand (24 September 2020)."Ne vous déplaise, Serge Gainsbourg a écrit La Javanaise pour Juliette Gréco".Le Figaro.Archivedfrom the original on 26 January 2021.Retrieved23 January2021.
  26. ^"Serge Gainsbourg No. 4".AllMusic.Retrieved3 June2021.
  27. ^Bromfield, Daniel (6 January 2019)."Serge Gainsbourg: Gainsbourg Confidentiel".Spectrum Culture.Archivedfrom the original on 3 June 2021.Retrieved3 June2021.
  28. ^abB. Green, David (2 March 2014)."This Day in Jewish History 1991: Controversial French Singer Serge Gainsbourg Dies".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 25 October 2020.Retrieved3 May2021.
  29. ^Simmons 2001,p. 42.
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