Sinus bradycardia

Sinus bradycardiais asinus rhythmwith a reduced rate of electrical discharge from thesinoatrial node,resulting in abradycardia,aheart ratethat is lower than the normal range (60–100 beats per minute for adult humans).

Sinus bradycardia
ECG of Sinus bradycardia with a heart rate of 43 bpm.
Specialty	Cardiology
Symptoms	lightheadedness dizziness hypotension vertigo syncope
Diagnostic method	electrocardiogram

Signs and symptoms

The decreased heart rate can cause a decreased cardiac output resulting in symptoms such aslightheadedness,dizziness,hypotension,vertigo,andsyncope.The slow heart rate may also lead toatrial,junctional, orventricularectopic rhythms.

Bradycardia is not necessarily problematic. People who practice sports may have sinus bradycardia, because their trained hearts can pump enough blood in each contraction to allow a lowresting heart rate.Sinus bradycardia can also be an adaptive advantage; for example, divingsealsmay have a heart rate as low as 12 beats per minute, helping them to conserve oxygen during long dives.

Sinus bradycardia is a common condition found in both healthy individuals and those who are considered well-conditioned athletes.

Heart rates considered bradycardic vary by species; for example, in the house cat, a rate of under 120 beats per minute is abnormal. Generally, smaller species have higher and larger species lower rates.

Pathophysiology & etiology

Rhythm strip of sinus bradycardia at 50 bpm

• Sinus bradycardia is commonly seen in normal healthy persons and athletes in the absence of pathophysiological diseases or conditions.
• Different factors or etiologies could lead to the dysfunction of the sinus node, causing a malformation or prolongation of the impulse.
• In terms of pathophysiological diseases, sinus rhythm may be caused by:
  • Diseases/Conditions:
    • Acute myocardial infarction,carotid sinus syndrome,eating disorders (such asanorexia nervosa),rhodotoxinpoisoning,hypothermia,hypothyroidism,infections (such asdiphtheria,acuterheumatic fever,or viralmyocarditis), intrinsic disease of theSA node(such assick sinus syndrome),Roemheld syndrome,sleep apnea
  • Physiological causes:
    • Increasedvagal tone,increasedintracranial pressure
  • Medications, most commonly:digitalis glycosides,beta-blockers,quinidine,adenosine,calcium channel blockers,class I antiarrhythmic agents,ivabradine,clonidine,reserpine,cimetidine,lithium,amitriptyline

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of sinus bradycardia can be confirmed by an electrocardiogram that shows the following characteristics:

• Rate: Less than 60 beats per minute.
• Rhythm: Regular.
• P waves:Upright, consistent, and normal in morphology and duration.
• PR interval:Between 0.12 and 0.20 seconds in duration.
• QRS complex:Less than 0.12 seconds in width, and consistent in morphology.

Taking a thorough medical history and physical exam by healthcare providers can also help with narrowing differential diagnosis. Any recent changes to patient's medication history, new symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath and palpitations, family history of sinus bradycardia, physical exam that reveals cyanosis, peripheral edema, altered mental status, dyspnea, rales and crackles are all relevant information to consider for differential diagnosis.

See also

• Sinus tachycardia
• Long QT syndrome