Wikipedia

Sisak

For other uses, seeSisak (disambiguation).

Sisak(pronounced[sǐːsak];also known by otheralternative names) is acityin centralCroatia,spanning the confluence of theKupa,SavaandOdrarivers, 57 km (35 mi) southeast of the Croatian capitalZagreb,and is usually considered to be where thePosavina(Savabasin) begins, with anelevationof 99 m. The city's total population in 2021 was 40,185 of which 27,886 live in the urban settlement (naselje).[7]

Sisak
City
Grad Sisak
City of Sisak
Top: Old bridge over theKupariver; Center left:Antun Gustav Matošmonument; Center right: Sisak Fortress; Bottom left: Holland Storehouse; Bottom right: Roman ruins of Siscia
Flag of Sisak
Flag
Map
Sisak is located in Croatia
Sisak
Sisak
Location of Sisak within Croatia
Coordinates:45°29′14″N16°22′34″E/ 45.48722°N 16.37611°E/45.48722; 16.37611
CountryCroatia
CountySisak-Moslavina
Government
• MayorKristina Ikić Baniček[1](SDP)
• City Council
25 members
Area
[2]
•City
421.4 km2(162.7 sq mi)
• Urban
32.0 km2(12.4 sq mi)
• Metro
989.50 km2(382.05 sq mi)
Elevation
98 m (321.52 ft)
Population
(2021)[3]
•City
40,121
• Density95/km2(250/sq mi)
•Urban
27,859
• Urban density870/km2(2,300/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
Postal code
HR-44 000, HR-44 010
Area code+385 44
Vehicle registrationSK
GDP (nominal)[4]2019
- Total€2.169 billion / $2.169 billion
- Per capita€65,507 / $67,740
HDI(2019)0.930[6]–very high
Patron saintsQuirinus of Sescia
Websitesisak.hr

Sisak is the administrative centre of theSisak-Moslavina County,Croatia's biggest riverportand a centre of river shipping industry (Dunavski Lloyd). It lies on theD36 state roadand the Zagreb-Sisak-Novskarailway. Sisak is a regional economic, cultural and historical center. The largestoil refineryin Croatia is here.[8]

Name

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Prior to belonging to theRoman Empire,which gave it the Latin nameSiscia,the region wasCelticandIllyrianand the city there was namedSegestica[9]orSegesta.[10]Writers inGreekreferred to the city asAncient Greek:Σισκία,romanized:Siskía,Σεγέστα,Segésta,andΣεγεστική,Segestikḗ.[10]

InGermanthe town is known asGerman:Sissek,Hungarian:Sziszek[ˈsisɛk],and inKajkavianandSloveneasSlovene:Sisek.

History

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Roman empire

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Vetraniocoin struck at Siscia mint in 350.

Siscia is described byRomanwriters as a great town in the south ofUpper Pannonia,on the southern bank of theSavus,on an island formed by that river and two others, theColapisandOdra,a canal dug byTiberiuscompleting the island.[10]It was on the great road fromAemonatoSirmium.[11]According toPlinythe name Segestica belonged only to the island, and the town was called Siscia; whileStrabosays that Siscia was afortin the neighbourhood of Segestica;[12]but if this was so, it must be supposed that subsequently the fort and town became united as one place. Siscia was from the first a strongly fortified town; and after its capture byTiberius,in the reign ofAugustus,[13]it became one of the most important places ofPannonia;for being on two navigable rivers, it not only carried on considerable commerce,[14]but became the central point from which Augustus and Tiberius carried on their undertakings against thePannoniansandIllyrians.Tiberius did much to enlarge and embellish the town, which as early as that time seems to have been made acolonia,forPlinymentions it as such: in the time ofSeptimius Severusit received fresh colonists, whence in inscriptions it is calledCol. Septimia Siscia.The town contained animperial mint,which produced coins under a series of emperors between 262 and 383 AD.[15]

TheChristianmartyrQuirinus of Sescia,presumed the first bishop of theDiocese of Sescia,was tortured and nearly killed duringDiocletian'spersecution of Christians.Legend has it that they tied him to a millstone and threw him into a river, but he freed himself from the weight, escaped and continued to preach his faith. Today he is thepatron saintof Sisak. When Diocletian split Pannonia into four provinces, Siscia became the capital ofPannonia Savia,the southwestern one, for which Siscia contained the treasury; at the same time it was the station of the small fleet kept on the Savus. Siscia maintained its importance until Sirmium began to rise, for in proportion as Sirmium rose, Siscia sank and declined.[10]

Middle Ages

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BraslavofLower Pannoniareigned from Sisak until he was killed in theHungarian invasionca. 898.[16]According toHistoria Salonitana,DukeTomislavreclaimed it soon after.[17][18]

Early modern

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Veliki Kaptol

The 16th-century triangularfortressof the Old Town, well-preserved and turned into the Native Museum, is the main destination of every tourist. The fortress is famous for the victory of the joint forces ofCroats,Austrians andCarniolans(Slovenes) over theOttomansin 1593, known as theBattle of Sisak.It was one of the early significant defeats of the up-to-then invincible Ottoman army on European territory. The CroatianBanThomas Erdődywho led the defense in this battle became famous throughoutEurope.However this victory didn't prevent Sisak from Ottoman conquest on 24 August 1593. During their brief rule, it was calledSiska.Its fortress was manned, a sanjak beg was appointed and a mosque was built in the fortress.[19]On 11 August 1594, Ottoman forces fled and set the fortress on fire after a powerful Habsburg-Croat army approached.[20]

TheBaroquepalace ofMali Kaptol,theclassicistVeliki Kaptol,the brickStari most( "Old Bridge" ) over the Kupa, and the ethnological park are the most frequently visited landmarks.

Modern

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In the late 19th and early 20th century, Sisak was a district capital in theZagreb Countyof theKingdom of Croatia-Slavonia.

Modern history

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Monument to the1st Sisak Partisan Detachment

From 1929 to 1939, Sisak was part of theSava Banovina,and from 1939 to 1941, of theBanovina of Croatiawithin theKingdom of Yugoslavia.DuringWorld War II,theSisak children's concentration campwas set up by theCroatianAxisUstašegovernment forSerbian,JewishandRomanichildren. It is estimated that 1,160–1,600 children lost their lives at the camp.[21][22]

On 22 June 1941, the dayGermanyinvadedtheSoviet Union,theSisak People's Liberation Partisan Detachment,also known as the 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment, was formed by the outlawedCroatian Communist Partyin the Brezovica Forest, near Sisak. It was the firstPartisanarmedanti-fascistresistance unit formed inoccupied Yugoslaviafollowing theinvasion of Yugoslaviaby theAxis powersin April 1941.[23] It had 79 members, mainlyCroatswith the exception of one notableSerbwoman,Nada Dimić,[23]and was commanded by a Croat,Vladimir Janjić-Capo.

With the outbreak of theCroatian War of Independencein 1991, Sisak remained in Government hands while the territory to the south wascontrolled by rebelling Serbs.During the war, the Serb forces often shelled the city, causing dozens of civilian casualties and extensive damage to the city's industry.[24]According toAmnesty International,Serb civilians in Sisak and surrounding areas were subjected to abductions, killings, assault and threats with at least 33 killed between 1991 and 1992,[25]while localhuman rights activistsin Croatia claim thatover 100 Serb residents of the Sisak region were killed during the entirety of the war.[26]The frontline dramatically moved eastwards as a result ofOperation Storm(1995), effectively ending the war.

Sisak suffered much damage during the2020 Petrinja earthquake.[27]The town, located roughly 20 km (12 mi) northeast of the epicenter, reported damage to the hospital as well as city hall and variouschurches.[28][29]Most of the damage was inflicted on old buildings in the center of the town. However, early figures estimate that 700 to 1,000 homes were damaged in Sisak and nearby villages.[30]

Population

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In the 2011 census, of the total population of 47,768 there were 40,590Croats(84.97%), 3,071Serbs(6.43%), 1,646Bosniaks(3.45%), 648Romani(1.36%), 179Albanians(0.37%), 29Montenegrins(0.06%), and the rest were other ethnicities.

In the 2011 census, the population by religion was 37,319Roman Catholics(78.13%; since 2009 again served by their ownDiocese of Sisak), 3,279Orthodox Christians(6.86%), 2,442Muslims(5.11%) and others.

City of Sisak:Population trends 1857–2021
population
15738
18669
20433
22829
24277
26014
26234
28799
28893
34776
43382
55095
59812
61413
52236
47768
40121
18571869188018901900191019211931194819531961197119811991200120112021
Sources:Croatian Bureau of Statistics publications

Municipal makeup

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The city's administrative area is composed of the followingsettlements:[7]

Administrative division

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The administrative sections of Sisak are the city neighboorhoods (gradske četvrti) and local administrative boards (mjesni odbori). The city neighborhoods are:[31]

The local administrative boards are:[31]

Politics

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Minority councils and representatives

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Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating forminority rightsand interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs.[32]In themost recent election to the Sisak ethnic minority council,the localBosniak,Roma,andSerbminorities each fulfilled the legal requirements to elect a total of 15 deputies to the minority council of the City of Sisak; while the localAlbanianminority elected a representative.[33]

Miscellaneous

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Steam locomotive in front of the Sisak railway station

Chief occupations are farming,ferrous metallurgy(iron works), chemicals, leather (footwear), textiles and food processing plants (dairyproducts, alcoholic beverages),buildingmaterial,crude oilrefineryandthermal power.

Sisak features the largest metallurgic factory and the largest oil refinery inCroatia.Sisak has many rich mineral springs (spas) with healing properties in thetemperaturerange from 42 to 54 °C (108 to 129 °F).

The city hostsUniversity of Zagreb's Faculty ofMetallurgy.

Sports and recreation facilities in the town and the surroundings include mainly the waters and alluvial plains a public beach on the Kupa. All rivers (Kupa,Odra,Sava) with their backwaters offer fishing opportunities. There arehuntinggrounds in the regions ofTuropoljeandPosavina.Sisak is the starting point for sightseeing tours intoLonjsko Polje(Field ofLonjariver) nature park. The localfootballclub isHNK Segesta.Sisak features the oldest ice hockey club in Croatia,KHL Sisakest. 1934.[citation needed]

Geography

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Climate

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Climate data for Sisak (1971–2000, extremes 1949–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.4
(70.5) 		23.4
(74.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		32.1
(89.8) 		38.3
(100.9) 		40.1
(104.2) 		41.8
(107.2) 		47.8
(118.0) 		42.9
(109.2) 		38.6
(101.5) 		30.0
(86.0) 		23.7
(74.7) 		47.8
(118.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.7
(38.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		21.9
(71.4) 		24.8
(76.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.6
(79.9) 		22.4
(72.3) 		16.2
(61.2) 		9.1
(48.4) 		4.7
(40.5) 		16.0
(60.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9) 		2.4
(36.3) 		6.8
(44.2) 		11.2
(52.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.2
(70.2) 		20.4
(68.7) 		16.1
(61.0) 		10.8
(51.4) 		5.3
(41.5) 		1.5
(34.7) 		11.0
(51.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.1
(26.4) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		1.5
(34.7) 		5.4
(41.7) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13.1
(55.6) 		14.7
(58.5) 		14.3
(57.7) 		10.5
(50.9) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		5.9
(42.6)
Record low °C (°F) −41.2
(−42.2) 		−29
(−20) 		−18.4
(−1.1) 		−5
(23) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		1.9
(35.4) 		5.4
(41.7) 		3.9
(39.0) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−19.2
(−2.6) 		−41.2
(−42.2)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 49.0
(1.93) 		48.2
(1.90) 		55.0
(2.17) 		69.4
(2.73) 		79.4
(3.13) 		94.7
(3.73) 		80.2
(3.16) 		77.8
(3.06) 		84.5
(3.33) 		78.7
(3.10) 		91.1
(3.59) 		68.3
(2.69) 		876.1
(34.49)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) 11.7 10.9 11.6 13.8 13.0 13.8 10.9 10.1 11.5 12.3 12.0 12.4 143.9
Average snowy days(≥ 1.0 cm) 11.8 8.4 2.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 8.3 34.8
Averagerelative humidity(%) 85.0 78.7 71.3 68.5 69.8 71.1 71.1 74.9 79.9 82.8 85.8 87.3 77.2
Mean monthlysunshine hours 52.7 93.2 142.6 174.0 235.6 246.0 285.2 257.3 186.0 114.7 54.0 43.4 1,884.7
Source:Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service[34][35]

International relations

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Sisakoil refinery
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Croatia

Twin towns – Sister cities

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Sisak istwinnedwith:

See also

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References

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Bibliography

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  • Cresswell, Peterjon; Atkins, Ismay; Dunn, Lily (10 July 2006).Time Out Croatia(First ed.). London, Berkeley & Toronto: Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing,Random House Ltd.20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SV1V 2SA.ISBN978-1-904978-70-1.Retrieved10 March2010.

Notes

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  1. ^"2013 Lokalni".Izbori.hr.Archived fromthe originalon 13 April 2014.Retrieved8 December2015.
  2. ^Register of spatial units of the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia.WikidataQ119585703.
  3. ^"Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements"(xlsx).Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021.Zagreb:Croatian Bureau of Statistics.2022.
  4. ^"BRUTO DOMAĆI PROIZVOD ZA REPUBLIKU HRVATSKU, HR_NUTS 2021. – HR NUTS 2 I ŽUPANIJE U 2019".DZS.Državni zavod za statistiku.Retrieved29 April2022.
  5. ^"Purchasing power parities (PPP)".OECD Data.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Retrieved29 April2022.
  6. ^"Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab".globaldatalab.org.
  7. ^ab"Results"(xlsx).Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021.Zagreb:Croatian Bureau of Statistics.2022.Retrieved7 April2023.
  8. ^[1]Archived1 May 2007 at theWayback Machine
  9. ^John T. Koch (2006).Celtic Culture.p. 1662.ISBN1-85109-440-7.
  10. ^abcdSmith, William,ed. (1854–1857). "Siscia".Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.London: John Murray.
  11. ^It. Ant.pp. 259, 260, 265, 266, 272, 274;Pliny.Naturalis Historia.Vol. 3.28.
  12. ^Strabo.Geographica.Vol. vii. p.314.Page numbers refer to those ofIsaac Casaubon's edition.
  13. ^Appian,The Illyrian Wars,16, 23.
  14. ^Strabo.Geographica.Vol. v. pp. 207, 214.Page numbers refer to those ofIsaac Casaubon's edition.
  15. ^"Details for issuing mint located at Siscia (Sisak, Croatia)".Finds.org.uk.22 February 1999. Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2015.Retrieved8 December2015.
  16. ^John Van Antwerp Fine; John V. A. Fine, Jr. (2006).When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans.University of Michigan Press.p.28.ISBN0-472-11414-X.
  17. ^John Van Antwerp Fine; John V. A. Fine, Jr. (2006).When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans.University of Michigan Press. p.178.ISBN0-472-11414-X.
  18. ^Stanko Guldescu (1964).History of Medieval Croatia.Mouton. p. 113.
  19. ^"SİSKA".
  20. ^Ive Mažuran: Povijest Hrvatske od 15. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća, p. 148
  21. ^White, Joseph Robert (2018). "Sisak I and II". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R. (eds.).Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany.The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Vol. III. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 74.ISBN978-0-25302-386-5.
  22. ^Bartrop, Paul R.;Grimm, Eve E. (2020).Children of the Holocaust.Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 42.ISBN978-1-44086-853-5.
  23. ^abPavličević, Dragutin (2007).Povijest Hrvatske.Naklada Pavičić. pp. 441–42.ISBN978-953-6308-71-2.
  24. ^"11 kaznenih prijava za razaranje Siska".Jutarnji list(in Croatian). 27 January 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 28 September 2015.Retrieved27 September2015.
  25. ^"A shadow on Croatia's future: Continuing impunity for war crimes and crimes against humanity"(PDF).refworld.org.Amnesty International.13 December 2004. p. 13.Retrieved24 September2021.
  26. ^Pavelic, Boris (4 July 2012)."Sisak: Witness Reported Ljubica Solar's Death".Balkan Insight.BIRN.Retrieved24 September2021.
  27. ^"Croatia earthquake: Seven dead as rescuers search rubble for survivors".BBC.30 December 2020.Retrieved31 December2020.
  28. ^"Velike štete i u Sisku, bolnica je teško stradala, gradonačelnica se slomila: 'Potreseni smo'"[Great damage also in Sisak, hospital badly damaged, mayor breaks down: 'We are shaken'].Jutarnji list(in Croatian). 29 December 2020.Retrieved29 December2020.
  29. ^"M6.4 Earthquake Hits Croatia - Dec. 29, 2020 potres u Petrinji - YouTube".youtube.Archived fromthe originalon 16 January 2021.
  30. ^"U ponedjeljak navečer slabiji potres kod Velike Gorice, u Sisku i okolici oštećeno između 700 i 1000 kuća".vecernji.hr(in Croatian).Retrieved29 December2020.
  31. ^ab"Mjesni odbori i gradske četvrti"(in Croatian). City of Sisak.Retrieved15 November2024.
  32. ^"Manjinski izbori prve nedjelje u svibnju, kreću i edukacije".T-portal.13 March 2023.Retrieved10 June2023.
  33. ^"Informacija o konačnim rezultatima izbora članova vijeća i izbora predstavnika nacionalnih manjina 2023. III. SISAČKO-MOSLAVAČKA ŽUPANIJA"(PDF)(in Croatian). Državno izborno povjerenstvo Republike Hrvatske. 2023. p. 14-15.Retrieved11 June2023.
  34. ^"Sisak Climate Normals"(PDF).Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service.Retrieved3 December2015.
  35. ^"Mjesečne vrijednosti za Sisak u razdoblju1949−2014"(in Croatian). Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service.Retrieved3 December2015.
  36. ^"Twin Towns".Gabrovo.bg.Archived fromthe originalon 27 April 2014.Retrieved27 April2014.
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